Social Psych II

People who are convicted of violence and theft-related crimes view themselves as being higher than the average community member in terms of morality, kindness, generosity, trustworthiness, and honesty. What is the cause of this?

Above average effect

At school, Carl falls down the stairs and badly sprains his ankle. When will Carl most likely receive help?

Before school starts when only one other student is in the hallway.

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he's going to donate $5,000, and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than $5,000. What is this called?

Competitive altruism

Which three major types of information related to the causes of others' behavior inform Kelley's covariation theory?

Consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness

Karima recently moved from Egypt to the United States in order to attend college. She agrees to be part of a study that is interested in discovering how migration affects students' self-esteem. After her first year, the researcher finds that Karima is doing relatively well in her new environment. At the end of the first year, Karima has improved in her ability to think she is capable of getting things done. However, she doesn't have many positive interactions with peers, and she is not in frequent contact with her family. Which of the following describes how migration has affected Karima?

Karima has high self-efficacy but low social support.

Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school's swim team. They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college's swimming pool. Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is. If they compare their performance as individuals, the self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that ________.

Katherine should dislike Amy more

In general, we are more likely to help those whom we are closely related than others. Which of the following offers support for this?

Kin selection theory

Marion hopes to come to a deeper sense of self-understanding. Which of the following, according to research, should Marion do to gain self-insight?

She should try to view herself as others do

Which of the following dimensions of causal attribution is used to evaluate if behavior is likely to change?

Stable-unstable dimension

Which of the following is true regarding the correlation between altruism and one's subjective well-being?

The correlation can be expressed as a functional relationship

A professor, two students, and the president of the student government are all on an elevator. When one of the students passes out, who is most likely to be seen as having the responsibility to help?

The professor

At a public park, Rob sees another man pick up and throw a large rock at a nearby duck. The man wounds the duck for seemingly no reason and then walks away. Rob is understandably shocked. Which of the following can you conclude about the man's actions?

They are low in social desirability.

One day you are out biking on a relatively deserted trail. You see a fellow cyclist on the side of the trail with the bike's wheels in the air. When will you be most likely to help?

When you know a great deal about bikes and work at a bicycle repair shop

In the United States, gender differences in self-esteem are most pronounced

White lower class people

Kim is an American but spent much of her childhood in Japan. She is fluent in both English and Japanese. We might reasonably expect her response to the question "Who am I?" to differ depending on the language (Japanese or English) of the question because ________.

a particular language might activate different self-concepts for bilingual people

People's personal identities, and their various social identities, require them to be different people in different contexts. This results in________.

a potentially variable but coherent self-definition

Thomas has concluded that, on average, he is academically superior to the peers around him. As a result of this comparison, over the next 6 months, his self-esteem will ________.

be reliably higher

Frank is a young musician who sometimes earns extra money by playing guitar on a downtown street corner during lunch hour. He sometimes puts a dollar and a few coins in his open guitar case before he starts playing. Frank does this because he ________.

believes the presence of the money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience

Donna knows that the upper management at her office values workers who go above and beyond their roles. After thinking about the best way to do this, Donna decides to take a stronger mentoring approach to new hires, providing them with as much assistance as possible. She also sets up a monthly soup kitchen that is sponsored by the company and will feed some of the city's homeless. Donna's actions can be explained by the ________.

competitive altruism approach

You can most likely conclude that another person's behavior reflects his or her stable traits when the behavior is freely chosen, is low in social desirability, and yields ________ effects.

distinctive noncommon

Patty, a manager of a small team at a publishing house in New York City, wanted to surprise her hardworking team members with a random act of kindness. Near the end of the workday on Friday, Patty went around to each team member's desk and said that they needed to meet in the conference room for an urgent meeting. When the team members arrived, they found wine, cheese, and crackers, and each person's face brightened with happiness. Patty felt wonderful seeing the happiness on her staff's faces. Patty's motivation can be explained by the ________.

empathic joy hypothesis

Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the ________.

empathic joy hypothesis

Steven sees an emergency and then his empathy is aroused; he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide help. This example illustrates the ________.

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Upon entering her cabin, Geraldine heard a rustling sound in the bedroom. She bent down and looked through the keyhole. Inside was a bear that had climbed through an open window. Geraldine ran out of the cabin screaming. Her behavior was caused by ________ causes.

external

Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident. Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character's lines before he says them. This situation illustrates the type of perspective taking involved with ________.

feeling empathy for—and identifying with—a fictional character

Judy has recently been reflecting about all of the positive personal and professional life changes she has experienced over the past decade. The MOST likely reason she is engaging in this reflection is because she ________.

finds it gratifying to see improvement over time

Emily, who is always slightly depressed, helps a little boy find his mom at the mall. Emily is surprised to find her mood has improved. This is likely because ________.

helping a person often relieves a negative mood

At her gallery opening, Kayla unveiled a new sculpture she had been working on for over 2 years. The sculpture was very provocative. Kayla's agent was the first to show up and gasped when he saw it. Then, nearly everyone who entered the gallery gasped upon seeing it. Regarding Kayla's new sculpture, there was ________.

high consensus

A New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress—even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened due to ________.

his feelings of empathy

Individuals who have high self-esteem and could be described as showing instability may exhibit ________.

hostility and defensive responses when their self-esteem is threatened

How we produce our first view of another person and how quickly we produce that view are questions related to ________.

impression formation

Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. The fact that she is wearing perfume should ________.

increase her likelihood of receiving help

If one reflects on achievements, self-esteem ________. If one reflects on failures, self-esteem ________.

increases; decreases

Gillian and Evelyn go out to dinner and, for no reason, Evelyn decides to pay the full bill rather than split the bill. Gillian is likely to feel

indebted and make future plans to repay this kindness

Upon meeting his biology professor for the first time, James says that he has read all of the professor's books, that they were some of the best books he's ever read, and that they were a catalyst for his choosing to study biology. James is employing the tactic of ________.

ingratiation

When Jeremy was recently asked to describe himself to his classmates, he spoke about being a member of the football team and how this helped to make his experiences different from those of other students in the class. Jeremy was primarily making ________ comparisons.

intergroup

Juan is one of three Brazilian students currently attending a college in Indiana. His roommate, Eric, is one of several thousand Hoosiers attending the same college. As a result, Juan is ________ to be aware of his racial status than Eric is of his at any given time.

more likely

On his walk to work, Marlon witnessed a pedestrian get hit by a bus. The man survived but was badly injured, and witnessing this made Marlon very upset. Near his office, Marlon saw a homeless man, and Marlon gave the man 20 dollars, an action he had never done before. Marlon's behavior can be explained by the ________ model.

negative-state relief

When thinking about a bad or happy event and predicting our future level of happiness, we tend to ________.

neglect all the other factors that will contribute to our future state of mind over time

Bradford, a gay man, recently applied for a job as a fifth-grade teacher. Shortly before his second interview with school administrators, which was to include some interaction time with current students, Bradford completed an online survey that included questions about his sexual orientation. It was explained that the survey was completely unrelated to the school system, and that the orientation items were being asked by a gay rights organization. Bradford did not think that he was particularly nervous or anxious during his interactions with the students. Recent research (Bosson, Haymovitz, and Pinel, 2004) suggests that ________.

nonverbal measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the online survey may have made Bradford's homosexuality more salient

Allen, a White high-school student, is competing with Kim Jong, an Asian American student, for a spot on the school's mathematics team. Allen is aware of recent research demonstrating that Asian students typically perform better on math problems than do American students. This knowledge could affect Allen's performance because stereotype threat can ________.

occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do worse

Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean. Since he does not know how to swim, Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself. This example illustrates that people ________.

often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do

Ingratiation involves __________, whereas self-deprecation involves __________.

praising another person or using flattering language; lowering an audience's expectations of one's abilities

Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town. He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane. He was motivated to do so by his desire to help others, by thoughts of the income tax deduction he could take, and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity. This is an example of ________.

prosocial behavior

Jasmine hears that her favorite poet is giving a reading on campus. She attends and has the chance to meet the poet after the reading. When Jasmine finally speaks to the poet, she gushes about how she wants to be a poet but knows she will never have anywhere near the talent of the poet. This is an example of ________.

self-deprecation

The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as ________.

self-efficacy

Before having an interview for a potential internship, Tanya carefully applies makeup, straightens her hair, and puts on a nice, colorful blazer. Tanya is practicing ________, which is a form of ________.

self-enhancement; impression management

Whenever Mike enters his family's den where the sports trophies that he has won are on the mantle, his self-esteem is temporarily boosted. This is best described as caused by the fact that ________.

self-esteem is responsive to life events

Ellen, an undergraduate, attends an end-of-semester party. The party is full of graduate and postdoctoral students discussing research they are doing and theories they are studying. In order to make a good impression in conversation, Ellen brings up awards she has won in the past, her high grade point average, and which Ivy League schools she wants to apply to for graduate school. Ellen is engaging in ________.

self-promotion

Positive self-talk such as "I am a lovable person" tends to ________.

sometimes decrease happiness for people with low self-esteem

Recent research has demonstrated that women will frequently perform worse on a math test when men are present than when the same test is administered to a female-only group. This finding illustrates ________.

stereotype threat

Terrence, a Black man, just moved to a new town. The town is predominantly White. Terrence realizes that he needs to get a job, so he visits a few of the town's manufacturing companies. With each application, Terrence is asked to note down his race. With each application he completes and submits, Terrence experiences ________.

stereotype threat

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The empathy-altruism model predicts that Walter will ________.

stop and try to help because he remembers how it feels to be stranded on the side of the road

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store, and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The negative state relief model predicts that Walter will ________.

stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings

Two aspects of empathy are ________ and ________.

taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person

Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates ________.

the empathic joy hypothesis

The reason for engaging in the process of attribution is to

understand the causes of others' behavior and our own behavior.

Which inherent neurological system allows most people to experience what others are experiencing automatically?

Mirror neurons

Participants in one study wore digital audio recorders. Research assistants coded the sounds and compared the coded behaviors to the participants' self-reports of behavior. Friends of the participants also made ratings of behavior frequencies. The findings show that

for some behaviors, the participants were more accurate and for other behaviors, friends were more accurate.

Suppose that we might expect to experience prejudice or disapproval for some aspect of ourselves. We may downplay or subvert that aspect to the extent that ________.

we can hide it and we are willing to hide it

Thomas has always felt out of place in his family. He begins to wonder why he is the way he is. To better understand himself, he purchases a self-help book at his local bookstore. This book claims that Thomas will reach a deeper level of self-understanding if he spends time examining and analyzing his own past experiences and how those relate to his mental and emotional states. The book Thomas bought is advocating ________.

introspection

Research on self-control has demonstrated that engaging in self-regulation ________.

is like a muscle in that the more we practice self-control, the easier it becomes to self-regulate.

Tina comes home from work to find her roommate, Katie, resting on the couch. Katie has a fever and says she hasn't been able to eat anything all day. Tina notices dark circles beneath Katie's eyes, and Katie says that she had problems sleeping yesterday. Tina offers to call her father, who is a doctor, to get his advice, but Katie asks Tina not to, saying that she'll be fine. Tina is extremely worried though, and once Katie falls asleep, Tina rushes into another room to call her father. Which component of empathy is Tina displaying?

Empathic concern

Greta has been a practicing lawyer for 10 years and Linda has been a practicing medical doctor for 10 years. Who is most likely to volunteer her time to an organization she cares deeply about?

Linda, because she bills by procedure and doesn't think of her time in economic ways

What is the most common method used to measure personal self-esteem as an overall assessment of self-evaluation?

The Rosenberg Scale

Chris describes himself as liberal when thinking of himself as an American, but conservative when compared to other college students. These are ________ comparisons.

intragroup

Thom is a junior in college who is studying creative writing. He often daydreams about what he will be like when he is in his 30s. He usually imagines himself siting at a writing desk in the attic of a house surrounded by a dense forest and a lake. On the desk is his Nobel Prize for Literature award, and downstairs are his wife and two children. Thom has constructed a(n) ________.

possible self

Zoë, an attractive blond, is concerned that she might say something foolish in her college algebra class, thereby confirming the stereotype of the "dumb blond." As a result, Zoë rarely volunteers to solve problems on the board during class. This behavior can best be explained by ________.

stereotype threat

Having been given acting lessons to either 1) try to feel as if you are 14 years old at dinner with family, or 2) put on a performance so you will seem to others as if you're 14 years old at dinner with family, participants in acting condition ________ were more likely to see themselves as having ________.

2; more consistent traits

Which of the following is an example of an intragroup comparison?

Dan, a firefighter, compares himself to Bill, his colleague

At an interview with a local tech start-up, Janine answered questions about her qualifications. She elaborated on her education and relevant working experiences. She said that she graduated top of her class easily. She said she received more compliments from her professors than any of her peers and that one professor commented that he couldn't believe Janine learned many computer languages so quickly. Janine also said that she was working on "a rival to Facebook," but that she couldn't show the interviewer this work because it was confidential. In the end, Janine did not get the job. Which of the following is a likely explanation as to why?

Janine used excessive and impression management tactics

Betty and Vera are best friends who are both being treated for depression. Betty has come to believe that Vera's case of depression is much worse than her own case. Consequently, Betty is making a(n) ________ comparison that will likely ________ her self-esteem, and cause her to feel ________.

downward; increase; closer to Vera

Dr. Hammouda surveyed the graduating class of a small private university. One of his findings was that over 50 percent of the graduating class expected to receive a salary of at least $100,000 a year within 5 years of graduation. Dr. Hammouda knows that the actual percentage of recent graduates attaining that level of salary is much lower than 50 percent. The students are displaying ________.

unrealistic optimism

Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school's swim team. They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college's swimming pool. Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is. If they compare their performance as teammates and sorority sisters, social identity theory suggests that ________.

Katherine should like Amy more

Which of the following is a type of other-enhancement?

Using flattering language

Which of the following is a reason why introspection can be misleading?

We don't always know or have conscious access to the reasons for our actions.

Allen is running late for his social psychology class. He is hurrying across campus and is thinking about the instructor's reaction to his tardiness on an exam day. He passed by a small group of students clustered around someone who is lying on the ground, clutching his chest and gasping for breath. Allen did not stop to help because he simply was not aware of what was happening at the time. This failure to engage in prosocial behavior was probably due to Allen's ________.

not paying attention to the situation

In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his studious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes others to agree with, while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a(n) ________ approach in presenting himself to others.

self-verification

Recently, Annabelle got a short story published in an online literary magazine. She was very excited because this was her first publication. However, 2 weeks later, she read a masterful story by Toni Morrison, one of the most famous writers in America. Annabelle then didn't feel so great about her own story or the fact that it was accepted for publication. This is an example of ________ social comparison.

upward

Emily is out for a leisurely drive and has just witnessed the car in front of her on the highway slow to a stop and pull off to the side of the road. The driver got out of the vehicle and lifted the hood. She is very adept at fixing cars and there are not too many other cars on the road. After considering helping for a bit, Emily continues to drive past the stranded motorist. Why?

Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick.

Due to the fact that we can define ourselves differently at any time, we have many selves. Can we say that one of these selves is the "true" self? Why or why not?

No, because all selves can be accurate, depending on the context and comparative dimension.

Your friend Gretchen is notoriously rude to her partner. She never says anything nice or complimentary and frequently embarrasses her partner in front of others. Gretchen calls and leaves a very distressed message for you letting you know that her partner has dumped her and she really needs someone to talk to about it. Will you call Gretchen back?

No, because you feel Gretchen is responsible for her own predicament.

If people help in order to receive praise from others, then what would be expected under cover of darkness?

People would be less likely to help others.

Which of the following describes how self-esteem and gender relate to occupational discrimination?

Women who work in occupations with frequent discrimination have lower self-esteem than women who work in occupations with less frequent discrimination.

Jenny, a 5-year-old child, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ________ video game.

a prosocial

Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road. On the next block, they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street. Elaine says, "We'd better give her a hand." The woman who initially helped the old man ________.

acted as a prosocial model

Erica watches a classmate put an open bag of chips into her backpack and thinks that the classmate is trying to protect the chips from any bugs in the room. James watches the same behavior of the classmate and concludes that the classmate is trying to hide the chips so she doesn't have to share them with anyone else. This is an example of ________.

action identification

When Matt was married to Kim, he sometimes wondered what it would feel like to get divorced. When, 10 years later, he actually did get divorced, he found out that what he thought he would feel was completely wrong. Matt's post-divorce feelings didn't match his ________.

affective forecasting

David sees a homeless person and thinks that "this guy has no one to blame but himself." Thus, David appears to believe that this homeless man's misfortunes are ________.

controllable

Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when the ________.

focus is on a conscious decision-making process

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that at least some prosocial behavior is ________.

motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need

Social identity theory suggests that we will ________ others who outperform us on an important task, when our group identity is salient.

move closer to the ingroup

Wayne and Cheryl were at a restaurant eating dinner when he noticed a faint smell of smoke coming from the air conditioning vent. No one else in the busy restaurant seemed to be concerned about the odor, and Wayne was not sure if it was the result of an electrical problem or of food scorching in the kitchen. Wayne's uncertainty, combined with the observation that others were not taking action, means that Wayne will probably ________.

not do anything

Jeanette's best friend, Ellen, notices that Jeanette's right eye is badly bruised. When Jeanette tells her that her boyfriend hit her, Ellen offers to provide help. This example BEST illustrates that ________.

people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger

Jackson is a former member of a street gang. He has recently started attending classes at a local community college, has made new friends who don't know about his former gang membership, and is spending time with a woman from an upper-middle-class background. Jackson heard his new friends and his girlfriend make several snide comments about gang members shortly before he took a test in one of the classes he shares with his new friends. In the light of the stereotype threat idea, this situation may cause Jackson to ________.

perform worse on the test than he otherwise might have

Sofia admires and respects her psychology professor. She is considering becoming a psychologist herself. Should her professor become a role model for her, Sofia may become a psychologist herself if she ________.

sees this as a desirable and achievable potential self

William plays softball on the weekends with a group of friends from work. He believes he is a better pitcher than Tyreke because batters have fewer hits when he pitches than when Tyreke pitches. This type of comparison can best be explained by ________ theory.

social comparison

Suppose Roger, a religious fundamentalist, is told that three individuals—a gay man, an unwed mother, and a college student—are in need of aid due to employment problems. Roger would be MOST likely to believe that aid should go to ________.

the college student

Which of the following statements accurately describes the effectiveness of impression management tactics?

Impression management tactics can make a good impression as long as they are not overused.

Joanna is part of a writer's group that meets each week. A friend of Joanna's recently asked her about the group, saying that she'd like to join, but she had also heard of another writer's group in town. Joanna knew the other group and said, "Don't join that one. Ours is focused on workshopping each other's work and providing constructive feedback. The other one just meets once a week to drink. They barely even talk about writing, let along workshop anyone's work." This is an example of a(n) ________.

intergroup comparison