SOCIAL PSYCH TEST 2 CAROLYN ADAMS PRICE

cognitive dissonance

situation where you have conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors.

details of Milgram experiment

-Experiment designed to study "just following orders" statement of some Nazi soldiers -You know the basics: learner (a confederate) and teacher (real subject) -The panel with voltage marked from 15-450 volts that wasn't really hooked to anything "shocking" --but the teacher receives a sample shock -Markings: mild, moderate, strong, very strong, and XXX -Teacher reads word pairs and is instructed to shock the learner when they make a mistake

Theory of Planned Behavior

-When attitudes are strong, they are more likely to predict behavior -When our attitudes are supported by those we care about, our attitudes are likely to predict behavior -When we believe we can control our behavior consistent with the attitude, then attitudes predict behavior

dispositional vs. situational attributions

-dispositional: assumes that the cause of a behavior or outcome is internal -situational: assigns the cause of a behavior or outcome to the environment or external conditions-people are likely to make

implicit associations test

A computer reaction time test that measures a person's automatic associations with concepts. For instance, the IAT could be used to measure how quickly a person makes positive or negative evaluations of members of various ethnic groups.

ABC's of attitudes

A is for affect (emotional feeling and valence) B is for behavior (tendency to behave accordingly with one's attitude) C is for cognition (thoughts associated with the attitude)

low ball technique

A tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it.

central path

A type of persuasion in which appeals are direct, elaborate, and systematic; requires close attention and careful evaluation of alternatives by the individual being persuaded.

peripheral path

A type of persuasion in which appeals are indirect, implicit, and emotion based; requires little effort by the individual being persuaded, leading to quick and easy conclusions.

conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

conformity and culture

Collectivist cultures has been associated with greater levels of conformity Cultural norms provide clues about how groups of human beings have managed to adapt to life

Stanford Prison Experiment

Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty.

Persuasion principles

Reciprocity Scarcity Authority Consistency (foot in the door) Liking Consensus

compliance

Sometimes people conform to others even though they don't agree with what they're conforming to

Solomon Asch Experiment

Study supposedly about judging line lengths

valence

The degree to which an attitude is positive or negative

self-serving bias

The tendency to take credit for your successes (internal) and to blame failures on external causes

self-fulfilling prophecies

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

false consensus

a belief that others share the same opinion about something, when actually most don't

locus of control

a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

terror management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Kelley's Covariation Model

a theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether the behavior occurs; consistency, consensus, distinctiveness

consensus

agreement between people (ex: do other people flirt with you regularly?)

attitudes

an enduring and general evaluation of an object, person, group, issue, or concept; can be positive, negative and strong, weak

Mailbox technique

an experiment to see if people will mail stamped envelopes they find addressed to controversial groups

Attributions

an inference you make about the causes of a person's behavior or feelings by observing that person's behavior

implicit attitudes

attitudes that exist outside of conscious awareness

explicit attitudes

attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report

consistency

constant (ex: does he always flirt with you??)

Elliot Aronson

different initiations regarding sexual literature and words and then determine how much participants like the group they were initiated into; Aronson's Law #1• You will look at ads and reviews for the car you choose more AFTER you buy it than before. Rate your choice MUCH higher. Aronson's Law #2: People come to love the things for which they suffer.

social norms

expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior

baby faces

faces with baby-like characteristics

bogus pipeline

fake lie detector used to try to get more truthful answers in self-report

maltreatment effects

happen when hazing elicits social dependency that promotes allegiance to the group

fundamental attribution error

he tendency to underestimate the situational causes of someone else's behavior, and to overestimate the influence of internal causes such as personality

distinctiveness

high or low (ex: does he flirt with just you, (distinctiveness high) or does he flirt with everyone (distinctiveness low))

autokinetic effect

illusion, caused by very slight movements of the eye, that a stationary point of light in a dark room is moving

dual attitudes

new attitudes override old ones, so there's often some of the old attitude left

Anonymity (effects of)

not responsible, it wasn't me who did that bad thing

Stanley Milgram

obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions

door-in-the-face

people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request

equanimity

psychological stability and composure

attitude-behavior consistency

refers to the extent to which a strong relationship exists between attitudes and actual behavior

Leon Festinger

social cognition, cognitive dissonance; Study Basics: Studied and demonstrated cognitive dissonance

Phil Zimbardo

stanford prison experiment; importance of social roles

spool spinning theory

study on cognitive dissonance theory where people spun spools and told others if the experiment was exciting or not; Leon F.

just-world hypothesis

the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get

facial feedback hypothesis

the idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them

Foot-in-the-Door

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

halo effect

the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

false uniqueness

the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors

Attitude-consistency principle

when a person's attitude is consistent with their behavior which makes them more comfortable

Deindividuation

when an individual seems to lose himself or herself in the group's identity (the guards are a block, rather than individuals who are responsible for their actions)