Social Psychology Final

Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when the ________.

focus is on a conscious decision-making process

Which of the following is an example of a stereotype?

Alex thinks that all Asians are good at math.

Which of the following describes the modern view of social psychology?

Behavior and thought are intimately and continuously linked.

The matching hypothesis would say ________.

Charles is seeking a partner that is about as attractive as he is

Which of the following is a benefit of automatic processing?

It allows us to deal with problems when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Jim is 28, single, and a freelance writer who works from his apartment. Throughout high school, college, and graduate school, Jim felt happy and engaged with life, but he has recently felt more and more unhappy and detached. According to social psychology research, what short-term solution should Jim take to improve his happiness?

He should join one or more groups.

Brenley and Mario have a short relationship over the summer. They feel very close emotionally and they have an intense physical attraction to each other. However, they decide not to commit to each other, and at the end of the summer, they end the relationship. What type of love did they experience?

Romantic love

Which of the following is one of the four basic components of subjective well-being?

Satisfaction with important life domains

Which of the following is a downside of schemas?

They can remain unchanged in the face of contradictory information.

How do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?

They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they dont match up.

Since newborns are predisposed to look toward faces in preference to other stimuli, this offers evidence that there is ________.

a neurobiological basis for the need to affiliate

People's personal identities, and their various social identities, require them to be different people in different contexts. This results in________.

a potentially variable but coherent self-definition

One way that schemas influence social thought is by ________.

acting as a filter to direct our attention towards some information and away from other information

Mary sees Greta trip while walking down an outside flight of steps, and she thinks to herself, "What a clumsy person!" Five minutes later, though, Mary trips on the same flight of steps, and says to an onlooker, "It's very icy today!" This is an illustration of the ________.

actor-observer effect

Imagine that you are at the park with a friend one day when you and your friend see someone casually toss a sandwich wrapper on the ground. Your friend comments, "How crude! People should not litter," and picks the trash up to drop it in a nearby trash receptacle. Your friend's words represent ________.

an injunctive norm

When your feelings are negative about something in your environment, and another person just happens to be with you, you will tend to evaluate that person in negative terms, illustrating the impact of a(n) ________ on attraction.

associated effect

If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate, then Billy's intention reflects a(n) ________.

attitude

Eric knows that plane crashes are extremely rare and statistically unlikely. However, he avoids flying and instead drives everywhere, even though he knows the likelihood of being injured in a car accident is far more likely than in a plane accident. Eric is being affected by the ________ heuristic.

availability

The desire to affiliate with others seems to be a(n) _________ characteristic of the human species.

basic

In order to manage stress and improve mental and physical health, __________ is very important, although motivation for this action can be a major obstacle.

belonging to a group

Of the following famous sayings, the one that MOST accurately describes the similarity-attraction relationship is ________.

birds of a feather flock together

One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model.

common ingroup identity

The tendency for one event to be associated with changes in another event is known as ________.

correlation

Suppose a breaking news story has occurred involving an incident of terrorism. A certain news station invites a well-respected terrorism scholar to discuss the event. His views will likely be persuasive because he will be seen as ________.

credible

Steven sees an emergency and then his empathy is aroused; he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide help. This example illustrates the ________.

empathic joy hypothesis

Drive theories of aggression suggest that ________.

external conditions arouse the motive to harm or injure others

One explanation for why we feel happier after engaging in impression management in which we try to come across as positive and cheerful is due to ________.

facial feedback hypothesis

Participants in one study wore digital audio recorders. Research assistants coded the sounds and compared the coded behaviors to the participants' self-reports of behavior. Friends of the participants also made ratings of behavior frequencies. The findings show that

for some behaviors, the participants were more accurate and for other behaviors, friends were more accurate.

Mike harbors many prejudicial feelings toward homosexual people; in fact, whenever he encounters a gay man, he is likely to make more negative, cynical, and disgusted comments than he normally would (although none directly related to homosexuality or to the homosexual nature of the person he is talking to). This example illustrates that prejudice is often ________ in nature.

implicit

How we produce our first view of another person and how quickly we produce that view are questions related to ________.

impression formation

In several variations on Asch's classic experiment, a standard-setting line was first presented to small groups of people, followed by the presentation of three comparison lines of different lengths. In one condition, two of three accomplices, posing as students, chose an incorrect answer before the subject could respond. The third accomplice sometimes chose a correct response and sometimes chose a more incorrect response. Under these conditions, respondents were more likely to choose the correct response. These results suggest ________.

it becomes easier to resist conformity pressure once unanimity of the group is broken

According to balance theory, balance is achieved when two people ________.

like each other and discover they are similar in some way

One way to manage information overload is to make use of ________.

mental shortcuts, such as heuristics

Deborah has just spent a great deal of money on a new fur coat. When she showed it to her husband, she asked if he liked it. Without hesitation, her husband responded by saying, "Yes. It is beautiful." Before he spoke, however, a slight frown appeared on his face for less than a second. This might indicate that he is concealing his true feelings from his wife and is known as a ________.

microexpression

Which of the following is a form of unintentional social influence?

modeling

Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________.

modifying either the attitude or the behavior to be more consistent with each other

When research results are not consistent with a theory, the researcher's next step usually involves ________.

modifying the theory and collecting additional data

Which of the following effects describe how moods strongly determine which information in a given situation is noticed and entered into one's memory?

mood congruence effect

James, a 17-year-old high school student, has just moved to a new city and enrolled in a new school. At his old school, there were strong social norms against teenagers smoking cigarettes. At his new school, however, several of his new friends regularly smoke and say to him, "C'mon, don't be a jerk, have one of mine." As a result, James is likely to begin smoking because of the ________.

normative social influence

Results of systematic research indicate that our impression of a person whom we just met is influenced by ________.

our mood

Jackson is a former member of a street gang. He has recently started attending classes at a local community college, has made new friends who don't know about his former gang membership, and is spending time with a woman from an upper-middle-class background. Jackson heard his new friends and his girlfriend make several snide comments about gang members shortly before he took a test in one of the classes he shares with his new friends. In the light of the stereotype threat idea, this situation may cause Jackson to ________.

perform worse on the test than he otherwise might have

One reason that social scientists put their faith in the scientific method is that the scientific method ________.

produces more conclusive evidence than other methods

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from anger may result in behaviors that try to ________.

protect the ingroups status position

Assume you have a negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up." Given an IAT with photos labeled "fraternity member" or "independent," and paired with the word "bad" or "good," your responses to the fraternity member/bad combination would likely be ________ than to independent/bad combinations.

quicker

Bethany has been listening to a political speaker who is encouraging people to support a law that would require all people to recycle aluminum cans and severely penalize those who do not recycle. The speaker is giving strong arguments in favor of this proposed law and is couching his appeal in moral and ethical language. As a result, Bethany is becoming increasingly annoyed and resentful of the speaker and his arguments. She may be experiencing ________.

reactance

Research indicates that there are two distinct systems that interact in complex ways during cognitive processes. The two systems are those involving ________.

reason and emotion

Suppose Diane and Mark, as first-year students, are assigned dorm rooms right next door to each other. Shortly thereafter, they begin dating, and after college, they wed. The factor that would be MOST responsible for their initial acquaintance is ________.

repeated exposure due to proximity

Bill's wife informs him that they will be attending the opera. Bill has never been to the opera, but he immediately has a mental image of he and his wife sitting in an ornate theater and wearing formal eveningwear. Bill is drawing up a(n) ________.

schema

Tony disagrees with a certain political commercial. When the commercial comes on, he immediately switches the television channel. This is an example of ________.

selective avoidance

Irene considers herself to be an environmentalist, and she wants to reduce her carbon footprint. One day, her husband comes home and says that he sold their electric lawn mower and used the money, plus some savings, to by a new, powerful gasoline-powered mower. Irene is shocked, but when she uses the mower, she decides that she really likes it. This makes her feel uneasy, so she reminds herself of all the good environmental work she has done in the past. Irene is engaging in ________.

self-affirmation

In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his studious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes others to agree with, while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a(n) ________ approach in presenting himself to others.

self-verification

Zimbardo's prison experiment demonstrates that ________ can overpower ________, and people may conform to expected roles.

situations; personalities

Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them. Her brother says that dishes are women's work, which makes their father smile. Her brother sees the smile and walks away. This scenario is an example of prejudice as a result of ________.

social learning

Terrence, a Black man, just moved to a new town. The town is predominantly White. Terrence realizes that he needs to get a job, so he visits a few of the town's manufacturing companies. With each application, Terrence is asked to note down his race. With each application he completes and submits, Terrence experiences ________.

stereotype threat

Mike believes that men are generally better at math and engineering than are women. He also tends to think of women as being emotional and a bit "soft." Mike recently met Karen, an attractive woman who is also a civil engineer. In most other respects, Karen fits Mike's ideas about women. Rather than revise his stereotype of women, Mike probably assumed that Karen represents a(n) ________.

subtype

In order to determine whether people have a strong or weak preference for the color of their cookware, a company wants to collect information from many of its past customers. If the number of past customers is very large, the company may want to consider using ________ methods.

survey

Rachel attends a New Year's Eve party with her friends. They are having fun at the party, dancing and drinking champagne. At one point during the party, a woman that Rachel doesn't know asks her if she wants to go into another room and try some cocaine with her. Instinctively, Rachel's first thought is "what would my mother think if she knew about this?" Rachel can't bear the thought and declines. Her decision is due to ________.

symbolic social influence

Abbie noticed that Kayla spends time talking to almost everyone she meets at work, and believes that this is because Kayla is a friendly, outgoing person. In fact, Kayla is rather shy and withdrawn most of the time, but her job at a local bank requires that she talk with most of the bank's customers periodically. Abbie's perception of Kayla is mistaken because of ________.

the correspondence bias

Trista's teacher just returned student essays to the class. Trista's teacher has written several positive comments throughout her paper and given Trista an A+ on the assignment. Trista is likely to believe her grade reflects ________ because of ________.

the true quality of her work; the self-serving bias

The reason for engaging in the process of attribution is to

understand the causes of others behavior and our own behavior.

Recently, Annabelle got a short story published in an online literary magazine. She was very excited because this was her first publication. However, 2 weeks later, she read a masterful story by Toni Morrison, one of the most famous writers in America. Annabelle then didn't feel so great about her own story or the fact that it was accepted for publication. This is an example of ________ social comparison.

upward

While watching a movie in a theater, Bill turns around to see a coworker of his, Ori, talking very loudly on his cell phone. Ori is receiving many dirty looks from people in the theater. Ori is violating ________.

a social norm

If one reflects on achievements, self-esteem ________. If one reflects on failures, self-esteem ________.

increases; decreases

What theory suggests that if a person is impeded in reaching a goal he or she is seeking, then this impediment will lead to a stimulation of a drive whose main goal is to harm some person or object?

The frustration-aggression hypothesis

jenny, a 5-year-old child, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ________ video game.

a prosocial

Ada had missed the notes for several classes and asked Rob for the notes for one day. Rob gave the notes to Ada, who copied them and then asked Rob for a week's worth of notes. Because of the ________, Rob is highly likely to give Ada the notes.

foot-in-the-door technique

The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that ________.

increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups

Yelena is researching the effect of volume on people's social interactions. She invites participants to play a card game that requires the cooperation of members of a group. There is music playing in the background. With each game, she adjusts the volume of the music. She keeps the lighting, the number of participants, and the length of the games the same. The volume of the music is the ________.

independent variable

Which component of Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love deals with the closeness two people feel and the strength of the bond that holds them together?

intimacy

Joanna has very little confidence in herself and her abilities, and she struggles with trusting other people and attaining genuine closeness with them. Which attachment style does Joanna have?

Fearful-avoidant attachment style

Paul is researching the prevalence of sexist or demeaning language aimed at women and its use across different neighborhoods. To do this, he spends an hour in different neighborhoods and covertly follows his research assistant as she walks down the sidewalk 10 feet ahead of him. When sexist or demeaning language is used, Paul fastidiously records it in his notebook. What technique is Paul using to come to his conclusions?

Naturalistic observation

Which of the following distinguishes prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice involves negative emotional responses based on group membership, whereas discrimination involves usually negative behaviors based on group membership.

Which statement BEST describes the attribution process?

The process by which we seek to understand the causes of the behavior of others and ourselves.

We tend to adjust our attributions to take account for situational constraints on our own behavior ________ we take account of situational constraints on others' behavior.

to a greater extent than

Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make sure that about 2 percent of all newly hired managers are women in order to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents ________.

tokenism