Social Psychology Final Study Guide

76. Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")?

Foot in the door technique

15. According to __________, the ego is the part of personality that observes outside reality, engages in rational thought, and copes with the competing demands of inner desires and moral standards.

Freud

5. April was able to run much faster when she was with friends, rather than running alone. April is experiencing the benefits of

Social Facilitation

2. What is the highest level of analysis in psychology?

Social Psychology

19. What is the definition of self-esteem?

The extent to which a person feels that he or she is worthy and good. The success or failure that the motivated agent experiences in pursuit of valued goals is a strong determinant of self-esteem.

82. Ethical concerns have been raised about Stanley Milgram's obedience research. Specifically, some have suggested that the project caused too much distress in the participants, distress that could not be justified. If you were asked your opinion of this issue, which of the following would be a legitimate response?

The majority of participants reported that they were pleased to have participated in the research, so it does not seem to have been damaging to most of those who were involved

62. Differential treatment on the basis of gender is also known as gender _____________.

bias

91. __________ influence refers to conformity that results from a desire to act in a manner that is clearly socially approved such as speaking softly in libraries.

informational

83. Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions?

informational influence

12. The fact that none of us are alone in the world - that we are all affected by others and, in turn, affect others - is the emphasis of the study of ________.

social psychology

99. Having conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of hostility toward outgroup members that you are perfectly willing to admit reflects what type of bias?

blatant

66. Which of the following have researchers found to differ between genders?

boys exhibit more behaviors of unprovoked aggression

92. 16-year-old high school student Gregory thinks of himself as a member of the "musical clique" at school and feels that the musicians are the best group of students. He thinks poorly of athletes and spends most of his time with peers who share similar interest. This is an example of __________ theory.

social identity

97. According to ________ theory, people tend to categorize each other into groups and then show favoritism to their own group.

social identity theory

79. Social psychologists are often interested in the phenomena of _________, in which one person influences the thoughts or actions of another.

social influence

61. According to ___________ theory, gender roles in children are learned through reinforcement, punishment, and modeling.

social learning theory

68. Ben is playing basketball with his friends one day when he notices everyone else has name brand shoes. He is uncertain how the quality of his shoes compares to his friends but because of __________ he feels pressure to conform and ends up buying name brand shoes for himself by the following week.

social proof

44. The process by which we look to other people to get information about how to feel in specific situations is called social ________.

social referencing

64. Categories into which children actively organize the behaviors, activities, and attributes of others are called gender __________.

gender schema

67. If people, on average, are more likely to remember male rather than female fire fighters this would be because:

gender schema theory

39. Cognitive strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental short cuts are called __________. They are sometimes referred to as "rules of thumb."

heuristics

56. The tendency to define one's self in terms of stable traits that guide behavior is one's ________ self.

independent

41. Ebony is trying to decide what she is going to do for her philosophy class project. According to the rational decision making model of Bazerman and Moore, her first step would be to:

1.) Define the problem 2. Identify criteria to judge option 3. Rank criteria in importance 4. Generate alternatives 5. Rate each alternative on each criterion 6. Find optimal decision

70. In perhaps the most famous study ever conducted in social psychology, approximately ______ of men studied were willing to administer a lethal shock of electricity to a helpless victim when they were ordered to do so by a person who appeared to be in a position of authority.

65%

90. Which researcher is well-known for having conducted a study of conformity that involved having participants express a judgment of the sizes of lines?

Asch

73. Uncritical trust in authority can lead to significant problems for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Authority figures quite often have hidden agendas that must be protected against

14. At what point in life does one begin to construct a narrative identity?

Autobiographical reasoning— in adolesence

17. Philosopher __________ described the self as a reflexive project that one is continually working to manage, discipline, refine, improve, or develop.

Charles Taylor

6. Hailey wants to control the variables in her study as much as possible. She does not want any extraneous variables to affect her results. What type of study should Hailey use?

Experimental Study

7. After making observations and forming a research question, scientists should

Develop a Hypothesis

28. The tendency for unskilled people to be overconfident in their ability and highly skilled people to underestimate their ability is the ________ effect.

Dunning Kruger effect

1. The variable that gets manipulated in an experimental study is known as the

Independent variable

42. Emotions serve a cultural function. One such function is

Intrapersonal: oneself, individual inside physical bodies/minds Interpersonal: interaction 2+ people, relationships w/ others

45. Which of the following is one of the physical responses that are immediately inspired by an emotional experience?

Physiology- fast heartbeat Subjective experience- intensely sad/happy Facial expressive behavior- smiling/ frowning

4. Dr. Shaw is conducting research on marital behaviors that predict divorce. He trains his students to observe and code videotapes of couples interacting. The students are looking for specific types of behaviors but they are unaware of the anticipated outcomes of the study. In this regard, the students are being ________.

Kept blind to the research hypothesis

25. Which is an example of using a downward comparison?

Making mental comparisons with people perceived as inferior on the standard of comparison; looking down on other people

81. Based on your understanding of the research of Solomon Asch, you know that of all of the following choices, the person most likely to demonstrate conformity would be:

Mika, a 23 year old Japanese woman

88. Which researcher produced the famous studies of obedience that involved deceiving participants into believing that they were delivering electric shocks to a helpless victim?

Milgram

18. Research has repeatedly supported the notion that adult personality exists as a combination of the "big five" personality traits. Which of the following is NOT a big five personality trait?

O.C.E.A.N - Openness to experience v. conventionality Conscientiousness v nonconscientiousness extraversion vs introversion agreeable vs disagreeable neuroticism vs emotional stability

10. The largest problem with samples of convenience is that they

Overrepreesent. more compliant and susceptible to attitude change, less stable personality, stronger cognitive skills than samples representing a variety of range.

80. Alice's Hotel has noticed that they spend a lot of money on water and electricity devoted to washing linens (towels, sheets, and pillowcases). In order to reduce this expense, the owner wants to encourage guests to reuse linens for more than one day. What would be the best way to accomplish this task?

Put a note on the bed indicating that most of their guests re use linens and asking this guest to do the same

77. Yolanda is hosting a jewelry party during which her friends will come to her home and (hopefully) buy jewelry that she recommends. In this situation, there are many different ways in which perceptions of trustworthiness are being manipulated. Which of the following best describes why Yolanda might be successful in selling jewelry?

Word of mouth

95. An temporary committee to address company policy on promotions was formed at the Iwanna Workhere Corporation. The group had five meetings, ironed out new wording for the promotion procedures, and is now deciding that future meetings are no longer necessary. In Tuckman's model of group formation, what stage is this group now in?

adjournment

98. Aversive racism is an example of ________ bias.

ambiguous bias

27. A(n) __________ is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a target with a degree of favor or disfavor.

attitude

11. The study of ________, which is a major topic of focus for social psychologists, examines the psychological processes involved in having a sexual interest in another person.

attraction

29. Javari is teaching a psychology class and tells his students, "Kenna is 31, single, outspoken, and bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, Kenna was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues." When Javari asked his class if it was more likely that Kenna was A) a bank teller or B) a bank teller AND a feminist, most people in his class chose option B. Javari explained that their answer was incorrect because their _____________ heuristic led them astray.

availability

32. The ________ heuristic is one in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily examples come to mind.

availability heuristic

72. The ________ route to persuasion employs direct, relevant, and logical messages to convince a listener to make a specific change.

central

33. When being considered for a job opening, people being interviewed often mirror the interviewer's behavior. This can be explained by what concept?

chameleon effect

63. Lauren recently gave birth. When she goes for a stroll in her small town, many people stop to look at the new baby and ask whether or not it's a boy or girl. Developmental intergroup theory states that many children pick up situations like this, where adults display a heavy focus on gender. Which of the following is a consequence of children picking up on this focus?

children start to form rigid stereotypes based on gender that become very difficult to change

35. The need for ________ refers to the desire to come to a decision that will resolve and conclude an issue.

closure

96. According to the stereotype content model, what would be a person's most likely response to a person who is perceived as being low in warmth and low in competence?

contemptous stereotype

43. Marlon has found that when he gets sad, his girlfriend becomes particularly nurturing and tries to take care of him. While he does not particularly want to feel these emotions, the response it draws from his girlfriend demonstrates the ________ function of emotions.

cultural display rules/ interpersonal

55. The definition of ________ is a pattern of shared meaning and behavior among a group of people that is passed from one generation to the next.

culture

93. "I need the group to work quickly and come up with an answer. We don't have time to spare, so make a decision as soon as possible!" If this instruction as given to a group who was charged with making an important decision, groupthink would be more likely to occur as a result of:

decisional stress

37. System 2 thinking is driven by _____________ and is typically ______________.

deliberate decision making system slower, conscious, explicit

3. Sometimes, a researcher's study is meant to be deceptive, but it actually contains hints and clues about its true nature. These hints are known as

demand characteristics

54. Cultural ________ are the focus of an approach to understanding culture primarily by paying attention to unique and distinctive features that set them apart from other cultures.

differences

52. __________ rules refer to culturally sanctioned regulations about what emotions are appropriate to show in a given situation.

display

50. When you drink spoiled milk or put a rancid piece of cheese in your mouth, you may spit it out before you have any cognitive awareness of why you are feeling disgusted. From an evolutionary perspective, this demonstrates which concept?

emotions help us with minimally conscious awareness

59. Which of the following refers to a uniquely human form of learning that is taught by one generation to another?

enculteration

8. Victor is attending a CPR class, and he watches as the instructor performs chest compressions on a mannequin. He watches for several minutes, and then repeats the behavior with almost perfect precision on a second dummy. Victor has obtained this skill through ________.

observational learning

34. After taking a 10 question pop quiz, John was confident that he got at least 9 questions correct. However, after grading he found that he actually only answered 6 questions correctly. John suffers from:

overconfidence effect

40. The tendency to inflate your own sense of competence or to be more certain than you should be is called __________.

planning fallacy/ durability bias

9. Ellie is very subtly and non-consciously reminding women of their gender before giving them a math test. What technique is Ellie using for her study?

priming

16. A __________ narrative is a life story that affirms one's transformation from suffering to an elevated status or state.

redemptive

47. Emotions exist in __________ while feelings and moods occur in __________.

seconds.... days

100. It is a natural and adaptive social process to classify people into groups. However, because we inhabit one of these groups, we tend to favor our ingroup. What concept explains this tendency to put people, including yourself, into groups?

self categorization

21. "I may not live in the biggest house in the city, but at least I'm not homeless like some other unfortunate people!" If this use of downward comparison makes a person feel better about their own situation, it demonstrates the ________ effect.

self enhancement effect

38. When a person positively values the outcomes of others, giving them more than necessary from a desire to be fair the person is operating under the bounds of:

self interest

65. Which of the following best explains the difference between sex and gender?

sex= male and female gender= masculine and feminine

74. What is a heuristic?

simple, efficient rules which people often use to form judgments and make decisions

49. Of the following terms that could be used to describe a person's emotions, which would not support the Universalist perspective that people tend to have the same feelings across different cultures?

situational

22. Any group of people in which membership is defined by similarities between its members is called a(n) ________.

social category

46. Young Lilah is taken to a family dinner and she meets an uncle who she has never met before. As he reaches to her for a hug, Lilah looks to her mother with an uncertain look on her face. As she sees her mother nodding and smiling, Lilah looks back to the uncle and gives him a warm hug. Lilah has used ________ to determine how to act in this situation.

social referencing

13. Traits and social roles attributed to an actor is known as:

social reputation

94. A belief that characterizes people based merely on group membership is __________.

stereotypes

48. Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) found that children's __________ contained more exciting content in the United States than in Taiwan.

storybooks

20. When considering the ways that people develop and communicate their senses of identity which of the following activities may be the most powerful form of self-transformation that human beings have ever invented.

storytelling

26. The double curse explanation provides a rational for which of the following?

the Dunning Kruger effect

86. Which of the following factors does NOT influence conformity?

the age of the group

58. When people think about culture they often overlook processes such as the learning of gender roles. Why is this?

the learning of gender roles is often an invisible process

69. Elsa purchased concert tickets about two months ago. Today is the concert but it's raining out, meaning Elsa would have to purchase an umbrella and rain boots if she still wants to go. Why is Elsa still likely to be persuaded to attend the concert?

the sunk cost trap— she already paid for the expensive tickets... so it would be a waste of money not to go just because of rain

75. Specific, sometimes minute, aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns are called __________ features.

trigger

87. Which of the following is the best definition of conformity?

type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group.

31. The Implicit Association Task (IAT) used in research, which records participants' reaction times to categorizing objects, is measuring what type of attitude?

unconscious bias

57. There are many facets of culture. What do they include?

values, beliefs, symbols, and language that define a society

30. How is it that schemas help people save time as they have new experiences or encounter new people or objects on a daily basis?

we compare new experiences to previously stored schemas and this allows us to put forth less effort to assess the new encounters

36. Joseph is very focused on counting the number of acorns that have fallen from a tree in his front yard. He is concentrating so hard, in fact, that he fails to notice the obvious and important fact that there is dog poop underneath the tree as well. Failing to notice this available information leads Joseph to step in the mess. Which of the following is this an example of?

Bounded awareness

89. Which of the following statements is true of Asch's research on conformity in groups?

Participants conformed with the group norm on about a one third of the total trials

23. When Lucia finds out that her friend Vina is dating the "hottest boy in school," she feels jealous. She doesn't want Vina to know that she feels this way, so she tells Vina, "I'm happy for you. I guess you're happy, if that's really the kind of guy you want to be seen with." Lucia is using ________ communication to overcome her disappointment.

Passive Agressive

71. During a political debate, one candidate continually avoids questions about the details of his policies. Instead, he focuses on pointing out problems that he know worry people and reassures them with a warm smile that they will be "in good hands" if he is elected. This candidate is using the ________ route to persuasion in trying to garner votes.

Peripheral

78. Physically attractive people experience many benefits in life. Particularly, more physically attractive people have an easier time persuading others. Which characteristic is an example of why this occurs?

Physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character

84. Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing?

descriptive norm

85. The perception of what most people do in a given situation is called a(n) __________ norm.

descriptive norm

60. While conducting a study on marital practices in various cultures, Dr. Ekoba unintentionally uses language that implies that her culture uses the best mating and marriage rituals, while other cultures' practices are deviant or inferior. This reflects a(n) ________ bias in her study.

ethnocentric

51. The ______________ self is prevalent in many collectivistic, East Asian contexts where the goal is to suppress personal preferences and desires, and to adjust to others. In other words, people with this type of self, view themselves as connected to others.

interdependent

24. Duncan is aware that he does not have any skill at golf in fact, he can barely swing a club! He watches the Ryder Cup and sees the amazing skill of the professional golfers. He doesn't care much about the game and is not motivated to work on his own golf swing. Duncan does not really compare himself to the professional golfers because golf lacks ________ to him.

interest