Social Studies Academic Bowl

In May of 1920, trying to protect himself ans an equally anti-suffrage U,S, Senator, Republican Governor Marcus Holcomb of which state stubbornly refused to call a special session of the pro-suffrage legislature to ratify the 19th Amendment?

Conneticut

In what year, after several proposals had been stuck in Congress for a dozen years, did the U.S. Senate first vote on a women's suffrage constitutional amendment, voting it down y a two-to-one margin?

1887

As Tennessee legislators arrived in Nashville for the 1920 special session of the General Assembly, Josephine Pearson and Nina Pinckard, leading opponents of women's suffrage, posed for this photograph with William Crutcher at the Hotel Hermitage.Which o the following statements best describes Crutcher?

A Confederate veteran of the Civil War

In what kind of ceremony did the U.S. Secretary of State sign the legal papers proclaiming the adoption of the 19th Amendment?

A simple signing in his own home with no women and no cameras

As the Tennessee House met to vote on the 19th Amendment, Speaker Seth Walker gauged support for ratification by engineering which of the following test votes?

A vote to adjourn the House and reconvene the next day

Carrie Catt was accused of betraying her personal principles and making a Faustian bargain when she agreed to do which of the following for President Woodrow Wilson?

Advocate for women's suffrage while simultaneously supporting U.S. involvement in World War 1

Which of the suffragist leaders is shown here as she celebrated Tennessee's ratification of the 19th Amendment by sewing the 36th star onto her ratification banner and unfurling it from the balcony of her headquarters in Washington D.C.?

Alice Paul

Which one of the following American suffragists earned a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania, worked with Emmeline Pankhurst's organization in England of several years, and eventually led a militant faction that broke with Carrie Catt and the NAWSA?

Alice Paul

Three of the following statements accurately describes Tennessee House majority leader William Bond's proposal to delay consideration of the 19th Amendment until public opinion could be gauged in the series of mass meetings in every county seat. Which statement is false?

All resident of Tennessee would be allowed to speak all the meetings

Louisine Havemeyer one of the two suffragists who confronted Warren Harding on his front porch as he prepared to accept the Republican nomination for president, was the very wealthy widow of Henry Havemeyer whose family controlled which of the following?

Almost all of the sugar supplies in the United States

Three of the following statements correctly describe reasons Carrie Catt cited to ratify the 19th Amendment when she was the luncheon speaker at the Kiwanis Club of Nashville on Friday, July 23, 1920. Which statement is false?

America, having fought a civil war for liberty and democracy, should ratify the amendment as a matter of national pride

Fearing political repercussions, Carrie Catt deliberately distanced herself and the National American Women's Suffrage Association from three of the following. From which one did she not distance herself and the NAWSA?

American participation in World War 1

Fearing that suffragists could not prevail without national aid, which Woman's Party activist stayed up late into the night after opening day of the 1920 special session of the Tennessee General Assembly with Republican leaders, helping them compose SOS messages to Warren Harding and Will Hayes?

Anita Pollitzer

After the Tennessee House ratified the 19th Amendment, and uninvited woman showed up at the home of Harry Burn's mother, Phoebe Burns. Who was this opponent of ratification who tried to pressure her to say that she never sent her son a letter urging him to vote to ratify the amendment?

Anne Pleasant, the wife of the governor of Louisiana

On the morning that the Tennessee House of Representatives considered the 19th Amendment, James Cox called Governor Albert Roberts and declared that ratification would boost his presidential campaign because American women overwhelmingly supported the Democratic Party's pledge to do which of the following?

Approve U.S. membership in the League of Nations

As the clerk called the roll of Tennessee's state representatives to vote on ratification of the 19th Amendment, he did not answer and was recorded as not voting and it appeared that a tie vote had killed the resolution. However, he then stood and said "Mr. Speaker, I wish to be recorded as voting Aye." Who was this representative who ensured the ratification of the 19th Amendment?

Banks Turner

After Governor Albert Roberts won the primary election, he told his closest political advisors that he was prepared to endorse ratification of the 19th Amendment. They told him that endorsing ratification would do which of the following?

Be political suicide by alienating corporate interests and religious conservatives

When forced to choose between truly equal rights for all Americans and women's rights, between insisting on justice for all or accepting injustice to protect their own cause which of the following women invariably chose the easier, less noble path?

Both Carrie Catt and Alice Paul

In January of 1919, while President Wilson was in Paris negotiating world peace, several women were arrested for burning copies of his speeches about democracy and freedom during the demonstration in Lafayette Park. While in jail they staged a hunger strike. In order to avoid embarrassing Wilson, Senate Democrats agreed to do which of the following?

Bring the 19th Amendment to the floor for a vote

As Carrie Catt began her speaking tour across Tennessee, the Chattanooga Times published an essay by Foster V. Brown contending that sitting legislators would be violating their oath of office by vote on ratification of the 19th Amendment in the upcoming special session. Why was Brown's essay a harsh blow to efforts to ratify the amendment?

Brown was known as a champion of women's suffrage and a supporter of the amendments

Three of the following senators declared that voting to ratify the 19th Amendment was the honorable and right thing to do. Which one, weak and shaky, had left his sickbed in order to vote for ratification?

C. C. Collins

In late August of 1920, Americans marked the ratification of the 9th Amendment with noisy nation-wide festivities. In which Tennessee city did a bitter mayor instead ask his citizens to bow their heads at noon on August 28th "in memory of the final passing of the principles for which our forefathers fought, and death of states' rights, and the complete nullification of the Constitution of Tennessee"?

Chattanooga

In 1869, Wyoming granted full suffrage to women. Which were the only other three states to do so in the 19th century?

Colorado, Utah, and Idaho

Catherine Kenny grew up in a very large, poor Irish family in Chattanooga. In Nashville, her husband's Coca-Cola bottling plant prospered and they became wealthy.What motivated her to become a woman's suffrage activists?

Concern for the future of her children

John Houk, a Republican state senator, and Sue White, a Woman's Party activist, both believed that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad was illicitly using its power to pressure Tennessee legislators to oppose ratification of the 19th Amendment. They saw a large-scale conspiracy to protect anti-suffragists U.S. senators allied with Warren Harding, such as Frank Brandegee, who represented which state that was home to the owners of the L&N Railroad?

Connecticut

Stating that he wanted revenge on northerners who imposed the 14th and 15th Amendments on the South, long-time suffrage opponent State Senator William Monroe voted to ratify the 19th Amendment in order to specifically punish which state that had recently voted against ratification?

Connecticut

On Election Day 1920, Josephine Pearson did which of the following?

Distributed literature claiming the 19th Amendment was illegal

Three of the following statements accurately repeat sentences written by Phoebe Burn to her son, State Representative Harry Burn. Which statement is false?

Don't forget to be a good boy and help Governor Roberts

On the floor of the Tennessee Senate, Senator Herschel Cadler declared that ratification of the 19th would lead to which of the following?

Election of African American state legislators, interracial marriage, and petticoat government

Elaine Weiss writes that leaders of the Southern Women's Rejection League set up a museum exhibit of "force bills" introduced in the last congress to enforce the 14th and 15th Amendments and, if ratified, the 19th amendment, knowing full well that any reference to such laws would dredge up white southerners' traumatic memories of federal force bills that did which of the following during Reconstruction?

Enforced federal civil rights laws

Anti-ratification forces in Tennessee asserted if the 19th Amendment was ratified, which of the following would create another era of reconstruction as well as domination by African-Americans?

Federal control of southern elections

During the special session of the General Assembly, according to Elaine Weiss, one of the following persons "took gleeful potshots at Warren Hardin's comic gyrations of opinion on Tennessee ratification and his flip-flopping on support for women's suffrage." Who was this person who said with a broad grin, that Harding's position was "as clear as mud"

Franklin Roosevelt

Because she did not want anything to get in the way of bringing Southern white women into the National American Woman Suffrage Association, Susan B.Anthony told which famed African-American abolitionist and long-time supporter of women's suffrage to not attend the organization's 1895 convention in Atlanta, Georgia?

Frederick Douglas

in 1797, the election laws of New Jersey referred to voters as "he or she" throughout the whole state. However, the clause "he or she" was rescinded in 1807 and changed to which of the following?

Free, white, male citizens

According to Elaine Weiss, Annie Meyer possessed "an analytic and unsparing eye" that could spot hypocrisy and opportunistic inconsistencies. Which of the following phrases most accurately describes her beliefs about women's rights

Giving women voting rights would compromise their ability to influence maledecision-makers

When suffrage activists Anita Pollitzer traveled to McMinn County in eastern Tennessee, the Republican county chairman assured her that which supposedly "uncommitted" legislator of eastern Tennessee woould in the end vote to ratify the 19th Amendment?

Harry Burn, the youngest member of the legislature

Which of the following statements accurately describes Tennessee State Representative Joe Hanover of Shelby County and helps to explain why he believed in the American Dream and was such an ardent supporter of women's suffrage?

He and his family came to America to escape programs against Jews in Poland

Three of the following statements accurately describe Governor Albert Roberts as the Tennessee General Assembly began to consider the 19th Amendment. Which statement is false?

He convinced Woman's Party activists that he was committed to ratification

U.S.Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the Republican majority leader and bitter foe of President Woodrow Wilson, officiated at Warren Harding's acceptance of the party's nomination for president. What was his position on the 19th Amendment?

He had done everything he could to block Senate approval of the amendment

Three of the following statements accurately explain why Anita Pollitzer and other suffragists were so surprised when State Representative Harry Burn provided the key vote to ratify the 19th Amendment. Which statement is false?

He had said that he would never help the suffrage cause

How did the controversy over the 19th Amendment impact Tennessee Governor Albert Robert's 1920 campaign for re-election.

He refused to call a special legislative session to ratify the amendment until after the gubernatorial primary election.

Elaine Weiss writes that Woman's Party activists Catherine Flanagan drove 30 miles from Johnson City, Tennessee, and then walked another two miles in a thunderstorm to confront an uncommitted state legislator who had not telephone.What was his reply to her request to support ratification of the 19th Amendment?

He thought doing so would violate his oath to defend the state constitution but he would deliberate on the matter

Which of the following statements best describes Warren Harding's response to the negative reaction to his letter that urged Tennessee legislators to remain loyal to their conscience and to be reluctant to violate their oath of office?

He was confused by the reaction to what he thought was a statement of principle

Alice Paul publicly accused the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (owned by the Connecticut-based Atlantic Coast Line) of convincing Speaker Seth Walker to oppose ratification of the 19th Amendment by doing which of the following?

Hiring him to be a L&N Railroad attorney

Elaine Weiss writes the Catherine Flanagan's decision to become a suffrage activists reflected on her father's active participation in which of the following reform movements?

Home rule for Ireland

After Speaker Seth Walker leveraged his personal friendships and political muscle to outmaneuver the rookie chairman of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs and Amendments, suffragists chose which well-liked and political savvy representatives as their ratification strategist in the House?

Joe Hanover

Three of the following statements accurately describe how the influenza pandemic impacted Congress in October, 1918. Which statement is FALSE?

Influenza related deaths of two Democrat senators gave pro-suffrage Republicans control of the Senate

Three of the following statements accurately describe Woodrow Wilson's announcement that he would vote in favor of women's suffrage in a 1915 New Jersey referendum. Which statement is false?

It would earn him the support of both Carrie Catt of the NAWSA and Alice Paul of the National Woman's Party

A national committee chairman secretly wired his party's Tennessee legislators urging them to commit to ratify the 9th Amendment in time for which 1920 residential candidate to announce an assured majority in his official nomination acceptance speech on August 7th?

James Cox of the Democrat Party

Nina Pinckard, president general of the Southern League for the Rejection of the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, wrote to which of the flowing men declaring that the 19th Amendment threatened the very safety of Southern civilization and the purity of Anglo-Saxon blood and asking why Democrats in the South should continue to support candidates who intend to crucify Southerners on a Federal cross?

James Cox, candidate for president

After assessing the chanced of ratification of the 19th Amendment in Tennessee, Anita Pollitzer reported to Alice Paul that "he appears to be friendly but his face does such queer things when I pin him down." Who was this "slick politician" to whom Pollitzer took an instant dislike?

Jesse Littleton, former mayor of Chattanooga and Republican candidate for governor

Nina Pinckard, president general of the Southern League for the Rejection of the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, was the grandniece of which Southern aristocrat who promoted slavery as a positive good rather than just a necessary evil, and developed the ideological foundation for states' rights and nullification?

John C. Calhoun, vice-president of the United States and U.S. senator

After the Senate ratified the 19th Amendment, women tried to lute him into compromising situation and anonymous men threatened him. These actions led Governor Albert Roberts to order the Tennessee State Police to provide bodyguards for which of the following men?

John Hanover, House floor leader for ratification

Three of the following Tennessee women would have had access to dossiers detailing the political and personal lives of every member of Congress as well as governors and key state legislators. Which woman would have regarded such and indexing system as an invasion of privacy and a diabolical blackmail scheme inspired by Germany?

Josephine Pearson of the Tennessee State Association Opposed to Women Suffrage

As Josephine Pearson marshaled the women who opposed suffrage to defend southern and Christian civilization against the barbarians at the gates, she did accept the help of women who favored suffrage on principle but opposed the 19th Amendment for which of the following reasons?

Legislators would be violating their oath to uphold the state constitution of they voted for ratification AND The proposed federal amendment would allow the federal government to trample on the rights of the southern states

Which of the following women was horrified by the racism of many white suffragists after the Civil War and joined with other moderate feminists to form the American Woman Suffrage Association which focused on getting individual states to grant the vote to women but steered clear of more radical social reforms?

Lucy Stone

One of the following Nashville men consistently opposed woman's suffrage. Two supported woman's suffrage at one time but surprised suffragists by opposing ratification of the 19th Amendment. Which man was a consistent supporter of woman's suffrage and the ratification of the 19th Amendment?

Luke Lea, a former U.S. senator and publisher of the Nashville Tennessean

On the opening day of the 1920 special session of the Tennessee General Assembly, a "memorial" was read into the record of the Senate imploring legislators to not "impose" the federal amendment on their "kindred southern states." The plea had been sent by legislators from which state?

Maryland

As Tennessee legislators arrived in Nashville for the 1920 special session of the General Assembly, Carrie Catt questioned the effectiveness of which Democrat who had promised to support ratification of the 19th Amendment?

Memphis schools Superintendent Charl Williams

Carrie Catt based the tone and tactics of her campaign to gain women's suffrage on which of the following observations of politicians?

Most politicians wanted to be on the winning side of an issue

This bronze monument featuring five suffragists celebrates the ratification of the 19th Amendment. This statue is located in which city?

Nashville, Tennesee

According to Elaine Weiss, which one of the four largest states defeated a suffrage referendum in 1915 but turned the tide for a federal amendment by approving a suffrage referendum in 1917?

New York

As the Tennessee House of Representatives considered the 19th Amendment, the senate of which southern state sidestepped a vote and defeated ratification with a motion to postpone consideration until 1921?

North Carolina

Each of the following Midwestern colleges were among the first in the United States to admit women. Which one was the very first college to admit women, as well as African-American students, and from which Lucy Stone graduated in 1947?

Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio

The day after the Tennessee House ratified the 19th Amendment, Harry Burn asked for a point of personal privilege and handed a written statement to the clerk to be printed in the house journal. In that statement he wrote that he had voted for ratification because he believed that one should always follow whose advice?

One's mother

When Republican legislators caucused at the Hotel Hermitage prior to the 1920 special session of the General Assembly, party leaders presented solid, practical reasons for party members to back ratification of the 19th Amendment.When the caucus adjourned, the latest poll showed how many of the 34 Republican legislators committed to voting for ratification?

Only 13 with 21 opposed of noncommittal

As Carrie Catt and Sue White prepared for the special ratification session of the General Assembly, which suffrage organization decided that only Tennessee women were to lobby legislators, attend sessions in the legislative galleries, or eve set foot in the statehouse?

Only Catt's NAWSA

The wmoen pictured include Sojourner Truth, C.J. Madam Walker, and Ida Wells. Which one is June Frankie Pierce the Nashville, Tennessee civic leader who lead efforts to gain suffrage for African-American women and addressed the first meeting of the Tennessee League of Women Voters in the statehouse?

Picture C

The Women's Hour features a picture of the large "Suffrage Map" of the United States that hung at both the NAWSA and the Women's Party headquarters. According to that map, by the 1920 and before the ratification of the 19th Amendment, the State of Indiana had granted women the right to vote in which elections?

Presidential elections

What was the highest level of suffrage guaranteed to women in 1919 in Indiana before the ratification of the 19th Amendment?

Presidential suffrage

On the morning that the Tennessee House of Representatives considered the 19th Amendment, a large display ad in The Nashville Tennessean warned that ratification of the 19th Amendment threatened to cause what apocalyptic event?

Radical warfare between whites and blacks

National Woman's Party leader Alice Paul sent Abby Baker to Democratic presidential candidate James Cox armed with census data, which would disprove which anti-suffrage arguments against ratification of the 19th Amendment?

Ratification would harm Cox's presidential ambitions, would end Democratic domination of the South, and end white control of elections across the South (all of the above)

As early as 1838, widows in Kentucky who owned property could vote for which of the following public officials?

School trustees

After the 1920 special session of the Tennessee General Assembly ratified the 19th Amendment, which one of the efforts of anti-ratification forces did delay the process of ratification by a few days?

Seeking an injunction to prevent the Governor from certifying ratification

Why did suffragists fear that the Tennessee House's vote to ratify the 19th Amendment might not be the final step in the ratification process?

Seth Walker might call for a vote to reconsider the ratification resolution

He justified his opposition to the 19th Amendment in a dramatic speech to the Tennessee General Assembly in which he brushed aside, but did not deny accusations that had been unduly influenced by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Who was this legislator who nevertheless boldly declared his southern loyalties and demanded that the United States remain a white man's country?

Seth Walker, Speaker of the House from Nashville

According to the political deal agreed upon by Tennessee Governor Albert Roberts and NAWSA President Carrie Catt, the campaign to ratify the 19th amendment would be led by which of the following?

Several different ratification committees reflecting various political interests

Which of the following statements accurately describe Anita Pollitzer?

She complained that Carrie Catt's optimistic reports were undermining ratification of the 19th Amendment

How did Carrie Catt respond to Senator Herschel Cadler's racist attacks on women's suffrage?

She declared that interracial marriage was a crime against nature

Why did Alice Paul stay in Washington D.C. instead of joining other Woman's Party activists in Nashville to lobby for ratification of the 19th Amendment?

She was desperately trying to secure funding for the nearly bankrupt NWP

In 1920, the Democratic Party machine of Shelby County elected the prominent Memphis attorney Thomas "Million Dollar" Riddick to a vacant seat in the state legislature. Edward Crump, the party boss, expected him to ensure that which of the following persons would not only support ratification of the 19th Amendment but take the lead in promoting ratification?

Shelby County state legislators

An Anti-ratification propaganda publication that compared provisions of the 16th and 19th Amendments and warning efforts to enforce federal laws in Tennessee carefully exploited fear of which of the following?

Southern whites' fear of African Americans winning elections

After the ratification of the 19th Amendment, the following women all continued their lives of public service. Which one is correctly matched to her later accomplishment?

Sue White served as counsel for the Social Security Administration

From his front porch in Marion, Ohio, Republican presidential candidate Warren Harding responded to requests by Louisine Havemeyor and Sue White to support ratification of the 9th Amendment with three of the following statements. What did he not say?

That he firmly committed to securing the 36th and final state to ratify the amendment

Barging onto the podium and presenting the Declaration of the Rights of Women of the United States,Susan B. Anthony disrupted the official Fourth of July ceremonies at which of the following events?

The 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia

Demonstrating a growing acceptance of women's suffrage, which World Fair featured a grand woman's Building that showcased the accomplishment of women around the world and the World's Congress of Representative Women, of All Lands with 500 delegates from 27 countries?

The 1893 World's Colombian Exposition in Chicago Illinois

Following the deaths of her second husband, mother, and brother, Carrie Catt submerged her grief in working with Millicent Fawcett to co-found which of the following groups?

The International Woman Suffrage Alliance

Which of the following statements accurately describe the results of passage of the 19th Amendment?

The League of Women Voters continued to advocate for "good government"

Which of the major men's civic clubs of Memphis passed resolutions supporting ratification of the 19th Amendment and sent delegated to lobby in the 1920 special session of the Tennessee General Assembly?

The Memphis City, Rotary, Lions, and Kiwanis clubs as well as the American Legion

Women, accompanied by bands and elaborate floats in a huge suffrage parade on Washington's Pennsylvania Avenue, were attacked by mobs of angry men and boys. Federal troops had to be called in to restore order as the police stood by and didn't intervene. When did the suffragists stage this parade organized by Alice Paul?

The day before Woodrow Wilson's inauguration in March, 1913

Indiana ratified the 19th Amendment along with which group of other states?

The first 13 states to ratify in 1920 (states #23-#35)

One of the following government office holders has no official role in amending the U.S. Constitution. Two are required to perform an official task after Congress passes a joint resolution proposing a new amendment. Which on of the officials could, if he chooses to do so, disrupt or delay the ratification of an amendment?

The governor of any state

In which region of the United States did conservatives most stubbornly resist women's suffrage and ratification of the 19th Amendment?

The southern states of the former Confederacy

Which if the following events followed John Vertree's effort to stop the state legislature's attempts to enact a law allowing Tennessee women to vote in municipal and presidential elections?

The state Supreme Court declared that the legislature did have the authority to enact women's suffrage

Attempting to force Harry Burn to miss any possible vote to reconsider the House's ratification of the 19th Amendment, several anti-ratification leader fabricated affidavits to prove that Joe Hanover had bribed Burn to vote for ratification. The scheme collapsed when which of the following persons gave copies of the affidavits to The Nashville Tennessean?

The stenographer hired to take the dictation for the affidavits

Three of the following correctly describe the drama surrounding an attempt by Speaker Seth Walker to table ratification of the 19th Amendment. Which statement is false?

The vote convinced Walker that the amendment would be ratified

As she prepared to battle for the ratification of the 19th Amendment in Tennessee, Carrie Catt sent a letter to Anne Dudley, the Nashville suffrage leader, in which she expressed which of the following opinions?

There was no chance that Tennessee would ratify the amendment

Three of the following statements accurately describe Carrie Catt's friend and companions Mollie Hay. Which statement is false?

Uncomfortable with politics and avoided politicians

According to Elaine Weiss, Tennessee Governor Albert Roberts regarded women's suffrage as a distraction as he faces which of the following more serious problems in Memphis?

Unrest associated with fireman's strike

After Congress submitted the 19th Amendment to the states for ratification, the following states all rushed to approve it.In which state, where women alreadyhjad full suffrage rights, did the legislature approve the amendment unanimously while an assemblywoman presided?

Utah

As the Committee on Constitutional Affairs and Amendments of the Tennessee House of Representatives was preparing to vote on the 19th Amendment, forces opposed to ratification released two letters from men who had previously endorsed women's suffrage. One man's letter opposed the "federal amendment's centralization of power." Which man have credence to the legally dubious and discredited requirement that ratification could only be considered after the next general election?

Warren Harding, Republican presidential candidate

Which of the following statements accurately describes the announcements made to the press after Woodrow Wilson's House meeting with presidential candidate James Cox and vice presidential candidate Franklin Roosevelt?

Wilson declared that he and Cox both supported the League of Nations

After 1920, efforts to limit the voting rights of certain Americans continued throughout the 20th century and even into the 21st century. However, challenges to the voting rights of which group was effectively ended by a 1922 U.S. Supreme Court decision?

Women

Carrie Catt found petty bickering and serious rivalries dividing the women of Tennessee who supported ratification of the 19th amendment. Which did she regard as the least serious problem because there were so few of them?

Women's Party members going their own way

Which of the following statements accurately describe suffrage militant Sue Shelton White's activities in the months prior to July 1920 when she arrived in Nashville, Tennessee.

all of the above

In the summer of 920, Carrie Catt was hearing from political informants that leaders of which political party were conspiring to stop the ratification count at 35 states in order to quietly block the 19th Amendment from going into force before Election Day?

bot the Democratic and Republican parties

Several factors caused many suffragists to doubt Democrat presidential candidate James Cox's commitment to women's suffrage. Which one worried them the most?

his opposition to Prohibition and ties to the liquor interests

How much time passed from the month that Congress approved the 19th Amendment until Secretary of State Bainbridge signed the proclamation acknowledging its ratification by Tennessee and inclusion in the United States Constitution?

from June 1919 to August 1920

Seth Walker, speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives, justified his newly announced opposition to ratification of the 19th Amendment by declaring that there was no question in his mind that which group of Tennessee voters overwhelmingly opposed universal suffrage and/or a federal suffrage amendment?

rural residents

Which of the following invalidates Tennessee's constitutional provision that prohibited the consideration of a federal constitution amendment by a sitting legislature?

the United States Supreme Court