Social Studies - Tenta HT22

Affordable care act (US)

- 2010 - Implemented by President Obama - The aim was to create an affordable health insurance plan for Americans - Prior to the affordable care act 50 million people remained uninsured, the goal was to reduce this number - Took some inspiration from Scandinavian healthcare systems with large groups of people being insured together at one place

1924 National Origins Act (US)

- 1924 (1920's) - Same year as the Asian Exclusion Act which denied all immigration from Asia. - Was primarily targeting east-Europe, North/West Europe remained largely unaffected - 2% quota.

Immigration from New Commonwealth countries (UK)

- 1940's and onwards - Reform that promised good conditions for immigrants from commonwealth countries to the UK Bonus: Windrush scandal, Race relations act

GI Bill (US)

- 1944 (1940's) - A bill passed under President Roosevelt - Provided housing and tuition for veterans at university - Led to universities housing a large portion of veterans - Within 2 years half the people at universities/collage were veterans

The Windrush scandal (UK)

- 1948, the boat arrives (from the carribean) - 2017 the scandal begins to surface (people arriving were refused rights, deported wrongly imprisoned etc) - 2018 A decision to compensate the people that arrived was made but they never went through with it The name 'Windrush' derives from the 'HMT Empire Windrush' ship which brought one of the first large groups of Caribbean people to the UK in 1948. As the Caribbean was, at the time, a part of the British commonwealth, those who arrived were automatically British subjects and free to permanently live and work in the UK. ● The Windrush scandal began to surface in 2017 after it emerged that hundreds of Commonwealth citizens, many of whom were from the 'Windrush' generation, had been wrongly detained, deported and denied legal rights. ● Falsely deemed as 'illegal immigrants' / 'undocumented migrants' they began to lose their access to housing, healthcare, bank accounts and driving licenses.

Brown v. Board of Education (US)

- 1950's - Judicial Review - Led to the slow de-segregation of American schools (between the 1950's and the 1970's) Bonus: Bussing, Jim Crow laws, De jure/De facto segregation The Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision struck down the principle of separate-but-equal educational facilities for the races in 1954. One year later, the court ruled that public school districts all over the nation had to present plans for achieving "racial balance" in their schools. Federal school policy showed a profound change in priorities. From 1955 to 1974, the court tried to desegregate America's public schools.

Great Society (US)

- 1960's - President Lyndon Johnson (democrat) - War on poverty - The second wave of reforms in the USA - Better conditions for the poor

House of commons (UK)

- 650 Members (1 from each constituency) - The primeminister sits in the House of commons since 1963. (60's). - The legislative branch of the government. - Has political power unlike the monarch + the house of lords. Bonus: First-past-the-post.

Constituencies (UK)

- 650 constituencies - 1 person per constituency - First-past-the-post - The person who wins each constituency will represent said constituency in the house of commons. Bonus: Proportional voting.

Judicial review (US)

- A review done by the supreme court to decide whether or not an issue is constitutional or not. Bonus: Roe v. wade, Brown v. Board of education > bussing > Jim Crow etc.

Break up Britain

- A term/theory about the effects of Brexit. - People thought Scotland would leave the UK because they wished to remain within the EU following Brexit.

Jim Crow laws (US)

- Abolished as late as the 1960's - Things such as the Brown v. Board of education led to the ultimate downfall of Jim crow laws. - Southern states - De jure segregation

"Ancient" universities vs. "redbrick" universities (UK)

- Aincient universities 1300's - 1850 (Oxford) - Redbrick -||- 1850-1930 (Liverpool) - Aincient universities are usually seen as more prestigious - Usually talked about in a UK setting but could be applied to universities worldwide

The eleven-plus (UK)

- At the age of 11 students took a test (The eleven-plus), which dictated what school you got to move on to - Grammar school (for those who passed), Technical or secondary modern school (for those who did not pass) The eleven-plus examination was adopted by most LEAs; consisted of intelligence tests which covered linguistic, mathematical and general knowledge; and was taken in the last year of primary school at the age of 11. The object was to differentiate between academic and non-academic children, and it introduced the notion of 'selection' based on ability. Those who passed the eleven-plus went to grammar schools, while those who failed went to secondary modern and technical schools. The Labour Party and other critics maintained that the eleven-plus examination was wrong in principle, was socially divisive, had educational and testing weaknesses, resulted in middle-class children predominating in grammar schools and higher education, and thus perpetuated the class system.

Grammar schools (UK)

- Born from the 1944 education act - Part of the "eleven-plus" system - If you passed the eleven-plus, you went on to a Grammar school - If you didn't pass the eleven-plus, you went on to either a technical school or a secondary modern school - This system was abolished and replaced in the 1960's by comprehensive schools which were aimed to cover all areas of the former 3 schools

Bussing (US)

- From 1955 to 1974 - Result of the Brown v. Board of education - The thought was that segregation was bad and the solution was to "buss" students from poor areas (financial localism) to rich areas and vice versa.

De facto and de jure segregation (US)

- De facto = non-legislated racism. - De jure = legislated racism. Bonus: Brown v. board of education, Jim Crow Laws, (Race relations act UK), Bussing, Examples of governors in southern states literally barring the doors to universities.

First-past-the-post (UK)

- Direct opposite of proportional representation - 650 constituencies - Winner takes it all - No need for majority in a district, if the largest party has 3% of the votes they still get 100% of the district

1944 Education Act (UK)

- Free and compulsory schooling (introduced in 1944, 40's) - Introduced the Eleven-plus system - Introduced Grammar, secondary modern schools and techincal schools (part of the eleven-plus system - Was changed in the 1960's when the old system was abolished and changed to the comprehensive school system In 1944, an Education Act (the Butler Act) reorganized state primary and secondary schools in England and Wales (1947 in Scotland and Northern Ireland) and greatly influenced future generations of schoolchildren. State schooling became free and compulsory up to the age of 15 and the educational structure was divided into three stages: primary schools (5-11 years), secondary schools (11-15) and further post-school training. A decentralized system resulted, in which a Ministry of Education drew up policy guidelines and local education authorities (LEAs) decided which forms of schooling would be used in their areas. Two types of state school resulted from the act: county and voluntary. County schools were created by LEAs in each county and divided into primary and secondary schools. Voluntary schools were mainly those elementary schools which had been founded by religious and other groups and which were now partially financed or maintained by LEAs, although many retained a particular religious affiliation. Non-denominational schools thus coexisted with voluntary schools.

Devolution (UK)

- Granting of power to the other countries in the UK (from England to Wales, Scotland and or Ireland) - Devolution refers to the devolving of power in England The first search for some form of devolution for Scotland took place in the late nineteenth century at the high noon of the British empire and was seen by its protagonists as a means to ensuring that the governance of empire might be improved. ● Devolution is the statutory delegation of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to govern at a subnational level, such as a regional or local level

The Monarch (UK)

- Head of state - Technically chooses the prime minister but the house of commons choses a candidate which is later chosen by the monarch - Has no legislative power - Has the power to open Aswell as dissolving the government (house of commons) - Can "knight" someone granting them a seat in the house of lords

President (US)

- Head of state and government - Not part of the congress (unlike the primeminister in the UK who sits in the house of commons) - Primary elections - Chosen by the electoral college - Can veto a legislation from congress, but the veto can be overridden if congress decides so with 2/3 majority in both houses The president and the heads of the executive departments, as well as federal judges, may not sit in Congress. The president, senators and representatives are selected through independent elections that do not all occur at the same time. The president nominates federal judges, including justices of the Supreme Court, but the Senate must confirm their appointment.

National Curriculum (UK)

- Implemented in 1988 - Across the UK but not Scottland - Is a way to make sure that schools are as equal, and uniform as can be. - Parents may refuse some subjects such as Religion and or Sex- ed.

Deferred Action Program for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) (US)

- Implemented in 2014 by President Obama - Was an act to try and relieve children of guilt of immigration - The thought was that children did not chose to immigrate - Was later expanded to give parents a two-year window to find work/schooling

Private elementary and secondary schools (US)

- Mainly funded through tuition fees and donations - Has a part in creating a class society where the path to an ivy league university is paved from the start - Large amount of religious (almost exclusively Catholic) private schools in the USA

Political localism (US)

- Members of the LED's board of education exercise political localism - They hold most of the power over the schools - The PTSA (Parent-Teacher-Student Association) also hold a considerable amount of power - Also ties into financial localism and is a factor in ensuring that schools are less equal across the US

Homelessness (US)

- Mention Lyndon (great society) - Lyndon's war on poverty Homelessness in the US is of concern for social service providers, government officials, and society generally. Although this may be a temporary situation, homeless people are visible in many American communities. ● Action is restricted by a lack of reliable information on the causes of homelessness and the actual number of people living on the streets, in transitional housing or emergency shelters

Universities (US)

- Mention: Jim Crow laws, Brown v. Board of education, de jure/de facto segregation During the Civil War, the Morrill Act (or Land-Grant College Act) set a revolutionary precedent by laying the foundation for the state university. The beginning of the federal government's involvement in public higher education, the Act gave each state huge land areas for higher education. The result was dozens of land-grant colleges, which developed into state universities. Equally important, it promoted the higher education of larger numbers of students and called for courses in agriculture and technical and industrial subjects, to attract students from the working class.

House of lords (UK)

- No legislative power - May delay (but not fully stop) legislations passed by the house of commons: - about 780 members - members can inherit a seat in the house of lords but may also be "knighted" by the monarch - The primeminister sat in the house of lords until the 60's (1963) The House of Lords consists of some 778 Lords Temporal and Lords Spiritual. Lords Spiritual are the archbishops of York and Canterbury and 24 senior bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal now comprise 88 peers and peeresses with hereditary titles elected by their fellows (whose future is uncertain) and about 664 life peers and peeresses, who have been recommended by political parties or an independent Appointments Commission. n. It is argued that the House of Lords has too many members and should be reduced. Daily attendance varies from a handful to a few hundred. Peers receive no salary for parliamentary work, but may claim attendance and travelling expenses. The House collectively controls its own procedure, but is often guided by the Lord Speaker who is its presiding officer.

Proportional Representation (PR) (UK)

- Not implemented in either the UK or USA - First-past-the-post - Electoral College - We have it in Sweden

Community Languages (Both)

- Not the majority language - More emphasis on community (than heritage language) - Older term that has been more or less replaced by heritage language - Can be used almost synonymously with heritage language

Heritage Languages (Both)

- Not the majority language. - Geographically Bound - Has a deeper connection with heritage than community Language - Can be used almost synanymously with Community Language

Beveridge Report (UK)

- Published in 1942, was an idea on how public free healthcare could be implemented across the UK. - NHS (1946, -48) was based on the Beveridge report. - NHS was the implementation of free healthcare across the UK.

Financial localism (US)

- Schools are funded locally in the US. - Funded through property taxes (which means rich areas with high housing prices have more funding for their schools) - Political Localism

Independent (Public) Schools (UK)

- Schools that are designed to educate public servants (politicians etc.) - Independent (private), Aswell as privately funded - Does not need to follow the 1988 national curriculum

The Prime Minister (UK)

- Sits in the house of commons - Chosen by the monarch but nominated by the house of commons - Head of government in the UK - Used to sit in the house of lords up until the 1960's (1963)

Latino Group (US)

- Strong Community language - Don't confuse the latino group with hispanics - Fastest growing group in the US A Spanish language and cultural background is the inexact basis for calling people with ethnic origins in the Caribbean, Central and South American "Latinos" or "Hispanics". ● The term does not apply to people from countries in the Americas, such as Brazil, Haiti or the Bahamas, whose cultural forms derive chiefly from other European cultures. ● Those commonly called Latinos include the Central or South Americans descendants of Native American peoples, African slaves, later immigrants form European and Asian nations and mixtures of these groups. ● In 2014 somewhat more than half of Latinos identifies themselves as white.

GP (UK)

- The coalition government changed the system and made the GP's more powerful - 2013 - GPs have a long education and are in a sense "husläkare" - Work under the NHS, Public health care

Colonialism (UK)

- The empire was at its height in the 1920's - "The empire where the sun never sets" Bonus: Immigration from new commonwealth countries, Windrush scandal etc

Primary elections (US)

- The first stage in the presidential election - Each party chooses their candidate for the presidential election - Candidates are chosen within the political party and only members of the party may cast their vote

The New Deal (US)

- The first wave of social reforms - 1930's by President Roosevelt - Tried to improve the quality of live for the poor The situation improved with Democrat President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in the mid-1930s. He wanted to rectify faults in the free enterprise economy and to provide social protection. Contemporary government aid programs stem from his policies, which recognized federal responsibility for the poor and needy. ● Some saw this as an unraveling of New Deal programs, returning the US to semi-privatized social services and negatively affecting large numbers of people, such as families and children. ● Others argued that the welfare reforms moved the US positively from a system of debilitating non-contributory benefit entitlement to one of personal responsibility.

Seperation of powers (US)

- The idea that one branch of government cannot be too powerful. - To literally seperate the powers: President, Congress (House of representatives) and Senate. - Checks and balances.

Checks and balances (US)

- Ties into seperation of power - t.ex. The president can veto a legislation from the congress but if the congress has a 2/3 majority in both houses (house of representatives + the senate) they can override said veto.

Same sex marriages (UK)

- Took until 2004 for UK to formally acknowledge gay-couples as "civil partners" - 2013 they altered it to allow for new couples to get "married" as civil partners - 2014 was the year when real same sex marriage was allowed

Race relations act (UK)

- Two parts of the act - First "part" was introduced in the 70's (1976) which meant that it was unlawful to discriminate against individuals on grounds such as race, ethnicity, religions aswell as national origin - The second part was introduced in 2007 and aimed to end all discrimination against individuals, this meant that they added areas of discriminations such as disability, age, race, gender, sexual orientation, religion or beliefs. Race Relations Acts to protect the rights of those immigrants already settled in Britain. ● Race Relations Acts since 1976 have made it unlawful to discriminate against individuals on grounds such as race, ethnicity, religion and national origin in areas like education, housing, employment, services and advertising. ● The Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) was established in 1976, applied the Race Relations Acts, worked for the elimination of discrimination and promoted equality of opportunity. ● It was replaced in 2007 by the broader-based Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), whose role is to end discrimination against and harassment of all individuals because of their disability, age, race, gender, sexual orientation, religion or beliefs. Despite good intentions, both bodies have been criticized for their performances, internal quarrels, bureaucratic methods and lack of clear aims or definitions.

A levels (UK)

- Two year "course" - Heavily criticized by both teachers and students because it pulls attention from the actual subjects in schools - Dictates what university you can get into (Högskoleprov). The standards achieved and examination results continue to rise, although grades have recently declined after criticism of grade inflation. There is continuing discussion about the format and content of A levels and the system has been criticized for over-examining students, creating less time for other school activities and leading to teacher overwork.

Community Colleges (US)

- Two-year programs - More accessible - Great starting point before moving on to universities This large degree of institutional independence has encouraged grassroots experiments and innovations in higher education. The resulting diversity is enormous. The public sector includes the national military academies, 50 state university systems and thousands of local technical or "specialty" schools, community colleges and city universities. Community colleges give courses for the first two years of college, at little or no cost to local residents. After that, students may graduate with an associate in arts (AA degree) or transfer into the third year of a full college or university program and continue toward a Bachelor of Arts or Science (BA or BSc degree). Community colleges run by local authorities offer many shorter certificate programs suited to the occupational needs of a local area.

National Health Service (NHS) (UK)

- Voted through 1946 - Implemented 1948 - Based on the Beveridge Report (1942) - Free public healthcare - Replaced the former private healthcare in Britain - Access to GP's

Poor Laws (UK)

- Was originally the unofficial task of the church to care for those in need - During the 1500's Queen Elizabeth the 1st took over this responsibility and implemented the first poor laws - During the 1800's the government took over this responsibility and expanded on the old poor laws making them more comprehensive In Elizabeth I's reign (1558-1603), a Poor Law was established in England, by which the state took over the organization of charity provisions from the Church. ● The Poor Law was the start of state social legislation in Britain, but it was grudging, was limited in its effects and discouraged people from relying on it. ● The old Poor Law was replaced by the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 in England and Wales (later in Scotland). It was designed to prevent the alleged abuse of parish social relief and to reduce the high taxes needed to service the system.

comprehensive schools (UK)

- Was the replacement of the old eleven plus system - Introduced in the 1960's (1964) Labour governments from 1964 were committed to abolishing the elevenplus, selection and the secondary school divisions. These would be replaced by non-selective 'comprehensive schools' to which all children were automatically transferred after primary school. They provided schooling for children of all ability levels and from all social backgrounds in a local area on one school campus. The battle for the comprehensive and selective systems was fierce. Although more schools became comprehensive under the Conservative government from 1970, it decided against legislative compulsion. Instead, LEAs were able to choose the secondary education which was best suited to local needs. Some decided on comprehensives, while others retained selection and grammar schools. Comprehensive school pupils are often of mixed abilities and come from a variety of social backgrounds in the local area. There is still much argument about the quality and performance of this system

Roe v. Wade (US)

- Woman Lawyers - 1973 (1970's) - Went under judicial review and the supreme court decided that it was unconstitutional to deny abortion rights

UK political union (UK)

1707: Wales, Scotland, England (The United Kingdom of Great Britain) 1801: Wales, Scotland, England and Ireland (The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) - 1922: Wales, Scotland, England and Northern Ireland (The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) There are two large islands, the easterly consists of three nations— Scotland, Wales, and England— which came together erratically and problematically to create the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' in 1707. ● Later, the Acts of Union 1800 brought in the Parliament of Ireland, creating for the first time a single political unit of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland'. ● Britain and Ireland'. This stood until the Irish Free State, later the Republic of Ireland, became independent in 1922 leaving the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'.

Congress (US)

2 houses - Senate 100 members, House of representatives 435 members. Congress can raise money through taxes and spend it on government programs. When implementing laws, however, the president and executive departments control the way funds are used by setting rules that interpret the language of federal law. Congress can create, regulate or eliminate elements of the executive branch below the vice-president and of the judicial branch below the Supreme Court. It can thus respond to the other branches' attempts to frustrate its intentions. Finally, as noted, if someone challenges a law, the Supreme Court can declare it unconstitutional and can thus force the other branches to revise their actions.

Indian Removal Act of 1830 (US)

Americans in the war of 1812, signed the Indian Removal Act. ● Many tribes north of Ohio river had signed individual removal treaties before that times and had moved to parts of present-day Kansas. ● Now, federal policy required the removal of all remaining tribes to a permanent "Indian Territory", in today's Oklahoma.

Brexit

B rit ain g o b y e b y e f r o m E U.

Medicare (US)

From the 1960s to the 1980s, more federal and state money was spent on public social services. Medicare (1965) provided health care for those over 65-years-old based on subscription charges during their working lives.

Citizens United v. the FEC (US)

In January 2010 the Supreme Court ruled on several provisions of the BCRA in a 5-4 decision (Citizens United v. the FEC). The court held that corporations have the same First Amendment rights to freedom of expression as individuals, also regarding contributions to campaign communications, including advertisements and films. Since the Citizens United decision, television advertisements sponsored and funded by independent partisan groups have played an especially visible (some would say decisive) role in the media battles of presidential elections.

Industrial Revolution (UK)

In addition to political integration, internal migration and immigration from overseas, Britain's growth and the mixing of its people were also conditioned first by a series of agricultural changes and second by a number of later industrial revolutions.Agricultural developments started with Neolithic settlers and continued with the Saxons in England, who cleared the forests, cultivated crops and introduced inventions and equipment which remained in use for centuries. ● A second central development in British history was a number of industrial revolutions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. ● These transformed Britain from an agricultural economy into an industrial and manufacturing country. Processes such as steam power based on coal-burning and water were developed and exploited. ● The industrial revolution reached its height during the early nineteenth century. It did not require foreign labour because there were enough skilled trades among British workers and a ready supply of unskilled labourers from Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the English countryside.

Language (Both)

Linguistic diversity vs. promotion of a 'common' or national language: ● Many countries attempt to neutralize linguistic diversity by promoting a "common" or "national" language. This strategy can have negative consequences for both minorities and speakers of the dominant language if the majority population disassociates itself from language minorities or uses minority languages to stigmatize minority populations. ● Nevertheless, there is evidence of the linguistic diversity that African peoples brought with them as well as, in some cases, of the literacy in languages other than English among the newly enslaved. ● In a thoughtful analysis, Wiley follows how English became the dominant language during the Colonial era and was established as the "common language" prior to the American Revolution. The ideology of English monolingualism, past and present: ● The ideology of English monolingualism as the principal defining characteristic of the U.S. American identity among peoples of European origin did not became hegemonic until the World War I era, with the rise of the Americanization movement. ● By the wars (WW1) end, the national shift toward the imposition of official and restrictive English-only policies represented an alteration in the dominant national ideology away from tolerance of language diversity toward an even more rigid monolingualism and monoculturalism.

Ethnic Groups in the U.K (UK)

Prior to the 2001 census, statistics for the 'minority ethnic' category in the population were under-estimated. Respondents to the 2001 census provided more accurate information by specifying their ethnic identity. ● Mainly from commonwealth countries, remnants of colonies etc

Poverty (US)

Public debate about poverty in the US led to federal legislation in the 1960s. This provided financial help, work, training and rehabilitation for the needy and poor, resources to house and feed the homeless and healthcare for the sick. ● Aid was dependent on means-testing of individuals to prove lack of financial provision.

Social Security Act (US)

Social Security originated in the 1935 Social Security Act. It is a social insurance program and covers one main area: the Old Age, Survivors, Disability and Health Insurance program (OASDHI). ● This is concerned with benefits, such as retirement pensions, healthcare, disability, survivorship and death payments. Employees, employers and the self-employed contribute to Social Security, and 59 million people (including survivors/dependents and families) received benefits in 2013

Reforming Social Services (UK)

The state social services have been under financial pressure for many years. Conservative governments (1979-97) tried to reform social security in order to reduce expenditure, eradicate fraud, improve efficiency, encourage more selfprovision and target benefits to those genuinely in need. ● Such policies were widely attacked and it was argued that they were based on a market orientation and a return to the old mentality of personal responsibility for social needs.

Act of Union of 1801 (UK)

This act brought in Ireland into the union and formed The kingdom of great brittain and ireland