Social Thinking

_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Normative social influence; informational social influence

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable is called:

social loafing.

Which comment is MOST likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink?

"We have been united on matters in the past, and I hope that will continue."

Conformity is to obedience as _____ is to _____.

Asch; Milgram

In which situation is one MOST likely to conform?

when everyone else in the group agrees

When are people MOST likely to obey?

when the person giving orders is seen as an authority figure

Social thinking is to social influence as _____ is to _____.

attribution; conformity

Joanna disagrees with her classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Joanna is MOST likely to conform to her classmates' opinion if she:

believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.

In one study, participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his face or shook his foot were observed to produce the same behaviors. This mimicry illustrates the _____ effect.

chameleon effect

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as:

deindividuation

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to:

exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

In a phenomenon called _____, groups make decisions that are more extreme than would the individual members of the group.

group polarization

Which phenomenon was at least partially responsible for the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the escalation of the Vietnam War, the U.S. Watergate cover-up, the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, the U.S. space shuttle Challenger explosion, and the Iraq War?

groupthink

Social loafing is MOST pronounced in _____ cultures such as _____.

individualist; Australia

According to social psychologist Irving Janis, the problems associated with groupthink can be avoided by both businesses and government in decision making when:

leaders invite various opinions and listen to others' critiques.

In one study on social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students pulled hardest when they thought:

no one else was pulling with them.

Conformity based on a desire for approval is called _____ social influence. Conformity based on the desire to be accurate is called _____ social influence.

normative; informational

Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening. This is an element of the firm's:

norms

Milgram is to _____ as _____ is to cognitive dissonance.

obedience; Festinger

When we perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called:

social facilitation

During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roach counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roach is suggesting instead that it reflects _____ social influence.

informational; normative

We feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. Based on the textbook's discussion, which factor BEST explains this phenomenon?

the chameleon effect

Sherelle is with three of her friends at a restaurant. One of her friends yawns, then another friend, and then Sherelle. She has just experienced:

the chameleon effect.