socials 10 .

What were 'loose fish'?

A number of independents, tied to no party. They often held the balance of power in the assembly. Would cast votes with which ever party they could strike a deal with.

British Pound

British currency

What two conferences led to Confederation and where and when were they held?

The Charlottetown Conferences, P.E.I., Sept. 1864 The Quebec Conferences, Quebec City, Oct. 1864

What was the official religion at this time?

Christianity, with different faiths: * Irish often Catholic * Scottish often Presbyterian * Upper and middle class usually Anglican

representitive government

Elected by the people to represent on their behalf

Family compact

Epithet applied by their opponents to a small closed group of men who had the most, political economical and judicial power in upper canada

Why was exile such severe punishment?

- Little chances of surviving the boat ride there - Isolated, never got to see BNA again - Very hard labour: prisoners were expected to farm and build buildings

What is different from the old structure of Government?

- More power to the Legislative Assembly - Governors powers are somewhat restricted - Voters don't have to be property owners - Executive council is appointed from legislative assembly

Reformers (UPPER CANADA)

- Opposed power of family compact and power of VETO - Supported Religious freedom, public roads and public education - Wanted changes to benefit farmers and merchants - Wanted a more democratic Government - Wanted Oligarchy gone - Wanted to be rid of Clergy reserves = the Anglican Church benefitted

1860's

- Province of Canada created - The Fathers of Confederation - BC and the US are eyeing Interior Plains

The leading member of the family compact was:

John Stachan

Who did Mackenzie want to arrest?

Lieutenant Governor Sir Francis Bon Head

After Yonge street, where did the next battle take place?

Montgomery's farm

Where did the rebels meet in Toronto?

Montgomery's tavern on Yonge Street

Which colonies were the first to form the Dominion of Canada?

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which would become Ontario and Quebec)

Did the Government respect Aboriginal land treaties?

No, the Government took advantage of them and often forced them to rent out or sell their farmland to immigrants.

Name the four main political parties before Confederation?

Parti rouge, Parti bleu, Clear Grits and the Tories

What are 'Bills'?

Proposed laws that are approved by thr legislative assembly (majority vote) are sent to the legislative council for review and polishing.

Lower Canada

The Province of Lower Canada was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1791-1841).

bedrock

solid rock underneath looser materials such as soil

What violent acts happened as a result of Elgin signing the Rebellion Losses Bill?

some english-speaking citizens in Montreal attacked Elgin's carriage with stones and rotten eggs and they set fire to the Parliament buildings, which burned to the ground

landed gentry

the British upper class 'landed' in another country

Most of the people chosen for the executive council came from:

the family compact

In a colonial government the power rested with:

the governor and his council while the elected assembly had little or no power.

to stake claim

the legal right to mine gold, or other minerals, on a specific piece of land

to co-opt

to bring someone into a group by capitalizing on their strengths, even if they disagree with you

What main thing was the Maritime provinces requesting at the Charlottetown Conference?

to get the absentee landowners to sell their land back to them

to rework

to go back and try to extract more gold from an area after it has already been worked

to inflate

to increase the price of something dramatically

What does it mean to assimilate?

to join another culture and to give up one's own language and traditions

to pan

to search for gold by panning gravel

to undercut

to sell work at a lower price than average

What does it mean to annex a territory?

to take over a territory and add it to the territory of another country

unnerving

unsettling

part of confederation

upper and lower canada

Who belonged to the middle class?

very wealthy people who were not aristocrats (born into wealth)

Chateau Clique (LOWER CANADA)

- Small group of powerful people - Wanted Roman catholic church powerful - Wanted to build canals - Wanted to change from French ways ( fought traditional laws and Civil laws) - Blocked efforts of reformers to achieve responsible Government in the form of an elected assembly - Wanted to keep power - Wanted to assimilate French Canadians ( make the French people adopt British way of life)

What did Lord Durham see as cause of Conflict in Lower Canada?

Tension between the British and French.

How were the rebels punished after the failed rebellion?

- They were exiled to thewest indies, islands in the carribbean sea, and australia

Responsible Government

A government by a group of officials (Executive Council) who are answerable and accountable to the elected representatives of the people ( legislative assembly) and indirectly responsible to the people.

queen victoria

queen of england came to throne in 1837-1901 had vicorian attitude

temporarily slowed the rush to settle upper canada

rebellions of 1837

territory granted to hbc in 1670

ruperts land

oppenheimers

settled vancouver

Louis Pasteur

significant in developing medicine his quote was ``these three things will work & success between them fill human existence``

What did Victorian Canadians do for entertainment?

* City: concerts, fairs, circuses, and shows * Country: barn raisings, quilting bees, and dances. * books, magazines and playing cards * sports: bear baiting, boxing, swimming * medicine shows * leisure travel

Why was there a concern that America could annex the western territories of Canada?

* Manifest Destiny and America had already invaded Canada twice before * Western colonies were small and scattered and had no defences against an aggressive America * Britain had supported the South during the American Civil War and the North might retaliate (get back at them) by using their large armies to invade Canada

What was double majority?

* a bill became law only if a majority in both Canada East and Canada West voted for it in the Legislative Assembly * it made it hard to pass a bill b/c each territory wanted different things

What were some of the problems that still existed after Confederation?

* aboriginal peoples opposed plans that took away their rights and land * a transcontinental railway would be very expensive * arguments between the French and English did not go away

How did repealing the Corn Laws lead to Confederation?

* advantages from economic relationship with Britian now gone * Britain could now buy grain from other countries at a lower price than Canadian grain * Canadian grain producers now had no one to sell their grain to, which drove the colonies into an economic depression

Who were the Fenians and what were the Fenian Raids? How did this affect the move towards Confederation?

* an Irish organization that wanted to get back at the British Empire for the poor treatmet of Ireland by the English * they attacked both Canada West and Canada East, but were pushed back into America * it convinced many colonists that the American threat was real

What was reciprocity?

* an agreement that provided free trade between the United States and the British colonies * when the United States ended reciprocity it helped move the Maritime provinces towards Confederation

Who was Lord Elgin and what was his job?

* appointed Governor General of Canada in 1846 * Lord Durham's son-in-law * job was to make responsible government a reality

What were the political arguments FOR Confederation?

* as one large country Canada would have more protection from an American invasion * Canada could annex the Western territories before America did * One central government would be a better system to get bills passed * political independence from Britain

Why did British Columbia want to join Confederation?

* believed a railway link to Central Canada would create growth and development in the West

What were the arguments AGAINST the Maritime provinces (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) joining Confederation?

* both colonies had good trade with the United States (until reciprocity ended) * they already had responsible government * feared they would lose power and be weak * they had a shared identity and history * feared they would not be an equal partner but lose power and identity in the Dominion of Canada

What did French Scientist Louis Pasteur discover?

* discovered that bacteria caused many illnesses * used carbolic acid as an antiseptic and vaccinated people and animals

Why did Elgin sign the Rebellion Losses Bill if he had doubts about it?

* he felt he had no right to go against a bill that had been passed by the elected Assembly (the people) * he was determined to follow the principle of responsible government

What's the first thing Canada did to extend into the West?

* it bought Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company

What is the British North American (BNA) Act?

* it is the act that was passed on July 1, 1867 by the Parliament of Britain, which created the Dominion of Canada (country of Canada)

What would Confederation provide Canada economically?

* larger markets, more industry and better transportation systems for selling product * could develop its own economic policies that would benefit Canada rather than Britain

What were the main arguments AGAINST Confederation?

* loss of political and economic control in the colonies (provinces) because a central government would be making the decisions * loss of culture and cultural identity * loss of support from Britain (financial and defense) * Confederation expensive and would have to be paid for by taxes

How did North America benefit from the growth of science and technology during the Victorian era?

* millions of lives saved from the discovery of bacteria and infection * discoveries made to prevent and treat serious diseases * sterilizing techniques developed for operating rooms and medical instruments

Why is the steam locomotive one of the most important new technologies of the Victorian age?

* moved goods and people quickly and cheaply * gave access to new markets and ports by linking major cities and linking Canada to the USA. * boosted economy

What sorts of things were in a newspaper in that era?

* news that was often biased and untruthful * local news that was often gossipy * self-help articles, recipes and helpful hints aimed at women * cures and medicines, and strange sciences * political cartoons

Why was the newspaper so important in Victorian Canada?

* politicians used them to promote their ideas * businesses used them to sell products * Canadians used them to get news and information

What did a poor immigrant's life look like?

* poor and uneducated * life was difficult and not secure (no gov't assistance) * lived in small houses or apartments * not paid well and worked long hours

What are some impacts immigration had on the Aboriginal peoples.

* pushed aside to make room for colonial settlement * forced to live on reserves * suffered from disease, poverty and other social issues * culture hard to maintain

Why were some people so against the Rebellion Losses Bill?

* saw rebels as traitors to Britain and thought it was a crime to "reward" them by giving them tax money * feared losing political power to the French

What were some of the attitudes and values of Victorians?

* stressed good morals, hard work and personal success * worried a lot about sin * materialistic and cared about social class and status

What were the arguments FOR the Maritime provinces to join Confederation?

* the railway would provide larger markets for their products * Loyalty to England, by making the colonies stronger and better able to protect against American invasion (Fenian Raids)

What were the concerns of those against responsible government in colonial Canada?

* thought it would weaken the British Empire * though it would strengthen Britain's political enemies (France and United States) * thought it would be bad for the economy

What was the purpose of the Gradual Civilization Act (1857)?

* to assimilate Aboriginal peoples by making them citizens of Britain (enfranchisement) * to take away the treaty rights of First Nations, which would allow the government to ignore agreements made in the past

What were the economic arguments FOR Confederation?

* trade barriers and tariffs between the colonies would end so Canada and colonies would prosper * a new national railroad would connect the colonies and improve trade

Why did Britain want responsible government in colonial Canada?

* was becoming too expensive for Britain to govern, defend and economically support the colonies * would make Canada less dependent on Britain, but they would still be part of the British Empire * to prevent a revolution by providing democracy

What did a rich immigrant's life look like?

* wealthy and educated * life was comforable and secure * fancy houses with many servants * went on vacations

first native people the hbc traded with

*cree and ojibwa

What kind of changes did radicals want?

- A republic government like USA - British rule in Upper Canada

The Act of Union (1841)

- Created the united province of Canada (L.C = Canada East | U.C = Canada West) - Each of the Canada's would have equal representation in the legislative assembly ( 42 members for CE and 42 members for CW)

Mackenzie's Call to Arms Positive Points:

- Democratic or republican government would be achieved - Get rid of the oligarchy - Religious freedom - Public Education - Improved roads - Access to the clergy reserves

Family compact (UPPER CANADA)

- Educated; had ties to the government, church, landowners and educators - Superior members of Upper Canadian society; loyal to the monarchy -Pillars of the church; have education and experience - Loyal to GB

Radicals (UPPER CANADA)

- Europeans who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people - Popular newspaper by leader (Mackenzie) - Want a Republican Government - Want many of the same things as the reformers

What was Rebellion losses Bill?

- It gave financial compensation to anyone, including rebels who had lost property during rebellion

Mackenzie's Call to Arms Negative Points:

- Killed during the battle - Might be captured, tried for treason and hanged - Could loose property

What were the clergy reserves?

- Land that belonged to the church - Did not want to sell it they made profit off of it

Patriotes (LOWER CANADA)

- Liked traditional French culture - Louis Joseph Papineau- leader of this group - Approved list of 92 grievances (Papineau wrote it) - Wanted to help small farmers = no taxes (to create jobs) - Wanted an elected legislative council and sought all powers and privileges enjoyed by British parliment

What were the results of the 1837 Rebellions?

1. A solution was sought: The Rebellions had 3 important effects on GB: - Britain was alarmed, their attention was now focused on the grievances of the Canada's - Britain now realized some reforms must be introduced or the Canada's would break away - Lord Durham was sent to seek solutions 2. Lord Durham's Report: - That upper and Lower Canada should be united - Responsible Government should be established in this new United Canada 3. Colonies could make laws for local issues ( public schools, roads and taxes) 4. GB would still have political power over: - Foreign Relations - Trade and Commerce - Defence - Disposal of Public Lands - Constitution

3 reasons why Lord Durham proposed a union of the Canada's:

1. It would help the political, economical ( more money to help the economy grow)and cultural problems of both colonies. 2. It would get rid of Oligarchy = Give the people responsible government. 3. Culturally: The French would be assimilated and it would give the British a clear majority

What were Lord Durham's two major recommendations?

1. That upper and Lower Canada should be united 2. Responsible Government should be established in this new United Canada

What were the political parties in Canada East?

1. The Bleus: George- Etienne Cartier - Share similar concerns with Conservatives - Aligned with the Conservatives 2. Part Rouge: Antoine-Aime Dorion - Opposed to big business in form of British merchants, bankers and railway builders - Strong defender of French-Canada - Didn't believe in Rep by Pop

What were the political parties in Canada West?

1. The Conservatives: Alan McNab, John A. Macdonald - Expansion of industry and commerce 2. Liberals: Francis Hincks - Coalition with the Conservatives, also managed to get the Bleus to join it. 3.Clear Grits: George Brown - Wanted Representation by population - Opposed to big business, the Roman catholic church and the French language - Represented the frontier farmers

How long did Queen Victoria reign over the British Empire?

60 years (1837-1901)

Fenians

A secret organization of Irish Catholics that were fighting for Irish Independence. ( Around 10 000) Wanted to capture BNA then trade it back to GB for the freedom of Ireland

Robert Gourlay

A spokesman who represented farmers and was opposed to the family compact. He was arrested and expelled from the colony for his opposition.

Reciprocity

A trade agreement based on mutual benefits ( A reciprocity would mean that Canadian fish, coal, timber and flour could gain free entry to the states = it wasn't taxed)

Who was not invited to the Conferences?

Aboriginals and women

loyalists

Americans who didn't support american revolution

Who was the leader of the Parti Bleu and what did the party represent?

Canada East, George-Etienne Cartier * focused on economic development and protection of French-Canadian culture and rights * not as radical as Parti Rouge * wanted to work with Canada West to reach its goals * had support of Catholic church

Who was the leader of the Parti Rouge and what did the party represent?

Canada East, Louis-Joseph Papineau * represented French-speaking farmers and business people * wanted American-style government * did not like the Act of Union

Who was the leader of the Tories and what did the party represent?

Canada West, John A. MacDonald * not as radical as Clear Grits * wanted a strong central government * made a deal with Parti Bleu to combine the parties to form the Liberal Conservatives * combined parties eliminated problem of double majority

Who was the leader of the Clear Grits and what did the party represent?

Canda West, George Brown (publisher of The Globe newspaper) * Brown disliked Catholics and the French * a radical party * attacked government corruption * wanted more democracy * defended English-Canadian interests

Rebellion in Upper Canada

Causes: - Land and clergy reserves - Oligarchy - Family compact taxes - Wanted religious freedom Leadership: -William Lyon Mackenzie ( wrote the 7th report on Greivances -- the British reject) Support: - Could not get support despite the settlers grievances ( only around 350-500) Battles: - The rebellions of 1837 were a failure - Yonge St. = went to the heart of the city -- lost - The battle of Montgomery's tavern -- lost Result for the Government: - Executive and Legislative councils can be elected, could not make laws - Not much changed Results for Leaders: - Mackenzie fled to US - Charged with treason Results for Participants: - Flogging, Hangings, "transported" to Bermuda or Australia - Imprisoned Results for People: - No immediate changes - Many people moved to US - Militarily failed, but brought about changes politically

Rebellion in Lower Canada

Causes: - People felt repressed - Tension between British and French - Wanted more French advantages - Wanted Responsible Government Leadership: - Joseph Papineau ( didn't want an armed invasion---was forced)(wrote the 92 grievances) Support: - Fils de la Liberte - Many agreed with Papineau but did not participate ( the church said that participants in the rebellion would be denied sacraments) Battles: - St. Denis -- won - St. Charles -- lost - St. Eustache -- lost Result for the Government: - French Canadians still had no voice - United Canada was formed after Lord Durham's report - Not much changed Results for Leaders: - Papineau escaped to US - Charged with treason Results for Participants: - Flogging, Hangings, "transported" to Bermuda or Australia - Imprisoned Results for People: - Many farms and homes were ransacked by British troops or civilians

Upper canada

The Province of Upper Canada was a part of British Canada established in 1791 by the United Kingdom to govern the central third of the lands in British North America and to accommodate Loyalist refugees from the United States of America after the American Revolution

What did Lord Durham see as cause of Conflict in Upper Canada?

The clergy reserves. Many farmers were unhappy with the fact that the land was saved.

Why did some aboriginal communities adjust to colonialism easier than others?

The government wanted Aboriginals to settle and farm, so those bands that were already farmers and living in large communities did not have to change their way of life as much as those that were hunters and fishermen.

Who was Lord Elgin?

The governor in 1848. He helped establish responsible government

Responsible Government Structure

The leader of the party with the most seats in the legislative assembly is appointed to the executive council and will appoint from the legislative assembly other members of his party to join him in the executive council as his cabinet VOTERS = All male. appoint the Legislative Assembly EXECUTIVE COUNCIL = Appointed from the legislative assembly. They advise the Governor. Draft and propose bills for the legislative assembly's approval. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY = Appointed by the voters. 84 members. Will debate and vote on bills from the executive council. Proposed laws to the legislative council. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL = Chosen by executive council, generally appointed for life. Review and polishes bill; make sure that the bill does what it is supposed to. Polishes the bill for the Governor. GOVERNOR = Will give royal assent to the bill, as long as the bill does not fall under the 5 areas of British Governments jurisdiction. Once the royal assent is given the bill becomes a law

seigneurial system

The old system of new france whereby seigneurs, or lords were granted parcels of land by france.

How was William Mackenzie able to reach many people?

Through his newspaper that he wrote weekly

What did each group think of Lord Durhams report?

Tories in Britain= Saw it as an attack on privilege and power Canadien Leaders= Furious about the assimilation it proposed Reformers (both side) = Approved The Compacts/ Oligarchy = Saw no power for them

The group of seven

a Canadian group of painters renowned for their landscapes

speculators

people who buy and sell land for profit

What was the Rebellion Losses Bill?

a bill promising to pay Canada East people (including rebels) back for property lost in the Rebellions, using tax money; however, rebels who had been convicted of treason not included

metopolis

a chief city

What is mercantilism?

a colonial economic system, in which the home country uses raw goods imported from the colonies to manufacture goods (ex Britain imported grain from colonial Canada to make bread)

What is a tariff?

a duty, or charge, that must be paid on an imported item

salmon weir

a fenced-in stream for easier salmon fishing

responsible government

a government in which the executive council is responsible to the legislative assembly, whos members are representatives of the people

pack train

a line of people or animals carrying heavy packs

tidal flat

a low-lying marsh

What is economic depression?

a period of low economic activity marked by high unemployment

Victorian

a person who lived during the reign of Queen Victoria and shares the values of the Victorian period

smelter

a place where metal is separated from ore

What was the Annexation Manifesto?

a plan by English merchants in Montreal to allow the United States to take over Canada

tramway

a road for transporting mine freight

head tax

a tax imposed on each person entering a country

provisional government

a temporary government until permanent government is established

service town

a town that provides services to people engaged in one main industry

What is Confederation?

a union of colonies under one central government

metis

aboriginal peoples in canada

William mackenzie

american and Canadian journalist

What was the Manifest Destiny?

an American idea that the United States was meant to to control all of North America

black market economy

an illegal or completely unregulated economy where normal price controls do not apply

parallel

an imaginary line north or south of the equator

shilling

an old British coinage, about one twentieth of a pound

george simpson

appointed governor of hbc had two wives one metis one english

louis joesph papineau

born in Montreal, Quebec, was a politician, lawyer, and the landlord of the seigneurie de la Petite-Nation.

responsible goverment

can be voted out if representatives fail to please majority of people who elected them

frugal

careful with money

confederation

confederation the joining of the colonies to become canada

The two areas of each township that were set aside for government and church were called:

crown and clergy reserves.

What were some of the responsibilities of the Federal government?

defence, post office, railroad

republican

demographic without moarch

subsidy

direct financial aid from a higher level of government

What were some of the responsibilities of the Provincial government?

education, lands, healthcare, roads and highways

acclamation

elected to office unopposed

title

established or recognized right to something

Monopoly

exclusive ownership because of legal privileges

What were the three branches of Canada's Federal Government?

executive, legislative and judicial

emily stowe

first female doctor went to new york medical college to pursue medicine

james douglas

first person to run victoria established new depot on vancouver and victoria

pemmican proclamation

forbidding the exports of pemmican

dry

forbidding the sale or consumption of liquor

bankrolled

funded

What is enfranchisement?

granting someone the rights and protection of a citizen of a particular country

What idea did Macdonald have to give up for Confederation?

he had to give up the idea of a strong national government because it was decided that provincial government should keep many powers

lord elgin

he laid the foundation for a new government; lord durhams son in law; was in charge of responsible government

public relations

promoting good will

mile macdonnell

issued pemmican proclamation was anti metis

chief factor

john mcgloughlin

What are the Corn Laws?

laws which protected agriculture in the British Empire by limiting the import of grain from other countries

louis riels occupation

lawyer and teacher

Why did most people want to stay under British rule?

many thought the economic relationship between the colonies and Britian (mercantilism) gave the colonies a big advantage

transient

not lasting very long

contractor

one who supplies workers

gassy jack

opened the first saloon and the settlement of gastown and granville

thomas scott

part of the canadian party and did not like the metis and louis riel

What process is named after Louis Pastuer?

pasteurization - heating a food or liquid, such as milk, to kill bacteria

cuthbert grant

young leader of the metis in 1816