Socials Studies 11 Chapters 7 and 8

Lucien Bouchard

(1938 - ) Formerly a cabinet minister in Prime Minister Mulroney's Progressive Conservative government, he left the party and became leader of the separatist Bloc Québécois. In 1996, he became the leader of the Parti Québécois and the Premier of Quebec.

Terry Fox

(1958 - 1981) In 1980, he attempted to run across Canada, despite having lost a leg to cancer. His "Marathon of Hope" ended near Thunder Bay, Ontario, when cancer was discovered in his lungs. He died the following year, but the annual run since then has raised millions of dollars for cancer research.

Canada Act

(1982) This document became Canada's new patriated constitution. Included most provisions of the BNA Act, a Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and an amending formula. It was agreed by the federal government and nine of the ten provinces. Quebec refused to agree.

Baby boom

A cohort of individuals born between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Berger Commission

A federal government commission in 1977 called to study whether a pipeline should be built down the Mackenzie Valley. It recommended that a pipeline not be built until Aboriginal and environmental concerns were resolved.

Equalization programs

A federal government program to give money to poorer provinces to ensure a standard of government services that are equal across the country.

Canada Council

A government-sponsored organization formed in 1957 to provide funding for the arts in Canada. Individuals and groups can apply for public funding from this.

Kitchen Compromise

A late night, last-minute agreement between between Ottawa and nine of the ten provinces to accept the Charter as part of a new constitution if an "escape clause" was added. The only province was not part of the agreement was Quebec. The "escape clause" became the "notwithstanding clause".

Deficit

An excess of federal expenditures over federal revenues.

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Oka Confrontation

Began over a decision by the Oka Town Council to expand a golf course into Mohawk land. The Mohawk Warrior Society decided to stop the expansion, which led to a stand off between the Quebec Police, the Canadian Army, and the Mohawk warriors.

Transfer payment

Benefits given by the government directly to individuals. Transfer payments may be either cash transfers, such as Social Security payments and retirement payments to former government employees, or in-kind transfers, such as food stamps and low-interest loans for college education.

Official Languages Act (1969)

Passed by the Trudeau government in 1969 to enact one of the major recommendations of the Bilingual and Bicultural Commission. This made Canada an officially bilingual country. It required the federal government to provide services in both languages across Canada in all federal institutions.

Canadian Bill of Rights

Passed by the federal government in 1960. Recognized rights Canadians already had under the common law system. Since it was an act of Parliament, it could be changed by future parliaments.

Maurice Duplessis

(1890 - 1959) Founded the Union Nationale Party in Quebec in the mid-1930s. In 1936, this pro-business "small-c" conservative nationalist party won the election and he became premier. He was defeated in 1939, but regained office in 1944 and served as premier until his death in 1959. He strongly supported Catholic Church involvement in educational and social responsibilities. He was responsible for introducing the Quebec "fleur de lis" flag in 1948, which became a symbol of Quebec nationalism.

Joey Smallwood

(1900 - 1991) First provincial Premier of Newfoundland. Responsible for the campaign to have Newfoundland join Canada in 1949. One of the great characters of Canadian political history.

Beverly McLaughlin

(1936 - ) The first woman to be appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. She was appointed in the year 2000 and had previously been a member of the Supreme Court of British Columbia.

Quiet Revolution

A period of intense social, political, and economic change in Quebec. During this period, which lasted from about 1960 to 1966, Quebecois began to assert their rights and affirm and promote their language and culture.

Point system

A quantitative job evaluation procedure that determines the relative value of a job by the total points assigned to it.

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Nisg'a Land Claim

A struggle by the Nisg'a, Gitksan, and Wet'suwet'en tribes of the Nass Valley in northern British Columbia to establish their claim to land they said they had occupied for centuries. It became the first modern day treaty signed in British Columbia when the Nisq'a agreed to a settlement in 1996.

Distinct Society

A term contained in the failed Meech Lake Accord, which would have recognized the special nature of Quebec. Supporters of the term's inclusion in the Accord felt that it would help protect the French language and Quebec culture. Opponents, such as former Prime Minister Trudeau, believed that the concept would isolate Quebec from the rest of Canadian society instead of maintaining the bicultural/bilingual nature of the nation.

War bride

A term for the European wives of Canadian solders who came to Canada with their husbands after WWII

Sovereignty Association

A term used by Rene Levesque to describe the relationship between Quebec and Canada. It implied that Quebec would be politically independent but economically joined to Canada.

Clarity Bill

After the 1995 Quebec Referendum, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's Liberal government legislated this bill, which called for a very clear question in any future Quebec referendum. The referendum would also have to be passed by a substantial majority before the federal government would be willing to negotiate any terms of separation with the Quebec government.

Commuting, malls replace corner stores, no environment concern, no seat belts

Age of the Automobile (4 points)

Bill 101

An act passed in 1977 by the Parti Quebecois government which made French the only official language in the Province of Quebec. Amongst its provisions was the sign law which required that all businesses display outdoor signs only in French. The Act also stipulated that all children, except those with a parent whose first language was English, must attend French-speaking schools. This meant that all non English-speaking immigrants would attend French schools.

Suggestion #2 (WWII post war problem)

C.D. Howe - private industry to manage transition-tax incentives, crown corporations sold off-result-economic boom-question, what powers should be federal/provincial? Canadians wanted social programs to continue - Answer- taxation powers to federal government, grants to provinces for health care, education, equalization payments to poorer provinces - Results- gain power for federal government, lost power for provinces

Conservative Values, no Sunday shopping or newspapers, censored books and movies, dry towns, passion for sports (Rocket Richard)

Canada the Good (5 points)

Expo '67, Diefenbaker and Pearson retire, Trudeau takes office

Canada turns 100

Kim Campbell

Canada's first female Prime Minister. She called an election shortly after becoming leader of the Progressive Conservative Party that resulted in almost the total destruction of the party. She served as PM for only a few months in 1993.

Multinational companies

Companies that operate in a number of different countries. Because of their economic power, they can at times dictate prices paid to producers in developing countries.

Meech Lake Accord

Constitutional Accord of 1987 which ultimately failed. ********* ADD MORE

Land Claims

Enabled INDIANS, INUIT and MÉTIS to obtain full recognition of their rights under treaties or as the original inhabitants of what is now Canada.

Massey Commission

Established in 1949, it was to investigate the state of Canadian culture. Its 1951 report recommended that Canadian culture be protected from American influences. One result was that the Canada Council was established in 1957 to give grants to theaters, artists, and writers. National Film Board, Canada Council, CBC (tv), CRTC (1968)

Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism

Established in 1963 by Prime Minister Lester Pearson, it recommended that federal government services across the country should be available in French and English. It also said that the federal civil service should be open equally to English and French speakers and that French as a second language be promoted in English-speaking parts of Canada.

Rosemary Brown

First African Canadian member of the British Columbia Legislative Assembly. In 1975, she ran for the leadership of the federal New Democratic Party. She is also well respected for her significant contribution to both the women's and peace movements.

National Film Board, Canada Council, CBC(tv), CRTC(1968)

Four elements of the Massey Commission

FLQ

Front de la Liberation de Quebec (FLQ) A radical separatist organization of the 1960s and early 1970s which was responsible for the October Crisis of 1970., The Terrorist group working in Quebec during the1970's.

Displaced persons, language barriers, children thrived, other immigrants (2.5 million) to cities

Immigration (4 points)

Flag debate

In 1964, Prime Minister Lester Pearson suggested replacing the Red Enseign with a new Canadian flag. After much debate, the present flag was adopted and became the official flag of Canada on February 15, 1965. At the time, the issue was controversial, with organizations like the Royal Canadian Legion leading the opposition to the new flag.

CRTC

In 1968, the federal government established the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission. This agency would regulate the amount of foreign material broadcast over the airwaves and impose rules requiring Canadian content.

Quebec Referendum 1995

In 1995, Premier Jacques Parizeau of Quebec this second vote on Quebec sovereignty. The results were extremely close. This time, it was defeated 50.6% to 49.4%. The "near death" experience resulted in the federal government's introduction of the Clarity Bill.

Maitre Chez Nous

In the 1940's and 1950's many leading business people and officials in Quebec were English. Quebecers wanted to be able to make laws and decisions on their own without "outsiders" telling them what to do. Jean Lesage, premier in the early 1960's, used this as a slogan.

Medical Care Act

Part of President Johnson's "Great Society" program this act created Medicare and Medicaid, 1965 Great Society law that created Medicare and Medicaid--federal govt health insurance plans for senior citizens and welfare recipients

David Suzuki

Japanese-Canadian activist and writer who hosts The Nature of Things and challenges citizens to be greener with simple steps; well known for criticizing governments for their lack of action to protect the environment

Pro: modernization, higher living standards. Cons: higher taxes, lost identity

Joey Smallwood - "We should join Canada"

Robert Bourassa

Liberal leader of Quebec during the 1970s and 1980s. He was pro-Canada, but was still a Quebec nationalist.

Urban immigrants, women in workplace (discrimination), First Nations - environmental damage, disruption to way of life

Limits of Prosperity (4 points)

Canadian mosaic

Part of the multiculturalism policy to allow all cultural groups to maintain and celebrate their own identity in Canada.

1948 - St. Laurent replaces King, Uncle Louie (not legit), 1957 - Diefenbaker emerges, better on t.v.

Louis St. Laurent (4 points)

Megaproject

Massive-scale projects that require great amounts of money to build. Examples include the Trans-Canada Highway, Trans-Canada Pipelines and the St. Lawrence Seaway.

1950-Trans-Canada highway (completed 1970), 1954-St. Lawrence Seaway(completed 1959) - joint US/Canada project, Trans-Canada pipeline - natural gas - Alberta - E. Canada

Megaprojects

National Energy Program

NEP

NEP

National Energy Program

Continue under commission, return to original status, join Canada

Newfoundland was originally a self-governing dominion. During the Depression, they were governed by British commission. After WWII they had 3 options which were:

Multiculturalism Act

Policy adopted by the federal government in 1971 to support and encourage all ethnic groups in Canada to honour their culture and share it with the rest of Canada.

Elijah Harper

Politician (b at Red Sucker Lake, Man). Harper is most well known for the role he played in scuttling the Meech Lake Accord

Tommy Douglas

Premier of Saskatchewan and leader of the federal NDP, first leader to propose universal health care in Canada

Peter Lougheed

Progressive Conservative Premier of Alberta who led the fight against the federal government's National Energy Program of the 1970s and early 1980s.

US influence, Massey Commission Report

Protecting Canadian Culture

Pierre Laporte

Quebec Labor Minister who was kidnapped by the FLQ on October 10, 1970- five days after James Cross was taken. He was called the "Minister of Unemployment and Assimilation" by the FLQ. He was later killed by the FLQ cell that had kidnapped him.

Quebec Referendum 1980

Quebec Premier René Lévesque held this on the question of a new agreement with Canada based on the concepts of sovereignty-association. Quebec would be politically independent, but would maintain a close economic partnership with Canada. Prime Minister Trudeau became very involved in the referendum campaign and promised a new constitution for Canada. The final vote count resulted in the question going down to defeat 60% to 40%.

Parti Quebecois

Québec nationalist party, formed in 1968, with a mandate to separate from Canada.

No clear answer

Referendum 1

Without commission option - Join Canada (1949)

Referendum 2

Regional alienation

Refers to areas of Canada where the provincial governments and/or the people feel that the federal government has treated them badly or unfairly. An example would be the feeling of Albertans when the federal government introduced the National Energy Policy in 1980. Albertans believed it was their right to profit from the increase in the price of oil.

Assembly of First Nations

Represents some 462 000 status Indians across Canada.

Oil, Ontario

Resources and Industries - _____, ___________ manufacturing

Old jobs + time served, preferential hiring for government jobs, tuition, Veteran's Land Act

Returning veterans (4 points)

Population growth, cheaper land

Rise of the Suburbs (2 points)

Immigration policy

Set by the federal government to determine the number of immigrants that would be allowed into the country. After the Second World War, mainly Europeans were preferred as immigrants. By 1967, however, that had changed to accepting people from all areas, provided they met criteria for education and employment prospects.

Western alienation

Since joining Confederation, the western provinces of Canada have complained that they have been unfairly treated by the federal government. A famous example was the National Energy Program of the 1970s, which was strongly opposed by Alberta.

1966 - Canada Pension Plan, Medicare, 1962 - Saskatchewan under T. Douglas (CCF), Douglas switches to federal politics, renamed CCF to NDP, Pearson feared losing votes and introduces medicare

Social Welfare under Pearson (4 points)

Traditional family, stay at home mom, dad the breadwinner, conservative, fashions, appliances, baby boom (youth groups, schools)

Suburban Values (7 points)

King - maintain government's wartime powers to manage economy. Rejected by provincial premieres

Suggestion #1 (WWII post war problem)

C.D. Howe, tax incentives, crown corporations sold off, economic boom, social programs, federal, provinces, federal, provinces

Suggestion #2: ____ _______ - private industry to manage transition- ___ ___________, _______ ____________ _____ ____-result-__________ _______-question, what powers should be federal/provincial? Canadians wanted _______ __________ to continue - Answer- taxation powers to ________ government, grants to _________ for health care, education, equalization payments to poorer provinces - Results- gain power for________ government, lost power for ___________

Staying in school, leisure time, money -> teen culture, fashion, music, dance

Teen Culture (7 points)

Advertisements caused consumerism

Television and consumers: What caused what?

BNA Act (1867)

The Act comprises a major part of the Constitution of Canada. The Act entails the original creation of a federal dominion and sets the framework for much of the operation of the Government of Canada, including its Federal structure, the House of Commons, the Senate, the justice system, and the taxation system. In 1982, this Act was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867, with the patriation of the constitution (having originally been enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom). Amendments were also made at this time: section 92A was added, giving the Provinces greater control over non-renewable natural resources.

Separatism

The phenomenon in which a group of people seeks to pursue independence from their country. It is usually ethnic (cultural) in nature, and in most instances ethnicity must be linked to some major grievance such as persecution, attempted ethnocide, forced assimilation, domination, lack of autonomy, or denial of access to the country's power structure for separatism to be sparked.

Bilingualism policy

The Official Languages Act of 1969 made English and French both official languages in all federal institutions. It also resulted in regulations being enacted such as the policy of bilingual labeling on products.

October Crisis (1970)

The Quiet revolution aimed at peacefully enhancing opportunities for Francophones. Unhappy with the slow results the FLQ was founded in 1963 and used bombing and armed robberies to further its goals. On Oct.5 they abducted James Cross, and then Pierre Laporte on the 10. Laporte was also murdered. On the 16 Trudeau enacted the War Measures Act.

Trans-Canada Highway

The longest single highway in the world. It stretches from St. John's, Newfoundland to Victoria, BC. Construction was first started in the 1920's, but the major work took place in the 1950s and 1960s. The highway was completed in 1970.

Delgamuluukw Ruling

The Supreme Court of Canada case which defined Aboriginal title. States that Aboriginal tribes could claim ownership of land if they could prove that they occupied the land before the Canadian government claimed sovereignty over it.

Indian Act

The act that governed almost all aspects of aboriginal life in Canada after the 1870s, giving extensive authority to government bureaucrats and minimal discretion to Native peoples themselves. ******************ADD MORE HERE

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

The first section of the constitution act, describes the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals and group rights of citizens, including freedom of religion, voting rights and equality rights. Brought under Canadian control in 1982, The government of Quebec did not endorse the constitution because it failed to recognize Quebec's distinctiveness

Expo '67

The world's fair was held in Montreal in 1967 and was considered to be a resounding success. It lifted the profile of Canada in the world, and served as a suitable 100th birthday for the country.

Notwithstanding Clause

This clause allows governments to pass a law that violates a specific freedom under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The clause expires five years after it is invoked but may be renewed if the government so desires.

U.S. ownership in oil and manufacturing - pros: employment - cons lost profits and control

U.S. investment (3 points (one overview point and then list the pros and cons))

1.5 million employed as soldiers, arms industry

What problem did they have after WWII? (Soldiers)

Late 1940's, 1950's

When were there rapid social changes?

Late 1940's gains for unions, wage increases, fixed work hours, benefits

Workers and Owners (4 points)

Trudeaumania

a craze of support for Pierre and his ideas

Charlottetown Accord

a failed agreement on constitutional change made between the provinces and the federal government in 1992.

Equalization payments

a federal transfer of funds from richer to poorer provinces, An aspect of Canadian federalism whereby the federal government collects money through direct taxation and then redistributes it to the "have not" provinces, ensuring that all provinces can maintain adequate standards in health and education services.

Union Nationale

formed to contest the 1935 provincial election in Québec. Its leader was Maurice Duplessis.

Rene Levesque

served as premier of the Canadian province of Quebec from 1976 to 1985. In addition, he founded the Parti Quebecois, a political party that aims to make Quebec an independent French-speaking nation

Amending formula

the process by which changes can legally be made to the Canadian constitution

Patriation

the process of putting under Federal control the amending of Canada's constitution (embodied in the act of the British Parliament that created the Dominion of Canada and serves as Canada's constitution).