Socio-cultural 2
Japanese Cuisine philosophy
"designed to be eaten with the eyes"
What does the word China mean
"middle kingdom" of the center of the world
Japanese food habits
"something from the mountains and something from the sea" Chinese influence on the Japanese very strong: 3rd Century rice cultivation was brought to Japan from China. 7th Century, Buddhism emerged in Japan, and by the 8th century the first sushi appeared. 8th-9th century soy sauce same into being in China. 15th Century the Japanese began to produce their one soy sauce.
obesity rates of chinese over 30 years and why
12% children, and 30% children.. more fast food, convenience food. pricing policies, bike, walk, bus, or car, less agriculture or home based occupations, more sedentary, market-related jobs
Where/how did venezuela get its name?
1499 - Alonso de Ojeda named Venice due to the indigenous houses on stilts above the Orinoco River, it then evolved into venezuela
James Cook
1778- named hawaii the sandwich islands in honor of the Earl of Sandwich, on his third trip to hawaii, he was killed.. first major contact with europeans and missionaries arrived to convert hawaiians to christianity.. 1800's a major site for US whaling ships... brought diseases to hawaii (1778: 500,000hawaiians, 1820s: 100,000 hawaiians, 1910: 38,500 hawaiians)
Going to America- Asians
1850's was the first surge of chinese immigrants trying to escape starvation and communism, settled on the west coast, joined the gold rush in cali, as mining opportunities disappeared they opened their owned businesses, restaurants, laundries, and others worked for the central pacific railroad (10,000 chinese worked for them)... oftened worked as "coolies"
Japanese come to America
1890 settled in Hawaii and the West Coast with early employment though the railroads, canneries, and in agriculture
early discrimination among the Japanese
1924 - Immigration Exclusion Act halted Japanese immigration completely
Chairman Mao
1958-60: the great leap forward.. lead to massive starvation due to lack of focus on agriculture (mostly steel and metal work) 14-43 mill died
reform and opening up
1980-2000s
Special Birthdays in Japan
42 for a man and 33 for a women: special festivities are done to prevent misfortune 61 marks the beginning of a second childhood and a red cap is worn 77 a person wears a long red overcoat 88 the person wears both the hat and the coat
ethnicity in china
56 recognized ethnicities with 91.5% Han
what is the population of france?
64 million, 10%of which is foreign-born: algerians, moroccans, tunisians, italians, portuguese, spaniards, turks, vietnamese, west africans (senegal, Ivy coast)
Religion of venezuela
90% catholic, masses held everyday but attendance is obligatory only on Sundays, believe in Roman Catholic Afterlife (hell; for those who were evil in life), purgatory for those who still need to do penance for their sins and heaven for those with any fault.)
What is the most distinctive venezuelan food
Arepas: o It has its name from the word EREPA which was an indigenous word for corn bread. o It was originally made from fresh corn but today is made using pre-cooked white corn flour o Usually arepas are filled with a variety of cheeses and meats o Smaller arepas can be served as side companion
Japanese daily meal plan
Breakfast: salty sour plum, rice with nori, soup, pickled vegetables Lunch: rice with leftovers, or a bowl of noodle soup Dinner: must include: rice, soup, and pickled vegetable and main dish (usually broiled, steamed, deep-fried fish or shellfish) Chopsticks are used and soup is consumed form the bowl
The main religions on china
Buddhism (introduced by india), Taoism/Daoism (considered the true chinese religion.. others were imported), Islam, Christianity (Missionaries arrived in 1800s, they fueled the hatred against the "foreign devils)
Japanese Religions
Buddhist, Christian, Shinto (indigenous to Japan)
Worlds most populated countries
China: 1.36 bil India: 1.24 bil USA: 316 mil
Hawaiian food sharing
Commonly a way to demonstrate generosity A way to show support for family and village A way to express prosperity or social standing Food is eaten in excess as part of ceremonies Defined gender roles around food: Boys (>8 years) and men: food procurement (farming and fishing) Girls (>8 years) and women: food preparation
hawaii dietary habits
Cooking in the Pacific Islands developed without metal pots, pans, and utensils Originally many foods were eaten raw or cooked/steamed/baked/BBQ over open fire Coconuts and bananas were introduced from Indonesia about 1000 years ago. Asian settlers brought short and long grain rice and noodles Europeans introduced wheat
Japanese Health
Diet is low in fat and cholesterol, but cholesterol consumption is up (beef is a status food) Increases have been noted in diabetes, thought to be caused by changes in diet and fat deposition patterns (they deposit fat in the abdominal region when they gain wt) High sodium diets: have high rates of hypertension and stroke Alcohol consumption among men is high An estimated 10,000 men die a year from koroshi ("death from overwork") (in Japan) Stress-reducing therapies are called iyashi and include herbs, teas, and 10 minutes in massage parlors The healing industry in Japan is estimated to be worth $30 billion/year business Biomedicine was introduced to Japan in the 16th century by the Portuguese
Traditional Japanese Health beliefs
Early Japanese health beliefs involved Shinto concepts of purity and pollution You stayed healthy through cleanliness and avoidance of polluted substances (blood, skin infections, dead things) Botanical remedies were often used 7th century, Buddhism introduced concept of harmony...imbalance of diet, sleep, exercise and family conflict ...blamed for illness
Pele in Hawaii
Goddess of fire, volcano, lava Believed to be creator of Hawaiian islands Originally from Tahiti, but was thrown out by her father because of her temper and fighting with older sister Na-maka-o-Kaha'I, goddess of sea Pele is known for her common visits to mortals Appears as young, beautiful woman; old, ugly woman; or white dog She tests people to see if they will give her food, drink, cigarettes, or rides to other parts of island When they show kindness they are spared; when disrespectful or cruel their homes and crops destroyed Pele has destroyed more than 100 structures since 1983 on the Big Island but has also added more than 70 acres People who take Pele's lava rock off an island shall receive bad luck In the past meant death Now, it is bad luck in form of health, financial, marital problems Every year Hawaii Volcanoes National Park receives tons of rocks, sand, and coral from people
controversy debate over hawaii
Hawaiians believe that Hawaii was illegally obtained by the US and continue to campaign to be a sovereign nation. Continuallu campaign to be considered a Native American group. Petition was rejected because of the efforts by Nevada senator on the claim that Hawaiians would open casios
Japanese New Year
Japanese New Year 1st of January Special foods include 10-20 specially prepared dishes served in nesting boxes Each dish has a special meaning for happiness, long life, or wealth, wisdom, etc. Homes are cleaned thoroughly and all debts are settled before the New Year Food is prepared prior to the New Year so that no knives will "cut the luck"
Tea Ceremony
Japanese tea ceremony is a traditional ritual influenced by Buddhism in which green tea is prepared by a skilled tea practitioner and served to a small group of guests in a peaceful manner The tea ceremony uses basic Buddhist principles and explains that life should be taken in the moment and to appreciate the beauty of small things. The movement of hands, feet, and overall body posture help one attain the Confucian virtues of loyalty, politeness, wisdom, and trust Tea Ceremony Tea ceremonies can take place for various reasons such as many different special occasions. Examples include admiration for the full moon, a gathering of a small group, tea school, or admiration for blooming cherry trees
WWII and USA/Japan
Japanese were put in "war relocation camps" and Hiroshima ended the war
1800's Hawaii
Japanese, Chinese, and Polynesian immigrants traveled to Hawaii to work in the sugarcane and pineapple fields (introduced by Europeans)
components of a lu'au
Kalua pig Chicken with long rice Poi Coconut custard Salmon/fish Rice Salad Lomi-lomi (marinated chunks of salmon, tomatoes, and onion) Oka: raw fish marinated in lemon juice and coconut cream Sweet potatoes Tropical fruit-pineapple, mango, papaya Mai Tais to drink Lu'au-Time for Celebration Started as time to celebrate gods and to share bounty with family and friends. Lu'aus were given to celebrate birth of a child, victorious war, bountiful harvest, or completion of a house Today, lu'aus are done for tourism, weddings, graduations, and baby's first birthday
Youyou Tu
Nobel peace prize 2015- extracted artemisinin which was developed into drug for milaria treatment
Hawaii after contact with Europeans
Processed items such as canned meats and fish, cooking oil, mayonnaise, cookies, sodas, and breakfast cereals are consumed in high quantities Obesity rates among Hawaiians are some of the highest in the world: 75% of the men are obese 80% of the women are obese Increased risk of diabetes Heart disease is the leading cause of death among all Asian and Pacific Islanders in California What causes the problem of obesity here? Overeating and inadequate exercise contribute to the problem Some suggest that the 'Thrifty Gene Theory" may predispose Islanders to obesity...that overeating was done prior to long sea trips and those who were fattest survived and passed on genes ...efficient fat storers. Decrease in the amount of physical activity Shift in food patterns
Today's religion in Hawaii
Protestant, Buddhism, and Shintoism
What is the worlds largest country geographically? in order
Russia, Canada, USA, China
common hawaiin foods
Starchy vegetables are the staples (these are cooked & then pounded into a paste): Taro Breadfruit Yams Cassava Fish and seafood are abundant and some eat it at every meal. Poi (is a taro root paste that may be fermented or unfermented) Taro is also a staple of Samoa, but there it is boiled, not pounded. 40 types of seaweed are consumed Fish and seafood Pork is the most commonly eaten meat Chicken and eggs Fruits and nuts... coconuts are especially important Foods are not spicy hot, but lime, lemon, coconut ginger, and salt are used in cooking
The rich and the poor
about 10% of the population (chinese) lives in poverty
what percent of chinese adhere to biomedicine for treatment
about 88%- elderly follow traditional, younger are consuming more fats
Significant contributions of china
agriculture, arts, religion, and philosophy... silk and embroidered brocade cloth, jade sculptures, lacquerware, book printing, and porcelin
Chinese medicine
around 1600 BC Lee Shizheng wrote Compendium of Materia Medica: The book collected and introduced hundreds of herbals' description, including their names, properties, usage, etc. It is based on hundreds of years' experience, and doctor Lee's own study. The book is still a valuable reference in today's Chinese Medicine.
1900 Hawaii
became a US territory; 1959 it became the 50th state... the only state to have a ruling monarchy before it became a state.. the annexation of hawaii to the US is a topic of controversy today
chinas national dish
beijing roast duck
Shinto
believe that humans are inherently good and evil is caused by pollution/filthiness.. Shinto dieties (Kami) represent any form of existence
How were religious laws determined in Hawaii?
by the gods (polytheistic): Ku (the god of war and male generating power) Kane (the god of fresh water, wind, sunlight, procreation and fertility) Kanaloa (the god of the ocean and ocean winds) Lono (the god of peace and agriculture)
what are the four major environmental regions of venezuela?
coastal zone, andean mountain range, the llanos (plains), and the Guina Highlands
what is venzuelas national symbol?
country's main independence fighter, General Simon bolivar who lead the military movement that freed venezuela and neighboring countries of columbia, ecuador, peru, and bolivia from the spanish domination the carrbean coast is another symbol, the coastline represents a symbiotic relationship with S America and the Caribbean
Taoism/Daoism
dates back to 604 BC, center is the concept of Tao (the way the universe, the driving power in nature, the order behind all life and the spirit that cannot be exhausted), the way people should order their lives to keep in harmony with the universe
Chinese food habits
eat a varied of foods, varies by region, rice is a staple in eastern and central china(polished white long grain), wheat consumed as noodles, dumplings, pancakes, and steamed breads
What do Chinese Americans value?
education, community, food
acculturation influences on risk of obseity
encouragement to overeat, belonging to mainstream culture, social norms, physical ideals
venezuelan values
extreme pride in national beauty, fashion, and appearance.
Japanese Worldveiws: family
family connection is strong KoKo: children are expected to care for their parents in their old age Gaman: belief that it is virtuous to suppress emotions.. self-control is paramount. Haji: belief that one should not bring shame to self, their family, or their community Enryo: the belief that one must be polite and show respect
northwest
famous for breads
beijing
forbidden city, the fall of the sink dynasty in 1911
How does a hawain chief obtain powers?
from the dieties and chiefs inherited position and powers.. ruled over land divisions and were responsible for making sure that natural resources of the land and sea were not depleted and that laws were obeyes
the date
good luck and having a baby
lotus seed
harmonious and happy marriage
Venezuelan cuisine
has many european influences from italy, spain, and france, very flavorful
who is Kamehameha I "The Great"?
he joined together the 8 hawaiian islands in 1810 and established law and order, the islands prospered under him
more chinese medicine
herbs, acupuncture, and massage are the three main methods. Usually a hospital has modern departments and chinese traditional medicine. Traditionally, chinese physicians were paid for their services when the client was healthy; payment stopped if the client got sick
Xi'an
home to the terra-cotta warriors (they were actually colored)
hawaii region
includes 130 islands with 8 main islands
Pacific Islander geography
inhabit over 10,000 islands, including hawaii, american and western samoa, easter island, tahiti, guam.. racially and culturally diverse group of people
Urumqi (western china)
known for bread
Hawaii history
known for their boat building and navigational expertise, share extended family systems archaeological evidence that polynesians inhabited at least 2300 years
the meals of venezuela
large breakfast, large lunch, and light supper
Japanese rice cakes
made from short-grain rice flour and made as a dessert traditionally for New Years
communist china
mao zedong: head of communist party in 1935
what lineage does hawaii follow?
matriarchal (mothers)
red bean
missing someone
1893 Hawaii
monarchy was overthrown by American and European settlers
Japanese immigration today
nearly 1 million Japanese live in USA, tend to live in culturally diverse neighborhoods, family incomes are above national average. 88% have attended college and hold professional jobs
chinese special occasions
new years festivalL end of January to the end of feb.. a time to settle debts, honor ancestors, parents, and elders, the Kitchen God flies up to the Jade Emperor and makes the annual report. cooking must be completed NYE because knives cannot be used NYD (cuts luck)
guests and food in venezuela
offer guests something to eat or drink due to hospitality beliefs
what are the languages of venezuela?
official: spanish with 25 surviving indigenous languages
what is the most populated area in venezuela?
on the coast (the capital, Caracas, is found here)
where is venezula located?
on the northern caribbean coast of S America, bordered by guyana to the east, brazil to the south, colombia to the west, and the caribbean sea/atlantic ocean to the north
How old is the chinese civilization?
over 4000 years old
food in yunnan
over the bridge noodles
North vs south
perserved veg vs fresh veg
Chinese foods
pork, beef, and fish... soy beans: soy sauce (cook then ferment), soy milk (soak, puree, filter, boil), tofu (boil soy, add gypsum to curd the milk, press), black beans (cook fermented soybeans and preserves with salt and ginger), hoisin sauce (fermented soy beans, flour, sugar, water, spices, garlic, and chili).. fruit is infrequent, hot soup and tea, three meals a day
Foods common to the Japanese diet
rice, noodles, fresh/pickled dried fruits and vegetables, soy bean products Products from the sea: shellfish: mussels, oysters, scallops, snails, clams, sea urchins seaweed, fish
east vs west
seafood, fish, pork vs lamb and beef light vs spicy
chinese nutrion
shifting from high carb to high fat and high energy dense foods
west
sichuanese food... not just hot.. hot and tubing, signature dishes are hot pot ma po tofu. and kong pao chicken
1993 Clinton and Hawaii
signed apology resolution offering apology to hawaiins for overthrowing their government
venezuela's population
similar to S American countries.. large Spanish influx, with a significant population of african ancestry.. 67% is European and Indian ancestry, 21% white (european, spanish, italian, and portuguese), 10% black (african and caribbean), 2% indian
Where did chinese immigrants settle?
small geographic areas and created own communities (chinatown).. a lot are in San Fransisco, NY, Boston, Chicago, Philly, Los Angeles, and Oakland, Cali... 2.3 mil live in USA
Religion of Hawaii
the cornerstone of society.. followed "kappa" (taboos) and assured peace and harmony.. laws governed what people ate, how they prayed, whom they married, and many aspects of life. They believe in life after death, spirits live on in earthly forms like sharks, owls, and birds, and other animate/inanimate objects
what is unique about Japanese restaurants?
they use food models to show specialties
Principle of chinese medicine
to cure diseases is based on balancing yin-dark to female and dying-light of male and on adjusting qi to regulate body functions. Illness develops when harmony is out of balance. may not be efficient in treating cancer, heart disease, or nay disease the requires surgery.
Eight treasure rice pudding
traditional chinese new year dessert (eight means good fortune and wealth).. best wishes
nutritionists in China
trained in both western and traditional medicine, RD credential reform
colon cancer is higher among chinese americans than asian chinese (T/F)
true
nutrion and health problems of chinese
type 2 diabetes: 10% for diabetes, higher among urban residents than rural hypertension: vmi-hypertension relationships in chinese people are much steeper than blacks and whites in the US
how are the venzuelan population groups oriented?
whites: cities indians: amazon region black: caribbean coast
how do chinese eat
with chopsticks and porcelain spoons for soup
Venezuelan celebrations
• Carnival is one of the liveliest Venezuelan traditions. This holiday falls three days prior Ash Wednesday • Bolivar's Birthday and Venezuelan's Independence day • Battle of Carabobo • Christmas (Noche Buena) and New Year's Eve
Other dishes of venezulean cuisine
• Empanada - deep fried pasties, can be filled with cheese, shredded beef, sometimes fish • Cachapas - (pancake/crepe like dish) similar to the traditional American pancake but it is made from a puree of corn, sugar, salt and oil. It is usually served with cheese or "queso blanco" on top • Pabellon criollo - consists of black beans, fried sweet plantains, white rice and semi shredded beef • Also popular pernil (roasted pork) and asado (roasted beef) Snacks • Tequeños: long small rolls filled with hot cheese • Tostones: fried plantain slices (often eaten like chips) served with cheese and sometime ketchup on top • Cachitos de Jamon: Similar to French croissant filled with chopped ham or cheese Sweets • Bien me sabe: It can be translated as "it tastes good to me". It is a sponge cake bathed in liquor and layered with coconut cream filling and topped with meringue • Dulce de lechoza: Typical dessert served on Christmas. It is made of green papaya and brown sugar. • Quesillo: Similar to flan, it is made with egg yolks and syrup
Venezuelan étiquette
• Venezuelans are characterized by their outgoing character • When meeting someone, it is common to give one kiss on the cheek. Hugs are used between men. • Body language is important. People stand very close each other while talking. It also common for people to touch each other to emphasize what are they saying.