Sociology 019 Exam 1

How do race and class correlate with crack cocaine and powder cocaine violations?

-90% of federal crack cocaine defendants are black -in 1992, not a single white was prosecuted on federal crack cocaine charges -65% of crack users are white -crack cocaine is more accessible to people of lower incomes

COGNITIVE/AFFECTIVE DIMENSION? -I feel disgusted when I see interracial people. -People with tattoos and piercings are shady and have no morals -I can't stand people from the South because they are all racist and backwards -I am suspicious of anyone with dark skin boarding a plan with me

-Affective -Cognitive -Both (affective and cognitive) -Affective

Describe the Blood Quantum Law

-An umbrella term that describes legislation enacted in the United States to define membership in Native American tribes or nations -to be considered Native American, you have to be at least 1/4 Native American -purpose of this was to limit the amount of resources available to individuals of different races

What does CDIB stand for and what was it used for?

-Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood -CDIB card was used to prove Native American "blood quantum"

What were the results of the study that was done that involved black and white children (ages 4-5) who looked at 5 drawings of individuals who had very white to very dark skin colors? They rated them on intelligence, ugliness, etc.

-Children consistently chose person of darker skin and associated them with negative things -Theory: lighter things are less intimidating (afraid of dark) -Theory: has something to do with religion (heaven=light, hell=dark) -Theory: society and culture has influence (bad guy dressed in black) -this study proves that children are not as colorblind as we think

What are the two dimensions of prejudice?

-Cognitive dimension -Affective dimension

Explain what psychological assimilation is.

-Ethnic group members begin to identify as part of the society -These members no longer feel they are on the outside looking in

Explain what cultural assimilation is.

-Ethnic groups adopt the culture of the host society -Ex: holidays, language, how you dress, expression (arts/music), food & diet, customs, values, norms, etc.)

Describe secondary assimilation.

-Ethnic groups become integrated into the social institutions of a society (political, economic, & cultural)

Explain what biological assimilation is.

-Ethnic groups begin to "mix"/intermarry with members of the host society -Blacks were blocked from biological assimilation at one point (because of anti-miscegenation laws)

Describe primary assimilation.

-Ethnic groups form informal, personal relationships with members of the host society

Ethnic prejudices are characterized by several specific features, which are...

-Ethnic prejudices are categorical, or generalized thoughts -Ethnic prejudices are inflexible -Ethnic prejudices are negative in content -Ethnic prejudices are based on stereotypes

What reasoning is given by officials to justify the different sentencing of the two types of cocaine? What was the response given by the U.S. Sentencing Commission to this reasoning?

-Even though black cocaine offenders serve sentences on average 5 years longer than white cocaine offenders, the courts see no constitutional problem. -The U.S. Sentencing Commission concluded that the disparities could not be justified by qualitative differences between the 2 drugs,because powder cocaine distributors provide the raw material for crack cocaine.

What trait does Elliot use to divide her students? How is this similar to race?

-Eye color -Similar to race because it is controlled by a few genes (very arbitrary and insignificant traits)

Describe how whites and blacks were counted in Haiti.

-Haiti's former leader 'Papa Doc' Duvalier once told an American reporter than 96% of the island's population was white -Duvalier explained that in Haiti, they used the same procedure for counting whites as Americans used for counting blacks (One Drop Rule)

Describe how Carl Linneaus assigned traits to races.

-He assigned traits to races as if they were biological species/categories. He created a hierarchy of racial groups. Races --> traits --> ranking

According to the U.S. Public Health Service in 1992, what is the racial breakdown of illicit drug use (blacks, whites, Hispanics)? Which group makes up the largest percentage of all sentencing for drug offenses? How can we explain this disparity?

-In 1992, 76% of illicit drug users were white, 14% were black, and 8% were Hispanic -African Americans make up 35% of all drug arrests, 55% of all drug convictions, and 74% of all sentences for drug offenses

Describe airline discrimination

-In the past, it was standard practices for airlines to: -hire only women as flight attendants -require them to be unmarried and with no children -require them to retire by age 35 -must meet height and weight characteristics (gender discrimination)

Describe the U.S. Native American example

-Indian boarding schools (1870s-1940s). It was federal policy to remove children from their families and tribes. Goal- to civilize them and assimilate them through education and segregation from Indian communities. -Carlisle Indian Industrial School (PA)- the model for all Indian schools -to "Americanize." Taught them English and discouraged them from speaking their native language. Cut hair, changed their names, learned Christianity, got rid of savage clothing, became "White."

Describe the setting of the experiment in "Eye of the Storm."

-Iowa -white, predominantly Christian -Jane Elliot- 3rd grade classroom

Describe the Rollins vs. Alabama (1922) case.

-Jim Rollins was black and he was convicted of miscegenation (inter-racial marriage). -at this time, Alabama had anti-miscegenation laws prohibiting this -judge said Alabama provided no evidence that the wife was in fact white (she was from Sicily). She ended up NOT being white, and so he was not found guilty

List the 3 problems with the biological argument of races.

-Myth of Racial Purity -Genetic similarity -Messy boundaries

What are two arbitrary rules of racial classification? What groups did these rules affect?

-One Drop Rule - blacks -Blood Quantum Rule- Native Americans

What are the sub-groups of structural assimilation?

-Primary and secondary

What evidence is there that assimilation among European immigrants is occurring?

-Soaring rates of intermarriage across ethnic lines -The melting pot, in the most literal sense, is a reality for groups of European ancestry -It is now conceded that the various nationalities of European descent have become simply "white"

How does Jane Elliot stereotype each group of people based on eye color? How do these stereotypes parallel racial stereotypes?

-Superior group - smart, better -Inferior group - less intelligent, slower, violent, wasteful, forgetful -Parallel racial stereotypes - all these negative stereotypes are ones we use against inferior races (blacks sit in back of room, have disadvantages, etc.)

Who was Susie Phipps and why was her case significant?

-Susie Phipps was a woman who sued the Louisiana Bureau of Vital Records to change her racial classification from black to white. -Phipps was designated black on her birth certificate in accordance with the One Drop Rule (in this case, she was 1/32 black). -She was denied her passport because the race she checked on her passport did not match the race on her birth certificate. -She lost the case -Her case was significant because it raised questions about the concept of race, its meaning in society, and its use and abuse.

Describe what a self-fulfilling prophecy is.

-The poorer performance on tests, for example, will "confirm" the original belief about black inferiority. The nation is reinforced and continued discrimination is rationalized.

What is the selective advantage of having lighter skin?

-These individuals tend to grow taller and tend to be stronger and healthier than their darker siblings

What is the selective advantage of having darker skin?

-Vitamin D is never in short supply because there is a lot of sunshine in equatorial latitudes -Rickets and osteomalacia are rare -Darker infants were favored by parents because experience showed they grew up to be freer of disfiguring and lethal malignancies

Describe the "time of entrance" factor affecting assimilation.

-What is the structure of the economy at that time? -Are there jobs available? There could be increased conflict and competition for jobs. -Is the economy good or bad? -Ex: 9/11 - changing attitudes towards certain groups that makes it more difficult for them to now assimilate

Describe how the Irish were depicted a while ago.

-When they were referred to as colored, they were seen as the missing link between Negros and apes -Irish immigrants were depicted with animal-like, sub-human characteristics -They were stereotyped as being chimpanzees, dogs, barbarians, obese, wasteful, violent, drunks, etc.

Describe the "Melting Pot"

-all immigrants mix, fuse, and blend together into a distinctly new type -a new culture arises which incorporates elements from ALL groups -all groups contribute equally toward a common culture -A + B + C = D

Describe Anglo-conformity

-assimilation into dominant core of society is expected (assimilation is one-sided) -a desire for maintaining dominant social institutions, language, and culture -sometimes called "Americanization" -A + B+ C = A (dominant group)

Describe the messy boundaries concept.

-boundaries between racial groups is not clearly defined because travel, movement, and mixing of genetics are all factors preventing clear boundaries from existing -we tend to think of human variation as being of clear and distinct types, but in reality, there is gradual variation in physical traits

How can we explain differences in eye shape?

-climate, weather, winds

What were some of the "advantages" of the One Drop Rule?

-economic advantage: to increase # of slaves on plantations -to keep a strong line between blacks and whites in the segregated south (mixed slaves = black slaves) -to prevent tainting of the "purity" of the white race

What is Gallagher's view of assimilation through public policy? Why?

-from a moral standpoint, it is imperative that this melting pot evolve through the operation of historical forces rather than through public policy interventions -any use of state power to undermine ethnicity or to force assimilation is incompatibly with democratic principles and violates the rights of ethnic minorities to hold onto their languages and cultures

Which groups have a more difficult time assimilating to American society? What are some of the factors that keep these immigrants from assimilating?

-groups composed mainly of "people of color" from Asia, Latin American, and the Caribbean will have a more difficult time assimilating because they are not white -the factor that is keeping these immigrants from assimilating: RACE

Describe the One Drop Rule.

-mostly applied to African Americans -if you had one drop of black anywhere in your family tree, then you were considered to be black -the One Drop rule was applied state by state and varied from state to state -RACIAL INTEGRITY ACT OF 1924 (Virginia) --> every person whom there is an ascertainable Negro blood shall be deemed and taken to be a colored person -sometimes families crossed from state to state in order to change their race

Describe the covert scope of discrimination.

-not as obvious that you are being discriminated against -people may not know they are being discriminated against -subtle and hidden

What are some of the things you learned from the "What is Race" video?

-race has no real meaning in science -race is something we do to each other, not something DNA does to us -6 out of 100,000 genes control skin color -height is affected by dozens of genes while skin color is only controlled by 6 (2 people of different heights were more genetically different than a white and black person of the same height) -genes affecting skin, hair, etc. have no affect on intelligence

Describe pluralism

-racial and ethnic groups come together, but maintain their distinctiveness -an "appreciative" view of different cultures, which views each group as having something to offer -"mixed salad" metaphor -A + B + C = A + B + C

Explain the affective dimension of prejudice

-refers to the feelings, emotions, and sentiments that we might have for a group of people (suspicion, fear, anger, hatred, dislike, etc.)

What was the significance of the Rollins vs. Alabama case?

-showed us how whiteness has changed over time and how race is socially constructed

What evidence is there to argue that new immigrants are actually assimilating at faster rates than earlier immigrants from Europe?

-society is now more tolerant of ethnic diversity -bilingual education -new immigrants have easy access to their homelands (cheap airfare and telecommunication) -many immigrants arrive with education and skills, and often capital, so they are not forced to compromise their ethnic identities for the sake of economic survival

Describe the Myth of Racial Purity

-we all began in Africa, so we are genetically very similar to each other -We arose 150-200,000 years ago (we are a young species and have had too much time to evolve into separate sub-species -Human groups have been MIXING ever since we arose and so we have never been isolated long enough to develop into separate sub-species

Explain the cognitive dimension of prejudice

-what people believe is true about a group of people (stereotypes)

Note: full-blood aboriginals were considered to be too uncivilized to be assimilated

...

RICH AFRICAN = WHITE MAN POOR WHITE MAN = AFRICAN

...

Describe 4 things about racial classification in Brazil.

1) More racial classifications than in U.S. 2) The classifications are more closely related to skin color (Brazil classifies people literally based on skin tone while our classifications are more based on heritage and ancestry) 3) Race in Brazil is influenced by socio-economic status (MONEY WHITENS) 4) it is not fixed (environmental effects on your skin tone can change your classification in society)

What are three general arguments for race as a socially constructed category?

1) Variable classification (ex: Brazil vs. U.S.) 2) arbitrary rules of classification (One Drop/Blood Quantum) 3) Arbitrary race tests

Racism is structured around what 3 basic ideas?

1) humans are divided naturally into different physical types 2) such physical traits as people display are intrinsically related to their culture, personality, and intelligence 3) the differences among groups are innate, not subject to change, and some groups are innately superior to others

What are the three types of discrimination?

1) individual 2) institutional 3) structural

What are the four stages of Robert Park's Race Relations Cycle (1920s)?

1. Contact 2. Competition 3. Accommodation 4. Assimilation

What are the 4 dimensions of assimilation?

1. Cultural assimilation 2. Structural assimilation 3. Biological assimilation 4. Psychological assimilation

What are the 7 stages of Milton Gordon's Stages of Assimilation (1964)... in order?

1. Cultural/behavioral assimilation (aculturation) 2. Structural assimilation (integration) 3. Marital assimilation (amalgamation) 4. Identification assimilation (psychological) 5. Attitude-receptional assimilation (absence of prejudice and stereotyping) 6. Behavioral-receptional assimilation (absence of discrimination) 7. Civic assimilation (absence of value and power conflict)

What are some of the critiques of Gordon's Assimilation Model?

1. It doesn't consider secondary structural assimilation. 2. It ignores that primary structural assimilation may be voluntary 3. It sees stages as progressive and irreversible

What are the factors that affect assimilation?

1. Manner of entrance 2. Time of entrance 3. Demographic factors 4. Visibility 5. Cultural similarity

What are the three ideologies of ethnic integration?

1. Melting pot 2. Pluralism 3. Anglo-conformity

What are the 5 critiques of this model?

1. Model is for whites online (assimilation may not be inevitable for all groups) 2. There is the assumption of a fair society 3. Reality of incomplete cycles- Inter-ethnic contact can produce stable outcomes- such as exclusion, pluralism, or continued ethnic stratification- that do not lead inevitably to assimilation. 4. Cycle may not always be progressive (ex: Muslims- 9/11 pushed them back into competition stage again/Japanese- WWII and the bombing of Pearl Harbor) 5. No time period given

What to adjectives describe Robert Park's Race Relations Cycle?

1. Progressive 2. Irreversible

What are some examples of assimilation as public policy?

1. U.S. Native Americans 2. Japan- Koreans 3. Australia- Aborigines

Your great-great-grandparent is black. What fraction of black are you?

1/16

Your great-great-great grandparent is black. What fraction of black are you?

1/32

Your great-grandparent is black. What fraction of black are you?

1/8

Explain the current federal cocaine laws.

1:100 law- federal guidelines consider a given amount of crack cocaine to be the same as 100x the amount of powder cocaine. Thus, sentencing for crack cocaine users is MUCH more severe than powder cocaine users

Overall, white applicants were called back ____ % more than black applicants. (referring to experiment where researchers sent 4 resumes, w of higher quality and 2 of lower quality, one of each quality with a black-sounding name)

50% more often

What % of our genetic variation occurs within the same racial group?

94%

Describe the accommodation stage of the cycle.

A group's forced adjustment to a new social situation.

What is a stereotype?

A mental image or a generalization that we might have of a group of of people.

Define assimilation

A process of boundary reduction that can occur when members of 2 or more societies or of smaller cultural groups meet. MELTING POT metaphor

How can fraternal twins outwardly look so different in regard to race?

A small amount of genes (6-10) control skin color

What are the four ideal types that Robert Merton developed?

Active bigot, timid bigot, fair-weather liberal, and all-weather liberal

What is another word for cultural/behavioral assimilation?

Aculturation

Administrative definitions of race

Administrative definitions of race are constructions promulgated by government agencies and other bureaucratic institutions for the purpose of realizing a political agenda or completing an administrative task. This type of definition is the most commonplace because administrative definitions of race are encountered in applications for employment, scholarships, and a variety of other situations for which government agencies require information about race or ethnicity.

For the purposes of determining political representation and taxes, how were African slaves and Native Americans counted according to the U.S. Constitution?

African slaves were counted as 3/5 of a whole person and Native Americans were excluded. In this manner, race was used to determine civil status in the most fundamental legal document of the nation.

When is prejudice used to rationalize discriminatory behavior?

After the behavior has been done.

Define prejudice.

An ATTITUDE, FEELING, or EMOTION we may have for a group of people

Define discrimination.

An unjustified ACTION or BEHAVIOR toward a member of a group simply because of his/her membership in that group

Give an example of economic assimilation (secondary)

Being able to get a job in the mainstream job sector

Give an example of political assimilation (secondary).

Being able to vote

Biological definitions of race

Best known owing to more than a century of publications on the subjects of eugenics and ethnology. The discovery of various genetic markers enabled scientists to develop tests that could be used to assign individuals to a particular race.

Despite the fact that assimilation can be found among both old and new immigrants to America, "America's melting pot has been inclusive of everybody but _____."

Blacks

What were two complaints about the 1990 U.S. Census questions regarding race? How was the 2000 Census then modified?

COMPLAINT 1: groups were omitted from the race question (ex: Native Americans were grouped with Asians and other Pacific Islanders) COMPLAINT 2: stemmed from the instruction that respondents should mark only one race for each person in the household. Representatives from multiracial families argued that by forcing parents to choose only one race for their children, they were causing multiracial couples to privilege the race of one parent over the other.

Who was Carl Linneaus and what was his contribution to the concept of race?

Carl Linneaus was one of the founders of modern biology. He introduced a classification system to describe several varieties of homo sapiens. He differentiated Europeans, American Indians, Asians, Africans, and a residual category of "monstrous" races.

Describe the "cultural similarity" factor affecting assimilation.

Core values, dress, food, etc.

What is the basic difference between crack cocaine and powder cocaine?

Crack-cocaine is nothing powder-cocaine cooked up with baking soda.

Why doesn't cultural assimilatoin necessarily lead to structural assimilation?

Cultural assimilation may continue to be the extent of assimilation for many generations. Minorities may take on all or most of the cultural ways of the dominant group but still be refused entry into primary relations with its members. Groups may become culturally alike yet remain in relatively segregated sub-societies.

Describe individual discrimination

Discriminatory actions taken by INDIVIDUALS that are intended to have a harmful effect on a particular group

Describe structural discrimination.

Discriminatory practices that are built into social structure and institutions and ARE NOT INTENDED to have a differential or harmful effect on a group (but people are still differentially discriminated against).

Describe institutional discrimination

Discriminatory practices that are built into the social structure and/or social institutions that are intended to have a differential or harmful effect on a group.

Describe the "manner of entrance" factor affecting assimilation.

Do individuals enter the U.S. involuntarily or voluntarily? If they came involuntarily, do they WANT to assimilate? Does the host society WANT them to assimilate?

Describe the overt scope of discrimination.

Door-in-the-face discrimination (BLUNT)

What term now replaces the term "race?"

Ethnic group

What is ethnicity and how does it differ from race?

Ethnicity is rooted in national identity or in behavior sets connected with sub-groups within nations. Ethnicity connotes a group's differences. Race has to do with skin color and other characteristics (doesn't have to do with where you were born or where you are from).

What are some examples of social institutions?

Government, schools, corporations, companies, organizations, healthcare, military, criminal justice system, etc.

Describe genetic similarity and how it acts as a problem with the biological argument.

HUMANS vs. CHIMPS vs. FRUIT FLIES -humans are 99.9% genetically similar while chimps have 3x the amount of differences and fruit flies have 10x the amount of variation -fruit flies have been around longer than humans and they have more variation (short life spans, more offspring in short amount of time, etc.) -out of the 0.1% genetic difference among humans, there is only a 6% difference found between people of different racial groups (6% of 0.1%)

Give an example of cultural assimilation (secondary)

Having access to a country club, having access to cultural institutions

How did Robert Merton develop the 4 ideal types of individuals (bigot vs. liberal, etc.)?

He combined the prejudicial attitudes or lack of such attitudes with the propensity either to engage in discriminatory actions or to refrain from them.

How are racial classifications different in Brazil, as compared to the U.S.?

In the U.S., there are 4 to 6 categories of race, while in Brazil there are 100s of categories.

What is another word for structural assimilation?

Integration

Describe the Australian- Aborigines example

MARITAL ASSIMILATION POLICIES -policy of "breeding out" the black Aborigines (hoped the Aborigine population would die out) -made it illegal for half-castes to marry full aboriginals and for 1/2 aboriginals to associate with full aboriginals STOLEN GENERATION -children were forcibly removed from families/tribes and were placed in orphanages or with white families -ideal age was 4 years old -half-caste (mixed race) children were targeted

What substance gives human's variation in skin color?

MELANIN. The primary function of melanin is to protect the upper levels of the skin from being damaged by the sun's UV rays. The more melanin an individual has, the darker the skin they have, and the lower the risk of sunburn and all forms of skin cancer.

There is ______ genetic variation within a racial group than _______ racial groups

MORE/ BETWEEN

Mythical definitions of race

MYSTICAL DEFINITIONS OF RACE -these definitions represent attempts to explain variations in the human race by ascribing them to the actions of gods, spirits, and other mythological beings

Describe what is meant by assimilation as public policy.

Measures used by the government to promote or speed up the assimilation process (to the dominant group's norms or values)

What is Merton's box of bigots/liberals called?

Merton's Paradigm

Define an all-weather liberal.

Not prejudiced, and does not discriminate

Define a fair-weather liberal.

Not prejudiced, but discriminates

What was the Will & Grace video an example of?

One Drop Rule. Man looks white but thinks he's black because one of his ancestors was black.

What does the Sikh Temple Shooting (2012) demonstrate?

One person who is part of a group does something bad and their entire group is looked down upon. Tells us people are uneducated about race and are not very exposed to the issue of race in America today.

What are the two scopes of discrimination?

Overt and covert

Name and describe some of the arbitrary race tests

PAPER BAG TEST -hold paper bag up to face and if darker than bag, you were black. If lighter than bag, you were white. PENCIL TEST -if hair held pencil on top of head, you were black

Define pluralism

Pluralism involves social processes and institutions that encourage group diversity and the maintenance of group boundaries.

Define an active bigot.

Prejudiced, and discriminates

Define a timid bigot.

Prejudiced, but does not discriminate

What does it mean to say that race is "socially constructed?"

Race is not real; it is a concept that is created by society

What does it mean to say that race is a "sociohistorical" concept?

Racial categories and the meaning of race are given concrete expression by the specific social relations and historical context in which they are embedded. In the U.S., the black/white color line has historically been rigidly defined and enforced. The wide-ranging meanings of "black" illustrate the manner in which racial categories are shaped politically.

Define racial formation

Racial formation refers to the process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories, and by which they are in turn shaped by racial meanings.

What was Trayvon Martin (2012) an example of?

Racial profiling

Describe the "demographic factors" factor affecting assimilation.

SIZE and CONCENTRATION of a group. If there are less people at once, they assimilate at a faster rate.

What is an example of institutional discrimination involving the criminal justice system?

Sentencing for crack cocaine vs. powder cocaine (crack cocaine = poor and black, powder cocaine = rich and white)

How is skin color distributed globally? What parts of the world tend to have people with darker skin and what parts tend to have people with lighter skin?

Skin color is darkest among equatorial populations and lightest among populations dwelling at higher latitudes. At middle latitudes, the skin follows a strategy of changing colors with the seasons.

What is an example of institutional discrimination involving the government?

Slavery- they made it legal!

Why are the timid bigot and timid liberal timid?

Societal pressures. These individuals are pressured to behave in a certain way.

What is prejudice based on?

Stereotypes

What is main difference between structural and institutional discrimination?

Structural discrimination has INTENT while institutional discrimination does not have intent.

What is most important regarding the social classification of races?

That the perceived physical differences among groups are assumed to correspond to social or behavioral differences (blacks are assumed to behave in certain ways and to achieve at certain levels just because they are black)

Define miscegenation.

The interbreeding of people of different racial types.

Define racialization

The social process by which a racial identity is attached to a group and that group is placed in a race-based social hierarchy

What is the rarest individual in Merton's Paradigm?

The timid liberal

What was interesting about the biological description of the races in Linneaus' classification system?

The word slavery was used

Describe the "visibility" factor affecting assimilation.

This is the most critical factor affecting rates of assimilation. SKIN COLOR & CULTURAL DISTINCTIONS, as well as clothes and language are part of this factor.

What does it mean to say that stereotypes are reinforced through selective perception?

This means that people take note of those cases that confirm their stereotypical pictures and overlook or ignore those that refute them. Stereotypes fail to show how members of the dominant group may share the same negative traits imputed to minority groups. Knowing an ethnic group stereotype does not necessarily mean that one believes these traits actually characterize members of the group.

Why was the One Drop Rule created?

To maintain the idea of racial purity

How does the sentencing differ for crack-cocaine versus powder-cocaine offenders?

Under federal sentencing guidelines, a small-time crack retailer caught selling 5 grams of crack-cocaine receives the same prison sentence as a large-scale powder cocaine dealer convicted of distributing 500g rams of powder cocaine.

Is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination strong or weak?

Weak

Opponents of the melting pot perspective argue that the melting pot does exist, but is "for _______ only."

Whites

Most visible human traits vary ________ and _________.

gradually and continuously

Describe the trends in classifications of Indians during the 1900s.

-1920-1940 Indians were classified as Hindu -1950-1980 Indians were classified as White -since 1990, Indians have been classified as Asian

Describe the Japan- Koreans example

-1939 Names Order Act -Koreans had to drop their Korean name and take a Japanese name -had to register the new name with the government -they could only study Japanese history and language -Korean newspapers and magazines were banned