Sociology 100 Exam

What is an ideology?

A set of ideas that offers a way of making sense of social life that tends to legitimise existing power relations

What is a sign made up of?

A signifier and a signified

How does society of religion today seek to understand religion?

As a social institution, culture practice, pattern of beliefs and activities that are shaped by societal conditions and shape these conditions.

How do liquid perspectives describe consumer culture?

As an arena in which wants and longings are serial.

Why does Marx feel men have come to control their wives economically and sexually?

As capitalism emerged and wealth was concentrated in the hands of men. This wealth needed to be passed to their sons and the only way of doing this was to control women economically and sexually.

How does Durkheim see architecture, mass communication, & transportation?

As congealed social phenomena which act upon us.

How does western society see emotions?

As excess and a source of disorder - to be emotional is to be a failure as one is seem to be less rational and therefore less valuable to society

What does the culture industry create?

False needs and desires in people.

What did Theodore Kemper see as the primary emotions?

Fear, Anger, Depression (grief), Satisfaction (happiness).

When common sense ideas are hegemonic, what are they typically accompanied by?

Feelings of comfort with existing structures of power and anxiety about deviance.

How does Karl Marx describe the transition in societal type from traditional to modern society?

Feudal to bourgeois

How are cases and variables used in qualitative research?

Few cases, many variables

What are dolphins?

Filthy.

Why has the 'breakdown' of the traditional nuclear family been distressing to people?

As it deviates from the perceived norm and challenges our sense of order in the world. This leads to moral panics and blaming.

Why has de-skilling occurred?

As it is cheaper

Why is work central to society?

As it it the mechanism by which the overwhelming majority of things are produced

When is socialisation most significant?

First five years (starts at birth), but continues throughout life

What do Marx and Engels say about modernity and what does Marshall Berman think of this?

Fixed relations are swept away, all that is solid melts into air, and men are forced to face the real conditions of their lives and relations with fellow men. Berman feels this is the definitive vision of the modern environment.

What is the framing of qualitative research?

Fixed, variables determined.

What is the framing of quantitative research?

Fluid, variables interrogated

What is a criticism of the Societal Reaction Perspective?

Focused on micro-interactions between controllers and deviants, whilst ignoring the role played by larger social structures and global institutions of power.

How does Merton see deviance?

Focusing mainly on structural strain between dominant cultural aspirations and available social pathways for fulfilling valued goals, pushing people to deviance.

With regards to ANT and non-human agency, what do technologies do?

Fold time, space & agents, permit mediation, stand in for others, intensify attributes, create new possibilities, exert "morality" e.g. the speed bump.

How did Durkheim see religion?

As serving a key function in creating social cohesion, an agent of social control. Critical in all societies. Religious disposition an essential aspect of humanity, product of society.

According to structural functionalists, why do men and women take on differential roles and work tasks?

As this is the most beneficial way of functioning in a modern, capitalist society.

How did Alfred Kingsley describe sexual acts?

As value free

How do sociologists see the idea of romantic love?

As very new and very Western. It could be argued to be a consequence of us living in an uncertain social world of individualism. There are less kinship ties + social status + religion - romantic love gives us something to be attached and secured to.

What are Adorno and Horkheimer and Chomsky and Herman criticised for?

Assuming that the consumer is passive and following the 'hyper-dermic model'

What have many criticised Freud for with regards to Gender?

Assuming that women's identity is based on lacking a penis.

Who coined the term sociology?

Auguste Comte

What is the issue in organic solidarity?

Balancing individual freedom and social restraint.

What are the weaknesses of qualitative research?

Because of the limited number of cases it can say little about the broader social context. Radical findings often require triangulation (combining several approaches to confirm results) before they are accepted

What is the reasoning for people obeying a traditional leader?

Because their people have always done this

What is the reasoning for people obeying a legal-rational leader?

Because they are a lawfully appointed superior.

What is the reasoning for people obeying a charismatic leader?

Because they are seen as being able to transform the followers life.

Why are parsimonious accounts in research esteemed?

For using the least possible cases and variables to make an elegant statement.

Is the self fixed or fragmented?

Fragmented.

What was demanded in the French Revolution?

Freedom of speech and press, and the democratic rights of citizens of all social ranks

What does Zygmunt Bauman argue that capitalist societies are experiencing a shift in in terms of work?

From 'work ethic' to a 'aesthetic of consumption' - work ethic is now less important than consumption. We are not encouraged to work hard and save, wea are instead encouraged to spend in order to forward the economy.

What does Mills say about gadgets and the reduction of humanity?

From Renaissance man to cheerful robot

Was Marx concerned with the ideological foundations of religion or disputes over the existence of God?

Ideological foundation

What is good sociology characterised by?

Imagination, Evidence, intellectual curiosity

What are positive aspects of modernity recognised by sociologists?

Improvements in health & lifespan, broader access to consumer goods, democratic freedoms.

What four factors explain the need for technological engagement?

It is what makes us human, it is how action comes about, it is how power is exercised (prisons, guns), it is how society is constructed.

What is the problem with UNESCAP's criticism of the cost of 'business as usual'?

It makes reference to 'green growth'- a positive change from grow first, clean up later, but still not clear hoe ecologically efficient use of natural resources will be achieved.

What do Heelas and Woodhead say on spirituality?

It sacralises subjective life and inner experiences of individual.

What was John Kellog's perspective on masturbation?

It was "the vilest, basest and most degrading act a human being can commit".

How did Yang explain why people stayed and died in Tiananmen Square?

It was to do with 'emotional achievement'

What does Wilson say about the anonymity of life?

It, and the loss of personal relationships distresses more and more people- we are restrained by the new technological order.

What is the ideological work of the racialisation of 'Muslims'?

Justifies war on terror, makes them the problem (victim blaming).

Who advocates 'a ruthless criticism of everything existing'?

Karl Marx

Who said 'All that is solid melts into air'?

Karl Marx

Who thought religion was the result of social alienation?

Karl Marx

Who originated the Material Turn?

Karl Marx (historial materialism was the guiding thread of his studies.

What is a clan?

Kinship bonds and name

Who said that things are more stable and reliable than humans?

Latour

What may perceived deviance take the form of?

Law breaking or of apparent disorientation; emotional disturbance or irrationality; through violating rules for the informal conduct of daily life (dress, maintaining body space, polite conversation, most importantly religion and expression of sexuality).

Is institutional racism simple or complicated?

Likely to be very complicated, not a single thing you can point to.

What time of marriage now prevails over marriage for economic benefit?

Romantic love marriage. (nawww)

What are social norms?

Rules that guide the ways we interact with others: they guide actions and define legitimate and illegitimate modes of thinking and feeling; reminders of the acceptable and the forbidden.

To Durkheim, is religion centred in beliefs/practices related to sacred or profane things?

Sacred.

What did Freud's thoughts on sexuality do?

Scandalise many but also free many

Levelling perspectives see consumer choice and behaviour as a condition of what?

Scarcity

What does Tarde say on the Learning Perspective?

Tarde's theory of 'imitation and suggestion' suggests that society is a 'hypnotic state' and this is how lessons of life pass between people.

What were the two kinds of revolution that the Industrial Revolution was?

Technological and economic

How does Max Weber describe the transition in social bonds from traditional to modern society?

Traditional authority to legal-rational authority

According to structural functionalists, what is the basic building block of society?

Traditional nuclear families (with legal marriage as the foundation).

What do International Shadow Powers do?

Traffic illegal items

How are emotions closely linked to actual bodily changes?

We can see physical differences associated with certain emotions eg) blushing, muscle tension, hair standing on end, 'butterflies' in stomach etc

How do we interact with people without knowing whether they are boys or girls?

We don't. We usually quickly decide whether they are 'male' or 'female' so we can then 'do' gender in interacting with them.

Is our behaviour inherent or do we monitor it through conscious thought?

We monitor it through conscious thought.

What does Baudrillard say about commodities and brands?

We must see them as signs.

How does the traditional western view of emotions affect politics?

We tend to not elect an emotional leader as they are deemed to be 'irrational'

What was UN's Climate Change Conference 2010's final agreement described as?

Weak- having 'saved the process' but not the climate.

What does the binary of illegal 'controlled substances' versus legitimate pharmaceutical substances show us?

What gets officially labelled often has more to do with what society economically values than with whether something is physically harmful in itself.

In focusing on consumption as a means of social distinction, what do sociologists tend to ignore?

What is being consumed.

What are normative boundaries?

What is socially acceptable, forbidden.

What is Marx's fundamental question?

What is your relationship to the means of production?

What have deviants strayed from?

What society ritually demands of its members: gone against normative boundaries.

How is consumption important as a maker of association?

What we consume expresses something about ourselves: values that define us, or we wished we had. Points to importance of display and performance in reproducing solidarity.

What was found in the UoA study 2005 where Human Resource Management students selected a shortlist of applications for a job?

Where applications were 1/3 Pakeha, Chinese, Indian, Chinese and Indian were 2x less likely to be shortlisted. Where applications were proportional to population, Chinese and India were 5x less likely to be shortlisted.

What is Fordism?

Where machines come to control workers

What is 'emotional labour'?

Where we are not just selling our physical ability but our emotions too, we need to be emotionally interacting with people.

What did Adorno and Horkheimer question?

Why a revolution had not yet occurred. They realised that this was due to, in capitalist societies, the workers have become consumers. The system has provided them with some good therefore they are unlikely to want to revolt against it.

What does unequal access to power shape with regards to deviance?

Why certain activities/types of people are classed as deviant, how control agents apply deviant labels, and why some categories of people are especially targeted for control.

Who feels flow of social information might matter more than physical location?

Willis

When is gender learnt and done?

With interaction every day.

Micro-focussed sociologists consider what goes on within or between families?

Within families.

Is unpaid domestic labour in decline?

Yes as arguably we are working in paid positions more and employ people to do this

Is the feminist approach to families critical to the marxist approach to families?

Yes as it argues that gender inequalities exists within families in both capitals and non-capitalist societies.

Do all societies educate?

Yes but in different ways and with different information/ideas stressed as important

Is emotion biological?

Yes but it is also social. Damasio demonstrates that emotions are the social and the biological working together and argues that they cannot be separated.

Can boundaries between masculinity and femininity be blurred?

Yes e.g. androgynous individuals can seem to have characteristics of both, or can be neither exclusively

Is the biology of human emotions essential for human survival?

Yes eg) fear makes us avoid danger

Can most sociology subjects be explored through either quantitative or qualitative research?

Yes, but not with equal efficiency.

Are the boundaries of work and leisure permeable?

Yes, increasingly

Is identity reflective of the time and place in which you live?

Yes, it is context specific.

Does Judith Butler think gendering is a fundamentally social process?

Yes, she feels it is crucial to how we understand individuals and our social world.

Is being a woman in NZ a disadvantage and why or why not?

Yes, you may get paid less, yet as at 2012, we are the 6th most gender equal country.

Is modernity incessant change according to a Marxist view?

Yes- ('All that is solid melts into air')

Does technology form a part of us?

Yes- (e.g. the video games experiment).

Do we share and internalise beliefs of those around us?

Yes- at different stage those who influence us most may change.

Are interactions between race and society always historically specific?

Yes- they are influenced by culture

Do both formal and informal surveillance exist?

Yes: formal e.g. passports, informal e.g. cameras

What is a constraint of framing (with regards to research)?

You must know a little of the issue and relevant theory before researching.

What are grass eaters?

Young Japanese men rejecting traditional tough Japanese masculinity, preferring to drink tea with female friends, shop etc

What does Baudrillard feel about what will happen to future public space?

Zombies will be plugged into various devices: everyone simultaneously elsewhere.

Who says sociology views human interactions as 'elements of wider figurations'?

Zygmunt Bauman

Who wrote 'Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity' in 1963

Erving Goffman

What are the two perspectives on sexuality?

Essentialism, Constructionism

The role of the body in disability identity has been...

Mostly ignored

According to Marx, class struggle is the...

Motor of history

Are words or numbers used in quantitative research, and why?

Numbers, to condense

Was education used by colonists to advance their own agendas?

Yes

Was secularisation taken as given for a time?

Yes

What is the micro level of society?

Everyday practices and interactions between individuals and small groups

According to Marx, what is a super structure?

Everything other than the economic system eg) Government, Education system, Media, norms, institutions, values etc

What does Braudel say technology is?

Everything, in a way.

In terms of sexuality, what were modern, industrial cities seen as a site for?

"immoral" behaviour as more people mixed with each other.

What does McLuhan define as the message of media?

"the 'message' of any medium or technology is the change of scale or pace or pattern that it introduces into human affairs."

What is 'emotional achievement'?

"the attainment of self-validating emotional experiences and expressions through active and creative pursuits".

Despite scientific evidence that relentless pursuit of economic growth is unsustainable, what policy has continued?

'Business as usual'

According to Mead, what is the 'I' part of the self?

'I' is the independent, creative part that operates before we become aware that there is a world outside of our own self - pre-socialized self (biological identity).

According to Mead, what is the 'me' part of the self?

'Me' is the social self, produced under the influence of other people

What is Weber's definition of power?

'Power is the chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own will even against the resistance of others'.

What was Frederick a 'champion' of?

'Scientific Management'

What did Erving Goffman write?

'The presentation of self in everyday life' 1959

What did Zygmunt Bauman write?

'Thinking Sociologically' (1991)

What were the recommendations made from the study of Maori and Pacifica students at Uoa?

-To improve curricular, educators and classroom dynamics to reflect the non-competitive, collective values of these cultures.

What is an international crime network?

A crime network which often extends across national boundaries, undermining the power of the state e.g.) the Mafia

What are 5 reasons for the sociological need to study religion?

1) Define us as humans (religions exist in all human societies 2) Answer life's biggest questions 3) Influence social structures and conduct 4) Impacts on ethnic and national identity. 5) Helps us to understand other groups as well as our own.

What measures does NEF deem necessary?

1) Reassessment of social and environmental costs and benefits. 2) Redistribution of resources to substantially reduce forms of inequality. 3) A rebalancing of public and private goods 4) Promotion of local forms of self-sufficiency 5) A shift in taxation to harmful products and services promoting pollution, hyper-consumption and short-term speculation. 6) Recognition of economic and environmental significance of global interdepndence and associated implications for emissions reductions in wealthy countries. 7) Financial transfers to 'developing countries' to eliminate poverty, promote sustainability.

What are the eight material changes with modernity listed by Marshall Berman?

1) Scientific Revolution 2) Industrialisation of production 3) Demographic upheavals 4) Rapid urban growth 5) Systems of mass communication 6) Increasingly powerful nation states 7) Mass social movements of people 8) Ever-expanding, drastically fluctuating capitalist world market

What are problems with Judith Butler's gender arguments?

1) Suggests gender is not fixed but does not think it can be done away with. 2) Fails to consider how power (in talking of gender as fiction constructed by discourse) is about relations to others 3) Her focus on power of language/ideas to produce gendered individuals neglects history of power relations and context 4) Questions if we can choose to do gender but considers we are not totally determined by gender roles. 5) Others play a crucial role in accomplishing gender: gender 'trouble' may gain disapproval from those who have power to enforce their views.

What were the two big human developments?

1) Taming animals 2) Industrial Revolutions

In what ways does Smart argue understanding religions is important?

1) fundamental element in the varied story of humanity's experiments in living; 2) to grasp meanings/values of cultures we must know something of the worldviews which underlie them; 3) understanding religion allows us to attempt to form coherent picture of reality. Also satisfaction in studying significant ideas and practices of cultures and civilisations.

How does Veblen's work relate to environmental problems?

1)The standard of consumption was 'indefinitely extensible' as yesterday's luxuries are today's necessities. 2)Talks of growth of wasteful consumption in the industrial system- environmental consequences he identified have worsened. 3) 'Conspicuous waste' associated with modern forms of consumption, inefficient ways in which corporations appropriate natural resources- worst in USA. 4) Absentee ownership relates to rise of corporation 5)Natural resources threatened with exhaustion by 'seizure and conversion' associated with absentee ownership. 6) Waste and inefficiency routine to the system

According to Weber, what is rationalisation characterised by?

1. An increasingly efficient division of labour. 2. The progressive application of scientific or instrumental reason to aspects of social life previously governed by (irrational) tradition.

How do workers resist the 5 dimensions of managerial control?

1. Bargaining (negotiation of work)2. Absenteeism (just not coming to work- opting out) 3. Sabotage (disrupting the work).

How is class status decided for Weber?

1. Class groups have similar economic interests, material wealth, and opportunities for income 2. these similar interests, levels of material wealth and income opportunities provide members within class groups with comparable life chances 3. a class group is characterized by labour market conditions.

What kind of discipline is sociology?

A critical, subversive discipline

What were the three ideological aspects of scientific management?

1. Its claims to science 2. It privileged the managerial view of work and the worker 3. Workers were regarded as inherently opposed to management and as incapable of operating efficiently without management.

What are the 5 'filters' which create a sense of self-censorship rather than physical 'ministries of propaganda'?

1. Ownership 2. Funding 3. Sourcing 4. Flak/pressure on journalists 5. Anti-communism and fear.

What are the three suggested ways in which people are stigmatized according to Goffman?

1. Physical abnormalities 2. Character Blemishes (moral failings) 3. Tribal stigma (discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity, race or religion).

What are the 5 dimensions of managerial control?

1. Productivity (they want you to make more therefore make more profit) 2. Efficiency (work smarter, reduce wastage) 3. Compliance (ensuring the workers follow the rules which management ut in place) 4. Subordination (all the managerial efforts which attempt to make workers compliant) 5. Flexibility (ensuring that people are open to changes).

What are the three elements of the looking glass self?

1. Seeing - we imagine how we appear to other people 2. Judging- we imagine how he/she judges our appearance 3. Valuing or devaluing- we have a feeling about ourself that is the result of that (perceived) judgment.

According to structural functionalists, what are the purposes of the family?

1. Sexual regulation 2. Economic cooperation 3. Reproduction 4. Socialisation 5. Emotional support

According to Goffman, what are the three types of identities?

1. Social (based on relationships) 2.Personal (individual, personal, biography) 3.Ego (sense of self which emerges out of experience).

What are the functions or the nuclear family?

1. Socialisation of children 2. Stabilisation of adult personalities 3.Regulating sexuality 4.Provision of food, warmth and shelter.

What demands did national educational systems emerge out of?

1. The requirement for a workforce with standardized skills in the context of he industrial revolution 2. The need for the production of national identities in the context of international relations framed by European expansionist colonialism and internal wars.

What are the core roles of national education?

1. To ensure national distinctiveness 2. To Strengthen national economies 3. To address social problems 4. To influence the distribution of individual life chances

What are Weber's three sources of legitimate power?

1.Traditional 2. Charismatic 3. Legal-rational

What does Bauman say on the environment?

1/2 world trade, more than 1/2 global investment benefits 22 countries with 14% of world population. 49 poorest countries, inhibited by 11% receive between them 0.5% global product (same as combined income of three wealthiest men). E.g Goldman Sachs banking earning more than Tanzania. Difficult to avert catastrophe- modern civilisation owes this potential due to the qualities from which it draws its glamour: aversion to self-limitation, transgressiveness, disrespect of borders and limits.

How many city dwellers at any time using a mobile device?

1/7

How many of the top 175 economic entities are corporations?

111

What is an example of educational inequalities for Maori?

27% Maori got UE in 2005, 54% non-Maori

In a major international review, what percent of ecosystem services are being degraded or used unsustainabily, and what does the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board say?

60%. A majority of services provided by nature to humankind are in decline, we can't take for granted the capacity of the planet's ecosystems to sustain future generations. Changes needed in how we make decisions.

How much wealthier are the richest 20% of NZers compared to the poorest 20% of NZers?

7 times

What is ANT?

A 'material-semiotic' (material= thingness of things, semiotics= symbolic, vocabulary, notion of relationality) approach that sees action, power as network effects: elements in a network help define each other. These networks are heterogeneously composed, containing things and people.

What was the Enlightenment?

A 17th & 18th century liberal intellectual movement- celebration of progress, culture's domination of nature, and commitment to science, critique & reason against superstition, assertion & dogma.

What is spirituality?

A belief in a sacred inner-life and focus on the individual. Invokes the sacred in the cultivation of a unique subjective life.

What does religion consist of?

A believed body of truth, a code of morality for the guidance of conduct, and a form of divine worship.

Ali's boxing record is an example of what?

A case and variable dataset

What is the start point for research?

A case or a variable

What does Virilio argue we are witnessing?

A changing 'topology' of technology with big machines giving way to smaller ones which arguably defines our times.

Who is Storm?

A child raised genderless to develop their own sense of self.

What is 'the knowledge society'?

A consequence of globalisation which has come to define education as an investment to be made by states with expected and predictable returns in terms of national economic growth, represented by a country's 'human capital'.

What does Bordieu call sociology as a discipline?

A discipline which creates trouble

Does qualitative research start with defined variables, or cases?

A few cases to research

How do levelling perspectives see consumption?

A front of social control by the producers. Capitalist consumer culture is self-correcting with powerful limits to resistance and opposition (e.g. counter culture of 60s/70s ironically strengthening corporation system through 'Cool' corporations). Sovereign consumer is a lie.

What is a suggested effect of wide social stratification (huge wealth disparity between the rich and poor in a country)?

A greater number of social problems

What do Starke and Mastny say about business as usual?

A growth orientated economy is a defining feature of modern society, but maintaining business as usual has become much harder.

How does Arthur define technology?

A means to fulfil a human purpose, an assemblage of practices and components, the entire collection of devices and engineering practices available to a culture.

Until the 16th century, what sex model did European science subscribe to?

A one-sex model

What is the Societal Reaction Perspective?

A perspective, with roots in GH Mead, focusing on the dialectical relationship between control agents and deviants: the socio-historical development of deviant labels, the application of labels to types of people in contexts, and the consequences of being labelled.

What is scientific management?

A process aimed to eliminate worker's efforts to restrict output through innovations in the design work-keeping the mind and body separate as a worker you only need any one at a time.

What is a feature of patriarchy within modernity?

A separation of private world of the home (women's task) and the public world of work and politics (men's task).

What is the most gender equal society?

Iceland: 0.86. There is no fully gender equal society.

What is the 'traditional nuclear family' according to George Murdoch?

A social group characterised by common residence, economic cooperation, and reproduction. It included adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults.

In the Disability Rights Movement disability was redefined as what?

A social problem

What is racialisation?

A social process by which a group is classified as a race and defined as a problem: the social construction of race.

What is a 'hetero-normal' society?

A society where it is assumed that we are all heteroxsexual

What type of society does Foucault argue we live in?

A surveillance society

What are fa'afafine?

A third gender in Samoan culture- biological males who adopt some feminine ways of acting without being women (some dress as women, some do not).

What does Berger say sociology is?

A way to understand

What would be world be like without emotion?

A world devoid of human beings, we wouldn't be able to choose between alternatives because we wouldn't be at all involved. We couldn't have commitment, convictions and direction.

What is the issue with blaming China for pollution?

About half of increased CO2 emissions in China between 2002-5 due to consumer goods produced for export to the west. China as toxic dumping ground. Transfer of emissions eastward.

Is power abstract or physical?

Abstract

Thanks to education, what is social stratification now increasingly dependent on?

Achievement

What does ANT stand for?

Actor Network Theory

What does ANT feel keeps society toegether?

Actor networks

Who coined the term 'socious'?

Adam Smith

How, according to Durkheim, do things become sacred and evoke an attitude of reverence?

After being labelled as such.

Does solid consumption ever lead to liquid reactions, and vice versa?

Always

Why do Galanter and Chryssides feel new religious movements emerge?

Among other factors, in response to the industrialisation and rationalisation of contemporary, technologically advanced society.

According to Marx, what is a base structure?

An economic system e.g.) Capitalism

What kind of tie between husband and wife does the concept of romantic love invoke?

An emotional tie over a purely economic tie

What ideology does the capitalist class develop?

An ideology of domination that legitimates its superior wealth, power.

How does Marx define ideology?

Any belief or set of ideas which conceals the world as it really is by turning it upside down.

What is religion?

Any formal or institutionalised expression of a belief in, worship of, or obedience to a supernatural power or powers considered to be divine or to have control of human destiny.

What does Williams say about the Materiality of Power?

Any ruling class materially produces social and political order (schools, controlled press). The order which maintains a capitalist market is a material production.

What is the argument that 'leisure is the new work' all about?

Argues that given the large anxiety around getting and keeping jobs we have to keep thinking about and working on our employability.

Who says that belief in the extraordinary may be the defining human characteristic?

Armstrong

How does Hillman view emotions?

As 'chaotic energy' and 'dangerous'

How does Judith Butler describe gender?

As a masquerade, a discourse that creates individuals who make sense within our social and cultural framework. There are no gender neutral individuals- individuals are categorised as masculine or feminine depending on how they act. This means there is space for doing things differently, even causing 'gender trouble' e.g. drag.

How did Weber think about power?

As a quantifiable commodity

How did Parsons see society?

As a self-adjusting system, with the battle between deviance and social control a dynamic aspect in the evolution, defence, and modification of normative social boundaries.

How did political economists envisage 'the social'?

As a series of processes surpassing the actions of individuals, in particular identifying economic regularities: patterns operating at the level of the country as a whole.

How did Marx perceive the traditional nuclear family?

As a site for conflict and the perpetuation of inequality

How did Christian tradition see the body?

As a site of sin and corruption- something to cover up and be ashamed of.

How did Marx see religion?

As a social construction: it has a compensatory role, a reactionary role in making people fit to be able to withstand another day of exploitation. It is the opium of the people- numbs the people to exploitation. Its values repress revolutionary energies. It is a solution to and consequence of material poverty.

What was it hoped that the recommendations of the the study of Maori and Pacifica students at Uoa would cause?

Better engagement of Maori and Pacific students and eventually this would lead to more role models, decreased racism and a sense of belonging.

Does social control depend on, oppose, or depend on and oppose, the behaviour and people it defines as deviant?

Both

Does understanding religion help us understand collective action, indidivual action, or both?

Both

Is gender about difference, inequalities, or both?

Both

Is religious revival part of the modern world, its opposition, or both?

Both

What does Stark say about the tendency to compare our supposedly irreligious present with past where individuals were supposedly pious?

Both are myths, but religion did play a greater role then.

What are positive functions of deviance?

Boundary setting (right and wrong), group solidarity, tension reduction (scapegoat).

What are Marx's three classes in a capitalist society?

Bourgeoisie, Proletariat and petite-bourgeoisie

What is the scope of quantitative research?

Breadth, shallow

Sociologists think about how technologies connect to what?

Broader networks and system.

With regards to technology, what did the Industrial Revolution do?

Broke humanity's dependence on organic resources, shift from tool to machine culture, unlocked potential of human labour, inaugurates modern economic life. Massive increase in economic output, wealth & living standards (unevenly distributed). Separation of work from home, rise of the factory system, detailed division of labour, new forms of discipline and surveillance.

How did Marx suggest that the bottom strata could gain power?

By banding together and forming a class consciousness.

How does Marx think social order is imposed?

By class rule.

How do common sense ideas and effects acquire their power?

By filtering out other ways of doing things.

Aside from filtering out other ways of doing things, how can conformity be won?

By hegemonic rituals that inform us about why things are the way they are and why they should remain that way.

How do we measure power?

By looking at who makes decisions, who has the ability to cause change, who has the ability to influence and who owns things/has material wealth.

How does translation control behaviour?

By making it predictable: translation where one thing represents another so well that the voice of the represented is effectively silenced.

How are workers increasingly controlled today?

By panopticism and surveillance which encourage self-discipline.

Who came up with the 'sociological imagination'?

C. Wright Mills

Which sociologist used the term 'postmodern' more than fifty years ago?

C.Wright Mills

What are classical sociology's four approaches to the question of consumption and social order?

Class rule, division of labour, power and rationalisation, and distinction and emulation.

Social stratification can occur along what lines?

Class, age, gender, ethnicity, sexuality

What does race ideology legitimise?

European colonisation, and influences access to resources, patterns of marginalisation, determines power structures, and leads race to become racism.

What does Gorz say about the environment and consumption?

Capitalism has capacity to adapt conditions of exploitation to environmental constraints (green consumerism). Bond between more and better is broken: our present mode of life is without future.

The Bourgeoisie and Proletariat exist in what type of society?

Capitalist

Scientific research suggests that what is creating a global economic crisis?

Capitalist economic life and modern ways of living

What aspects of modernity do sociologists stress?

Capitalist industrialisation, urbanisation, dominance of bureaucratic forms of organisation, extensive divisions of labour, cosmopolitanism, global extension of trade networks/exploitation of raw materials, active citizenship and the reasoning subject.

Which theorist worked with International Shadow Powers?

Carol Nordstrom

What is the categorisation of qualitative research?

Case-centric, building cases

Who describes network society and the network state?

Castells

What are the uses of ethnic data?

Census on the total population provides a baseline to compare other data with. In particular institutions, it provides data on practice and whether or not there is representation

How does consumption relate to Weber's types of authority?

Charismatic: followers place all they have at disposal of leader. Traditional: consumption patterns governed by historical precedent.

Who wrote the looking glass self?

Charles Horton Cooley

What is Bruce Curtis' favourite food?

Chops

What are the top three religious (non)beliefs in the world?

Christian (33%), Muslim (21%), Nonreligious (16%).

Which two scholars see the nuclear family as an economic system controlled by men?

Christine Delphy and Diana Leonard

What does Giddens say about living in the Risk Society?

Civilisation could self-destruct with global consequences, doomsday a possibility (in society and economy), climate change, fossil fuel depletion, possibility of large scale conflict?

Criticism, used to explain social actions does what...

Clarifies and demystifies

What do levelling perspectives say is the cause of social construction and discipline?

Class influence

What are the Planetary Boundaries, and which boundaries have already been transgressed causing unacceptable global change?

Climate change- already; ocean acidification; stratospheric ozone depletion; intereference with global phosphorous and nitrogen cycles- already; biodiversity loss- already; global freshwater use; land-system change; aerosol landing; chemical pollution.

What ritual does Anthony Giddens use to show the sociological significance of mundane and habitual practices?

Coffee drinking

How does Durkheim see technologies?

Collective achievements, indicators of the level of civilisation. As such they are worthy of sociological attention.

How is 'the social' produced?

Collectively

How is emotion felt in a protest/social movement?

Collectively

How would sociologists describe human interaction in a social setting?

Complex and diverse

What does racialisation do?

Conceals interests and maintains structures of power and domination.

What are Merton's notions of anomie?

Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion.

What were the three great ideologies of the 19th Century?

Conservatives, Socialists, Liberals

What is branding?

Construction of a market culture that expresses standard responses to a brand through design, marketing, advertising. Through these, consumers persuaded to want new things. Corporate means of objectifying distinction in a commodity: strive to construct taste cultures, get consumer desire and loyalty.

What does the Frankfurt School say about consumers?

Consumers know they are exploited, but are persuaded through PR devices invented by capitalism that there is no alternative. Desire for change choked by authoritarian politics, distraction.

Paid work is associated with what?

Consumption, class and capitalism

What are references to the environment in Marx and Engels?

Continual destruction and displacement of old industries by new; social and economic dislocation and disorganisation that follows (distance an increasing feature of production processes); industries increasingly reliant on raw materials "drawn from the remotest zones", commodities produced all around the world; new consumer wants continually cultivated, pursuit of economic growth equated with civilisation.

Curtis argues that the relationship between management and workers is based on what?

Control and resistance

Deviance and social control are what that do what to each other?

Counterparts that mutually condition

How does Latour say technologies permit mediation?

Create interference, provide for new distributed practices, fold time and space (example of a hammer), they delegate.

What does securing common sense in the interests of power create?

Cultural hegemony

Notions of feminity & masculinity change across what two fields?

Culture and time

How does Weber see culture and status groups?

Culture has a degree of autonomy, interacting with economic conditions. Ethnic groups are like status groups (bounded groups defined by lifestyle with potenital to mobilise for social political action).

Where is 'liquid' consumption key?

Current stage in consumer culture, later than solid, where relations of production are dominant and non-work experience is valued as the central life interest. Normalised in-built obsolescence. Resistance and opposition restricted because belief nothing lasts is normalised, utility and durability labelled as liabilities. Symbolic commodity capital key- signs attached to commodity fundamental to understanding conumer culture.

The assemblage of humans and machines in information-rich work is known as what?

Cyborg work

What is the start point of qualitative research?

Data- somewhat inductive

Braverman's main concern in the field of work is with what?

De-skilling

What do the four critical perspectives (Marxism, Anarchism, Feminist and queer theory, radical multiculturalism) attempt to do with regards to power and resistance?

Deconstruct binding norms and the forms of power they serve, amplify questions such as who the system is functional for, why all members of society don't have equal access to legitimate means of success, in what contexts social learning takes place, and who is granted authority to label someone 'deviant.'

How does Paul Gilroy define new racism?

Defined by its strong culturalist and nationalist inclinations.

Does quantitative research start with defined variables, or cases?

Defined variables

What is the scope of qualitative research?

Depth, narrow

What does symbolic commodity capital derive from?

Derives from access to a desired commodity, providing access to the independent status.

What is a key issue with stratification in New Zealand.

Despite being a high-income country, there is a huge disparity between the rich and the poor- we have wide social stratification.

What is 'class' according to Weber?

Determined by what resources we have eg) Finances, connections, technological access.

What does Marxism say about deviance?

Deviance and social control pictured as a struggle over material resources and economic wellbeing.

What are some effects of being labelled as deviant?

Deviance can operate as a 'master status', labels can stigmatise/limit social opportunities, push people to secondary deviance, cause deviants to fight back by organising subcultures that value condemned activities or social movements.

What does functionalism say about deviance?

Deviance is functional: it strengthens the bonds of an existing social order.

What concept is Edwin H Sutherland associated with and what did he say about deviant acts?

Differential Association: deviant acts were learned in repeated social interaction. To succeed in deviance one must master tricks of the trade.

What are the weaknesses of quantitative research?

Difficult to ask about things the researcher doesn't already know. Classical survey can only confirm or confound the existing body of theory.

What was Foucault's most famous work on power?

Discipline and Power

What does racism justify?

Discrimination and inequalities

Who may resacralization be a repsponse from?

Diverse sectors of society who may reject some of the basic premises and secular culture.

What distinguishes power relations

Dominant relationships, media

What do feminist and queer theory say about deviance?

Dominant social structures heterosexist (supposed naturalness of straight male dominance), privileging males/male attributes. Asks how the power to control deviance is gendered and sexualised.

With smarter machines, comes what?

Dumber people (lul). Gadgets mechanise us.

What does the Sustainable Development Commission report say?

Economic growth can't continue indefinitely- it is endangering the ecosystems on which we depend for survival. To achieve sustainable life: curb consumerism, tackle systemic inequality, generate alternative measures of prosperity to GDP, promote a new work-life balance, and develop effective forms of regulation that designate the ecological limits to economic activity.

Macro-focussed sociologists research family in conjunction with what?

Economic, Political and Social institutions

What are the three types of bonds in society?

Economic, political, and effective

What is educating?

Educating is steering of learning towards particular desirable ends, which are defined differently in different societies, cultures and contexts.

In the developed world, where have we seemingly achieved gender equality?

Education

What does Bahro say about growth, consumption, and the environment?

Emphasis in policy on growth is precipitating ecological crises. Lifestyles of global consumer class cannot be shared by the world. Importance of nurturing a sustainable way of living that values 'the qualitative development of the individual' rather than accumulation.

What was the result of the French Revolution?

End of the ancien régime of aristocratic rule, coming to power of middle classes, discussion of Enlightenment ideas, forms of parliamentary government, beginning of the end of hereditary privilege/kinship patronage as sole criteria for social advancement.

Karl Marx's friend was

Engels

What did Bull's Sound Moves survey find about what iPods are used for?

Environmental control, civility. Can even enforce racism/homophobia when employed as a social filter.

Sociology is the science that does what?

Examines the relationship between production, exchange, and consumption.

What is a role?

Expected behaviour

Marxists believe that the fundamental relationship between ruling class and subject class is one of what?

Exploitation

What was the Industrial Revolution process?

Factories springing up in European cities, agricultural workers moved to cities to work for wages, machines introduced resulting in rises in productivity and wealth, factory owners needed workers for profits.

What is the Material Turn about?

From idealism > materialism, sacred to profane history. Production of material life 'the first premise of all human existence.' Materiality of power. All economic foundations are subject to change: two great sources division of labour and technologies.

How does Foucault argue that punishment has changed over time?

From physical torture to removal from society (incarceration).

How does Walby say patriarchy is changing?

From private to public

How does Ferdinand Tönnies describe the transition in social bonds from traditional to modern society?

Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft

What is the difference between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft?

Gemeinschaft: bonds of kinship and village; Gesellschaft: anonymous encounters

What is often considered the starting point of identity?

Gender

What is gender performativity?

Gender as 'doing', something which we perform.

What do Don West and Candace Zimmerman say about gender?

Gender can be seen as a recurring accomplishment, guided by social norms. We must work at 'doing gender' in everyday interaction. People are held responsible for whether their performance of gender is appropriate. Gender displays are not optional, but people can choose how they do gender (may be limited).

What is the difference between gender and sex?

Gender is the social expectations we map onto our sex. Sex is about biological differences.

How is data collected in quantitative research?

Generally by survey

Are the elements of the looking glass self conscious or subconscious

Generally subconscious

Who places the idea of the self explicitly within an external and objectively defined social context?

George Herbert Mead

Who wrote 'Mind, Self and Society' in 1934

George Herbert Mead

Where was the centre of the Enlightenment?

Germany, France, Holland, Britain (Scotland), USA: the centre shifted.

What does Giroux say about the effect of technologies on public sphere?

Ghost sociality

What does Mauss say about gifts?

Gifts cement social bonds (self-interested & obligatory). Something of the giver is projected onto the gift. Gifts 'buy' receivers thereby forming an 'irrevocable link' between collectivities.

What are the goals of inquiry in quantitative research?

Identifying patterns, making predictions, testing theories

What are Ragin's goals of social inquiry?

Identifying patterns, making predictions, testing theories, developing theories, interpreting events, giving voice.

What does Polanyi say about the envrionment?

Given free reign, the market mechanism would devastate the natural environment and destroy society.

What does Nietzche say on God?

God is dead because we act as if he were. Religious explanations no longer dominate. Loss of commitment to absolute values, and purpose and meaning. Science and rationality will never fill the metaphysical gap.

Under capitalism, do the workers create value in the workplace that is greater or less than the value they get in wages?

Greater. They receive no more than is sufficient.

What did Marx and Engels say about the modern industrial capitalist system (in environment)?

Growth dependent, creative yet destructive, resource intentive and expansive, needing to constantly transform.

What does Bruce say on the secularisation thesis?

Growth of new religious organisations, new age spiritualities may indicate reworking of religion but the secularisation thesis still holds: manifestations often personal, choice rather than authority.

What did Theodore Kemper see as the secondary emotions?

Guilt, shame (anger with self), pride, gratitude, love, nostalgia.

What does Daniel Glaser say on Differential Identification?

He goes beyond Sutherland's face to face learning, saying how people sometimes identify with 'role models' such as celebrities.

What are World Conqueror movements?

Hegemonic, tend to seek to export revolution, renew faith/orthodoxy or convert the unbeliever e.g. Gush Emunim, fundamentalist Protestants.

What do technologies do in society?

Help make us human and society possible. They connect us to our humanity and to each other. Technology is society made durable

Societies that view sexual expression between a man and a woman as 'normal' are described as what?

Heteronormative

In 1965, what did Simmons find were the five most common responses of what deviance is (in order)?

Homosexuals, drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes, murderers.

What does anarchist critical theory say about deviance?

How ritual struggles of authority shape battlers between social insiders and deviants, a divide made to feel universal. Control of deviance removed from people, calls for renewed politics of deviance based on mutual respect.

What is a socious (or sociae)?

Human being: a person who can sympathetically reflect upon the effects of their actions on others

How many planets do we use a year, and will we use by the 2030s?

Humanity uses equivalent of 1.5 planets to provide resources we use and absorb our waste: if population/consumption trends continue, by 2030s, will need 2 planets

What was found in the WINZ Wellington Downtown Community Ministry study 2002?

In 10 centres, Pakeha more than 4x as likely as Maori, 3x as Pacific Islanders to receive special benefit. Overall Pakeha were at least 2x as likely to receive benefit, even though more Maori and Pacific Islanders applied in 50 centres.

Where is 'solid' consumption key?

In a context in which relations of production are dominant and work is the central life interest: where exchange happens for comfort, esteem, and long term use value products deliver. Product utility and durability at the forefront.

In what attempt does religion originate?

In an attempt to represent and order beliefs, feeling, imaginings and actions that arise in response to direct experience of the sacred and the spiritual.

According to Marxist theory, what is the point of domestic labour by women?

In order to restore the 'alienated'/exploited worker so that they can go out the next day and be exploited again.

How often might a child be intersex?

In perhaps 17/1000 births

How are patterns of violence increasingly defined?

In racial/cultural terms

Where is an individual first socialised?

In the family

How does Tarde explain origins of deviance?

In three laws of imitation: law of close contact, law of imitation of superiors by inferiors, the law of insertion (the allure of novelty in attracting people away from boring, tired social customs and norms).

What does Freud feel triggers the processes by which we take on masculine or feminine identities?

Incest taboo, sex drive, the meanings we attach to our anatomy

What does Mandel say about the envrironment?

Increasing economic growth has contaminated atmosphere and waters, disrupted ecological equilibrium. Many things we take for granted very damaging for environment. Threat to the environment is 'an effect of the capitalist mode of production itself... and cannot be overcome within it.'

What is 'biography' under the sociological imagination?

Individual activities

What are some aspects of the 'postmodern' self?

Individuals now have to rely on their own authority to make judgements and decisions about how to construct and live self and identity/identities whereas in the past the influence of others on individual behaviours would have been greater

What Dual Revolutions are modern society's origins in?

Industrial and French

What are negative aspects of modernity recognised by sociologists?

Industrialised death (wars and extermination camps), environmental degradation, injuries from colonisation.

What does conflict theory draw attention to?

Inequalities within society.

What are the consequences of power from a sociological perspective?

Inequality, marginalization, the intended and unintended consequences of power decisions

What is likely to become one of the most important ways people learn about religion?

Internet.

What are the goals of inquiry in qualitative research?

Interpreting events, giving voice, advancing theories

What does Veblen say about consumption?

It is the axis of society, a means of exhibiting distinction. Industrial consumption breeds conformity through emulation and stimulates the production of waste.

What does Marxism say on commodification?

It is the colonisation of personal life with the commodity form, connected with dehumanisation.

What does Gellner say about modern industrial society?

It is the only society to ever live by and rely on sustained and perpetual growth, on an expected and continuous improvement.

What does the New Economics Foundation Report say?

It assembles scientific evidence demonstrating social, economic, environmental costs from pursuit of growth- a new form of economy needs to be developed.

What is the advantage of a sociological understanding of gendering?

It can help us understand gender as profoundly social and as done or produced in relating to others. These are relations of power, and we can challenge dominant ways.

What does Schumpeter say about capitalism?

It can never be changed.

What happened to the Societal Reaction Perspective in the 1960s?

It emerged as a guiding theory of deviance as political turmoil, struggles for economic justice, and cultural unrest unsettled boundaries between the inside and outsides of power.

What, says Weber, is an issue with rational-rule bound existence?

It encases freedoms in an iron cage. Results in a regimented consumer who consumes without real fulfilment.

What has 'out-sourcing' and 'off-shoring' allowed?

It has allowed global corporations to evade responsibility for the 'exported' environmentally damaging emissions. Allows them to evade moral responsibility.

Why is deciding what Maori femininity is problematic?

It has changed, cultures intermingle, people intermarry

How has 'de-skilling' changed workers?

It has made them less skilled

What is a consequence of colour-blindness?

It hides racism and discrimination.

What does Leo Marx think of technology?

It is a hazardous concept. There is growing scale and interdependence of technologies in modern society.

What does Miles say about racialisation?

It is a mechanism to legitimate the allocation of resources

What does Arthur say about technology and nature?

It is a programming of nature: a capturing of phenomena and harnessing these to human purposes.

What do MacKenzie and Wajcman think of technology?

It is a slippery term

What is Avery Gordon's idea of 'haunting'?

It is about looking beneath the surface to suppressed knowledge of both the Past and present

What does Harold Garfinkel say about gender?

It is how we present ourselves to others that determines our gender: gender as a managed achievement, using example of Agnes, born a boy but developed breasts, learnt to be feminine from others in her life.

What does Simmons say about deviance?

It is in the eyes of the beholder: something is deviant only because some people have been successful in labeling it as such.

What does gendering being a social process mean for change?

It is less open to change, including change that may lessen gendering inequalities.

How is globalisation threatening existing power structures?

It is moving power away from the state and into the hands of TNCs and TNPs (trans-national political bodies).

What does Durkheim say about anomie?

It is normlessness: anomic societies lack constraints necessary for social control of their members. Uses example of suicide- high rates due to rapid changes. Modern social life lacks normative cohesion, pushing people to deviance.

What do Freud's arguments show us about learning gender?

It is not always a conscious process

What does Bauman say on consumption?

It is not at all about satisfiying need: the purpose of consumption, which is 'insatiable' is an end in itself. Interests behind it require life to be dominated by distraction and lack of sense of real alternative. It reinforces the status quo.

What does Resnick say about the basic demand of minority groups, and how does the majority react?

It is recognition of their unique national identity, and the majority feel their distinct national identity is threatened.

What does Bauman say about technology?

It is setting the vocabulary of the world's narrative in a way that allows nothing but technological action and that expresses any worry and trouble as a demand for a "technological fix."

What is the essentialist perspective of sexuality?

It is something fixed and unchangeable and that our sexuality is determined by our biology. They see there as being three kinds of sexuality, heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality.

Is family something you perform or is it inherent?

It is something you perform based on personal, historical and institutional pressures/experiences/influences.

What did Weber say about economics and religion?

Links particular religious practices with the rise of capitalism. Says Marx overemphasises economic determinants in studies of human society- e.g. religious ideas and values important too. Religion could be revolutionary: modern economic life with ethics of Calvinism/Protestantism: religion helped expand capitalism.

What did Antonia Damasio write?

Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow and the Feeling Brain

Do international shadow powers operate within the state?

Mainly outside of formal state and legal channels in war zones and international non-state trade in legal and illegal commodities

There is a debate about whether surveillance does what?

Makes us safer or criminalises us

Which gender's body was celebrated by classical tradition?

Male bodies

What did Harry Braverman in 1974 identify the process of deskilling to be central to?

Managerial Control

How are cases and variables used in quantitative research?

Many cases, few variables

What does Sacks say about believers?

Many see the modern condition as an assault to be resisted.

What is the key difference between Marx and Weber's theories of stratification?

Marx see's economic systems as determining life chances whereas Weber sees class, status and party affecting our life chances.

What other theory do Adorno and Horkheimer align to?

Marxism

Technology is what four things?

Material artefacts, activities, skills (ways of knowing), modes of organising.

The media is an important site to perpetuate what?

Meanings (what people think) and power (the unequal distribution of resources and authority).

How does Émile Durkheim describe the transition in social bonds from traditional to modern society?

Mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity

What is the manufacturing consent thesis?

Media perpetuate the interests of the powerful elite in society.

What is a false consciousness?

Members of the proletariat unconsciously support the bourgeoisie who oppress them as they are paid which allows them to consume and benefit from the capitalist system.

How is labour distributed in the family according to structural functionalist?

Men and women perform different but complimentary tasks. Women in the private sphere and men in the public sphere.

What are examples of gender inequality?

Men still usually earn more, lack of women in senior positions, global women not well intergrated into decision-making processes (women from dominant ethnic groups more likely to be represented).

According to Marshall McLuhan, the meaning is the....

Message

Notions of power as a 'micro-physics' or as 'productive' come from who?

Michael Foucault

Who writes about capillary power?

Michael Foucault

How does Herbert Spencer describe the transition in societal type from traditional to modern society?

Militant society (centralised) to industrial society (decentralised).

How does Auguste Comte describe the transition in societal type from traditional to modern society?

Military to industrial

How does Penty relate to envrionmental problems?

Modern industrial capitalist civilisation was heading down 'a blind alley'- we must turn back or die. Income is being wasted. Industrial capitalist system approaching a state of disintegration- increases in production and consumption leading to environmental degradation and would, in due course, make it impossible to carry on as before.

What has made Christian and Islamic fundamentalist groups a significant political force?

Modern mass communicative forms

What does Sacks say about modernity and religion?

Modernity left religion with a restricted area to operate in. Secularisation took up the place once held by religion.

What is the macro level of society?

National and global forces, economics and politics

What is the difference between national identity and race/ethnicity?

National identity includes a political dimension (it is a simple, constructed method for governments to create solidarity)

How does study in race/inequality reflect Marx?

Nationalism and race reflect material conditions rather than acting as causal factors

What is argued by Castells to be undermining the power of states?

Network technology

What is society?

Networks of mutual dependency i.e the jobs people do are mostly functions that they have for other people.

The emergence of identity politics based on gender, ethnicity and sexuality are collectively known as what?

New Social Movements

What are contemporary expressions of deviance and social control influenced by?

New global technologies of power

How have corporations responded to environmental effects?

New market opportunities- an ecology industry.

Are sex differences enough to explain the differences in how men and women have behaved?

No

Can humans be bettered like machines to increase productivity?

No

Do any ethnically homogenous states exist?

No

Do liquid perspectives feel it is possible to avoid advertising?

No

Do sociologists prefer to use 'common sense' thinking?

No

Does gender behaviour always match up with sexed bodies?

No

Is it possible to escape from the media?

No

Is media neutral?

No

Is the ability to consume even?

No

Was emotion a key concern of sociology when the discipline first emerged?

No

Given the increasing number of women now working, is the division of labour in the family now equal.

No, as women continue to fulfil most domestic tasks on top of paid employment

Did Marx believe that the traditional nuclear family has always existed?

No, he felt that when property was collectively owned (feudalism), sexuality was not so closely regulated and patriarchy did not exist the way it does today.

Does Tönnies feel that only Gesellschaft is still present?

No, he says both Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are present in all societies.

Is social life contained within the nation state?

No, increasingly less as we become a more globalised society

Is the self fixed?

No, it is fluid and adaptable

Does current thinking feel that there are true natural disasters?

No, it is social action that mediates natural disasters.

Is interest in studying sexuality a universal interest?

No, it is very Western

Are roles universal?

No, they are culturally and socially specific.

Are race categories stably based on biological differences?

No, they are socially constructed.

Are emotions and their expression fixed?

No, they change over time

Are notions of the body fixed?

No, they change over time and culture

Is there a universal experience of family?

No, we all 'do' family differently

Were early sociologists right in believing religion and science would triumph over faith and religion?

No- predictions of the end of religion have not occurred, but the way religion is articulated and responded to has changed.

Are technologies still treated as neutral intermediaries as they once were in sociology?

No- they are active mediators.

Does being deviant mean that someone has committed a punishable social offence?

No.

Do all men benefit equally from patriarchy?

No. Gender inequalities are in terms of doing gender, not just men and women.

What can too much deviance lead to?

Normative breakdown and chaos, so ritual control mechanisms (persuasion, promise of profit, threat of coercion) may be called into play.

What is a totem?

Object of religion. Represents God and the clan. A being, object, or symbol representing an animal or plant that serves as an emblem of a group of people reminding them of their ancestry, normally accompanied by a totemic myth. E.g. a direwolf if you are a good person or a lion if you are the spawn of Satan

What are World Transformer movements?

Occupy a niche in society but are constrained from hegemonic activity and forced to negotiate their environment. Leadership may be diffuse, shared. Mobilising followed on various issues: teaching or fate of any one leader less important than in world-conqueror movements. e.g. Habad and Christianity in South India

What is the difference between religion then and now?

Official -> personal. Organised -> new forms of spirituality (Heelas and Woodhead). Public -> private sphere (mode of expression now). Decline in religious authority. Rise of fundamentalism.

What are World Renouncer Movements?

Often emerge from a long-standing tradition that is abruptly modernised. Charismatic, authoritarian, renegade and prophetic leadership, often defining movement in contrast to compromising, liberalism religious leadership seen as jeopardising integrity e.g. Haredi Jews, French Catholic Lefbvists.

How long have we been using tools?

Oldest known tool 1.8-2 million years old. We have been using tools ever since.

How is membership of a racial group ascribed, and what is the problem with this?

On the basis of assumed shared characteristics (history, culture, language, religion, sometimes territory). Used to distinguish them from other groups, but no group exists in which all recognised members share these core characteristics.

What does Weber say on declining religious belief?

Once a previously religiously understood world was perceived through a scientific perspective, religious belief would lose its centrality in the way the world was seen. Ethical/belief questions cannot be answered with science.

What is a patriarchal society?

One in which men have greater power

What do liquid perspectives see the fundamental problem of consumer culture as?

One of surplus: it produces an over-abundance of meaning- but not deep. Modern consumers do not value durable meaning.

Who are the 'primary agents' of socialisation?

Others immediately around us eg) Family an Friends

According to Émile Durkheim, 'collective effervescence' is a process where what occurs?

Our emotions are shaped through rites that symbolise group identity

What are criticisms of functionalism (deviance)?

Overly mechanistic, failure to ask who benefits; can appear to justify relationship between deviant labelling and power.

What are examples of technological devices serving as metaphors for modern life?

PCs, Walkman, iPods, technology and identity work.

What do Marx and Engels see as the main driver of capitalist societies?

Paid work

Why has Maori women's role in pre-colonial society been underestimated?

Pakeha settlers interpreted what wahine did as less important, when this was not necessarily the case (e.g. not being able to speak on some marae, yet calling visitors).

What does Anne Oakley note about gender?

Parents treat girls and boys differently, according to social expectations. Children learn to be the way others think they 'should' be, and learn to compare parents to other adults and learn how women/men are expected to behave, even if their parents behave differently.

How is data collected in qualitative research?

Participant observation- interviews, logos, journals

Why did grass eaters come about?

Partly economic changes: jobs for life have faded so they avoid working too hard, unconvinced it will bring rewards. They feel relationships are too risky.

What do feminist approaches to the family see as the root of gender inequality within the family?

Patriarchy (not capitalism like Marx)

Who wrote the book Consumption and Identity at Work?

Paul du Gay

Who can have power?

People and institutions

What is rebellion, one of Merton's notions of anomie?

People depart from dominant goals and means and seek to replace them with a better path.

What is retreatism, one of Merton's notions of anomie?

People detach themselves from dominant cultural goals (e.g. habituated drug user).

What is ritualism, one of Merton's notions of anomie?

People have access to legitimate means but have not internalised dominant cultural goals (hard to spot).

How did Industrial Revolution lead to development of sociology as a discipline?

People sensed they were on the threshold of a new world, society was going through a critical phase widely seen as a crisis, providing sweeping social critique in which utopian thinking played a prominent role.

What is the relationship between those branded as deviant and the powerful?

People who are branded deviant threaten those best positioned to define/police boundaries between what is socially acceptable and what is forbidden.

How does Weber relate to environmental problems?

People's lives being determined by the conditions of capitalism- material goods have a power over them that will likely continue until fuel runs out. Boiling heat of modern capitalist culture connected with heedless consumption of natural resources. Beck feels there are ecological subtexts in Weber.

What are impacts on shared space and the public sphere with the proliferation of mobile devices according to Bull?

Physical presence vs social absence, interior life vs external conditions, sonic gating & urban chill.

Mills theory of power was most closely aligned to what other type of theory?

Pluralist theory

Who describes modernity as the 'great transformation'

Polanyi

According to Weber what is 'party'?

Political, the ability to influence others and self

What two classifications of people are the most likely to attract police attention on the streets of wealthy neighbourhoods?

Poor, non-white

What are Rolston's 'Four Spikes, Last Chance'?

Population growth, resources depletion, CO2 emissions, mass extinctions

What is the 'other' configuration of thinking?

Possibilities that are NOT cartesian, teleological, universalist and/or anthropogenic.

C. Wright Mills coined which term which relates to power?

Power Elite

What norms are deviants thought to violate?

Powerful social norms, binding cultural rituals, and common sense ideas and effects about the everyday organisation of social life.

What are the two types of racism?

Prejudice and discrimination

Why does much e-waste still work?

Pressure to upgrade/forced upgrades- encouraged to throw things away. Fasted growing form of rubbish in US. Electronic Takeback Coalition cites analogue- digital TV, software updates, batteries reinforces perceived redundancy, rise of 'disposal' computer printers.

What has the spread of the consumer ethic meant?

Privatisation of public issues, greater areas of social life confronted as a shopper, demise of collective life, transformation of citizens into consumers.

What was the goal of scientific management of workers?

Profit NOT worker satisfaction

The invisible and immaterial things that work produces are...?

Profit, classes and aspirations

Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead worked as what?

Psychologists

What questions do people with intersex biology raise?

Questions about the extent to which our biology determines our behaviour.

What does Nairn say about race?

Race can serve to channel behaviour in times of crisis/conflict, irrespective of the cause of the problem.

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Race refers to large groups like populations; ethnicity denotes smaller groupings within larger aggregations.

What does radical multiculturalism say about deviance?

Racialised formations of power conceptualised as a central axis.

What does Ehrlich say about rich people?

Rich countries focus on rapid population growth with most poor nations, when due to impact on the Earth, the main population problem is wealthy countries.

How is racism present in the macro level of society?

Racism in globalising forces (credentialism); racism in transnational politics (e.g. neoliberal rhetoric of 'choice' resulting in differentiation between schools).

How is racism present in the micro level of society?

Racism in social interaction of everyday life (teacher-student interactions); in operation of cultural and social norms.

How is racism present in the meso level of society?

Racism in socio-economic disadvantage; in neighbourhood composition; in political participation or exclusion; in institutional practices

Who views the family as the main site of women's oppression?

Radical and Materialist Feminists

Weber suggests that capitalism is a what?

Rational society

According to Weber, how did society transition from a traditional to a modern society?

Rationalisation

What does John Benson say on Consumer Society?

Ready available of choice, credit, and interest (mass debt increases). Social value defined in terms of purchasing power/material possessions. Advertising bombards us: don't know you want things until they tell you. Desire for new, modern, exciting, fashionable- you can never be fashionable enough.

What idea from gender does the modern separation of public and private spheres relate to?

Realm of women in the home

Relating to the environment, what is challenge faced by modern communities?

Reconciling their dependence on a global capitalist economy, where evidence shows that rising rates of global production, and increases in consumption, are dramatically impacting the earth's climate, and are not environmentally sustainable.

What is Veblen's Conspicuous Consumer?

Refers to the spendthrift of leisure class on things that they don't need, learning skills that have no pecuniary value in industrial society. Wasteful consumption a mark of status: lower ranks emulate spendthrift ways as wealth in society accumulates. Applies to first world nations in general.

How does Henri Saint-Simon describe the transition in societal type from traditional to modern society?

Religio-military to scientific-industrial

What does the 2005 NZ Values Survey show?

Religion and church (33%) attract similar numbers to other voluntary associations: art music, educational (34%), professional assocation (31%), sport/recreation (49).

What is secularisation?

Religion is losing its significance in modern societies.

What does New Atheism say?

Religion should not be tolerated.

How do sociologists see religion and religious belief?

Religion= a social phenomena, a tool of social control and cohesion, and religious belief

What is framing (with regards to research)?

Represents an interaction on the part of the researcher between the body of theory and the problem or issue. (interaction of theory and data).

According to Zygmunt Bauman, what are the four ways in which sociologists are different to 'common sense'?

Responsible speech, The size of the field, making sense of human realities, "defamiliarity".

What are characteristics of fundamentalist groups?

See themselves as a righteous remnant, confrontational to secularists and 'wayward' followers, affirm their authority as absolute, generate a lexicon hard to understand by others, often lead by charismatic males, seen as a basis for identity- being part of a struggle, distrustful of modernist cultural hegemony.

What does Judith Butler think of 'doing gender'?

She wants to stop thinking about individuals as doing gender, as this seems to assume people choose to do gender.

What is semiotics the study of?

Signs

Which early sociologists are most associated with the study of emotions?

Simmel and Scheler

Who stated "One is not born a woman, one becomes one" ?

Simone de Beauvoir

The concepts of identity and self which sociologists use have developed out of what discipline?

Social Psychology

Sociology assumes that above all humans are...?

Social beings

What causes us to see that society is socially constructed?

Social changes- warfare, reformation, religious schisms.

What is the Technicist configuration of thinking?

Social engineering as economic rationalisation decided by experts. Education for employment

What is the critical humanist configuration of thinking?

Social engineering as fair distribution decided by the ordinary people. Education for radical democracy.

What is the Humanist configuration of thinking?

Social engineering as human progress decided by representatives. Education for national citizenship

Our identification with socially constructed groups and/ or categories of people, or with a position within a social organisation, is known as our...

Social identity

Who/what are secondary agents of socialisation?

Social institutions (school, work, media).

Who/what are primary agents of socialisation?

Social intimates (parents/caregivers, family, friends)

What is the dramaturgical approach to identity?

Social life can be seen as a drama in which we all play roles. It is a social performance.

According to Weber what is 'status'?

Social prestige in society. Lifestyle and patterns of consumption put us into certain 'status''. You can leverage it in order to allow upward movement in society.

What is power linked to notions of?

Social stratification and life chances

Some critics claim that Goffman's work does not consider...

Social structure

What is the meso level of society?

Social structures, institutions and broad patterns of distribution of resources etc

How to we learn how to appropriately use and perform emotion?

Socialisation

Is the 'self' socially or biologically constructed?

Socially

How does Lewis H. Morgan describe the transition in social bonds from traditional to modern society?

Societas to civitas

What is Zygmunt Bauman's theory of "defamiliarity"?

Sociologists "defamiliarize" meanings - they don't make everything 'natural' or 'normal'. Instead they notice that things are constructed by specific and different social contexts.

Who are structural functionalist thinkers about the family?

Talcott Parsons and George Murdoch

What does Giddens say about coffee?

Someone sipping a coffee is caught up in social and economic relations stretching worldwide. (Steve:) there is nutritional value, symbolic value, environmental consequences, social interaction

What is the ideal citizen in producer society according to Bauman?

Someone who endures monotony, is habituated in routine, defers gratification, is deliberate, respects tradition, is loyal and is readily satisfied.

What is the ideal citizen in consumer society according to Bauman?

Someone who seeks pleasure, looks for difference, advances gratification, is compulsive, is eager for experience, is fickle ad is insatiable.

The concept of stigma refers to what type of identity?

Spoiled identities

Who developed the notion of 'original sin'?

St Augustine of Hippo

What do levelling perspectives say consumer culture produces?

Standardisation, regimentation, and pseudo-individualism. Consumers schooled to react to commodities in uniform ways.

What type of products does the culture industry provide for people?

Standardized products while convincing them that the products they buy are unique and authentic- this is called 'pseudo-individuality'.

How does Henry Summer Maine describe the transition in social bonds from traditional to modern society?

Status to contract

What forms of deviance are the poor and powerless more likely to engage in?

Street crime and petty theft.

What are three popular ways of theorising 'the family'?

Structural Functionalism, The Marxist Approach and the Feminist Approach

What are corn-flakes supposed to do?

Suppress sex-drive

Many analysts promote what as an alternative to growth?

Sustainability

What perspective do Erving Goffman's views on gender accord with?

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

What perspective do Harold Garfinkel's views on gender accord with?

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

Which research method is often used in the sociological study of identity?

Symbolic interactionalism

How does technology relate to socio-technical systems?

Systems merge with others (e.g. car needs petrol, roading system), isolated devices lose significance to systems, scope and complexity of these new systems necessitates a new 'organisational matrix', relates to technology as a mode of social organisation.

What is deskilling?

Taking skills from workers and enshrining them in management and technology.

What is 'de-skilling'

Taking skills that workers had through training, knowledge and practice and giving these skills to machines.

Who defines the family as 'a sexually invovled male and female, their offspring (joined by blood, marriage or adoption), living in a shared residence, parents/adults having sex for reproductive purposes'?

Talcott Parsons

How does Marx see technology?

Technologies are indices of socio-economic relations. Machines are in charge of workers- shift from subjective to objective technologies. Technologies as tools of class control, implements of class war, devoted to deskilling. Machinery undermines jobs. Need to harness technologies to liberate humanity

What is technology?

Technologies are means to ends. They perform various functions- help adapt to/control environments, extend human forces, and senses (McLuhan), solve (and sometimes create) problems, mediates between physical world and culture, manipulates time, and fulfils needs and desires. Utility.

How does technology relate to humanity?

Technologies have played a pivotal role in the development of our humanity. Unique object use of human- it is making things that make us human. We make things before we need them- needless desire to improve. We anticipate their effects, retain them for future use.

What is the effect of technologies on social space?

Technologies replace people. They have minor social irritations, contribute to the urban chill, create social invisibility, people are more selectively social, what constitutes public can no longer be restricted to urban gathering places.

What is our moral code now?

Technology

How does technology relate to identity?

Technology and the presentation of self, intended and unintended audiences, public or private technology (use it as though it is private), internet and inability to forget.

What is the political stance of quantitative research?

Tending conservative

What is the political stance of qualitative research?

Tending radical

What are problems of socialisation theory?

Tends to view people as if they passively follow social expectations (people negotiate gender). Pays too much attention to influence of parents (particularly mothers) in early childhood.

What does Borgmann say about technology?

Tentatively defines it as the typical way in which one in the modern era takes up with reality.

What did Pope John Paul say in a letter to his Bishops in 1993

That contraception and sex before marriage are intrinsically evil

What does Sutherland assume in his Differential Association?

That deviance takes place when people come to define a situation as an appropriate occasion for violating conventional norms or laws, and that 'definitions of the situation' favouring deviance are supplied through an individual's past history of learning, particularly one's associations with others.

What is the implication of government discourse?

That growth is limitless, shown at e.g. G20 meetings where no substance was proposed on environment.

What are traditional Western conceptions of sex?

That is was for the purposes of recreation by a married couple only, anything else was deviant

What was Weber's theory of stratification?

That layers of modern society were based on class, status and party.

Whose knowledge is taught in education?

That of the dominant culture/ ideology

What is the constructionist perspective of sexuality?

That sexuality is fluid and malleable and is something that is learnt in the context of our culture.

Does sociology show us that they are or aren't alternative in our social lives?

That there are alternatives

What is the 'dichotomy' in families?

That they are a place of support and intimacy but can equally be a place on inequality, violence and unethical behaviours.

What is the social perspective of emotions?

That they are an interplay between biology and culture.

What is the biological point of view on feelings?

That they are located within the individual and inherited as part of our biological make-up.

What does Eckman suggest about emotions?

That to some extent they are cross-cultural (there is both agreement and disagreement to this thesis).

What does the propaganda model note?

That wherein authoritarian societies they have a 'Ministry of Propaganda' they powerful interest groups in capitalist democracies are equally, if not more, successful in generating propaganda. These make sure that the correct ideas are presented to the people.

According to Mead, what is the self made up of?

The 'I' and the 'me'

What did Adorno and Horkheimer theorise?

The 'culture industry'

What is the relationship between the Bourgeoisie and The Proletariat?

The Bourgeoisie and Proletariat are always in odds with each other as the owner wishes to make more profit and minimize worker compensation.

Who were the Bourgeoisie?

The Bourgeoisie is made up of those who own and control the means of production

What was opposed in the French Revolution?

The absolutist rule of kings and queens and the power of the Church on which this depended.

What has been looked to when trying to understand whether human sexuality is natural or not?

The animal kingdom

What is Urry's tourist gaze?

The anticipation tourists have in visiting sites is framed by a network of power relations.

What is ethnocentrism?

The belief that your own cultural practices are 'natural' and 'normal'

What has been a key change in the composition of families over recent years?

The breakdown of the traditional 'nuclear family'

What is stratification?

The breaking up of society into layers based on certain elements of life.

In the 18th and 19th century, regulation of sexual behaviour moved from what institutions to what new institutions?

The church to medicine and law.

What is 'history' under the sociological imagination?

The collective activities of a group over society (which transcends time and space).

What is Ragin's third research methodology?

The comparative approach which uses quantitative and qualitative forms.

What is Norm Elias's theory of "Figurations"?

The concept that the world is made up of many individual networks working together. E.g.) I may not grow food but I can still get it as someone else does.

What is modernity?

The condition of being modern.

Goffman develops the idea of which kind of self?

The conscious self

What is distinction?

The conscious/unconscious ways individuals signify difference

What did Durkheim find from looking to Aborigines?

The constitutive role of religion: it makes society meaningful. It reveals religion's first principles, creates social cohesion, order control.

Neoliberal globalisation is associated with what in terms of education?

The decline of modern institutions of education

What does Marx say about humans, animals, and technology?

The difference between humans and animals is our ability to imagine technologies into existence.

What is McLuhan's most famous example of a medium being the message?

The electric light-bulb - it does not have content light a news paper but its light giving abilities have significantly changed our night-time routines.

What is e-waste and why is this so bad for the environment?

The electrical appliances we discard. In US, 400 million devices dumped yearly, containing much chemicals- contaminating groundwater or airborne pollution.

What is Gidden's ensuring state about?

The equation between economic growth and progress is increasingly unwarranted: growth no longer gives happiness, wellbeing beyond a certain level of affluence. To make transition from growth-fixated form of social and economic life will require a more interventionist state- proactive rather than reactive. Needs to look beyond constraints of immediate political interests. Essential to development of effective response.

Modern conditions have created consumers for whom participation in consumer culture rests in the power of what?

The eye

What was Marx theory of stratification?

The factors that determine stratification are economic - resources and relationships to means of production.

What did Bertrand Russell regard power as?

The fundamental concept in the social sciences

Does sociology look first to the individual or the group?

The group

What is socialisation?

The highly gendered process through which individuals learn acceptable behaviour within their society. Agents of socialisation instruct individuals how to be a boy/girl.

What is discrimination?

The individual and institutional practice of treating people differently due to appearance, cultural difference.

What is prejudice?

The individual and social practice of making positive or negative judgements about people on the basis of appearance or cultural difference.

What do liquid perspectives place emphasis on?

The interpretive capacities of consumers, the diversity of experience in consumer culture, the superficiality of meaning, and the controls of built in obsolescence and the effects of economic growth on consumer identity.

What was the key re-design which occurred for fordism?

The introduction of assembly lines in factories. This allowed Ford to determine the pact and order of work.

What does Mauss think about the law of things?

The law of things merges with the law of people.

Who, with regards to technology, does Star feel we should pay attention to?

The marginalised, oppressed that do not control technologies but are compelled to feel their effects.

What is the CNN effect?

The media control government policy.

What is religious revival a reaction to?

The modern- a form of opposition.

What is an effect of credentialism?

The need for education has increased

What is the difference between the primary and secondary emotions according to Theodore Kemper?

The primary emotions are biologically given and the secondary emotions are socialised versions of the primary ones.

According to Durkheim, those aspects of social life that are routine and secular are known as what?

The profane

What is the name of Chomsky and Herman's model?

The propaganda model.

What have modern industrial capitalist forms of social and economic life been based on?

The prospect of realising continually increasing levels of production and consumption. Objective has been making more quantity and variety of consumer goods and services produced available to more people.

How do sociologists conceptualise power?

The quantity of power/what the outcome of power is, the power of influence/celebrity, access to resources, legitimate and illegitimate forms of power.

The sociology of work focuses on what?

The recalcitrant worker

What does living in a surveillance society mean?

The regimen of rules and regulations covering every facet of existence. Development of detailed records, individual dossiers, new classificatory systems and timetables, all of them underpinned by constant supervision.

According to Marx, what are material conditions?

The relationship to resources

The original push for gay liberation grew out of what?

The same historical and social impetus that drove the civil-rights and feminist movement in the developed world

What is the 'back-stage' self?

The self you don't show other people

What is the 'front-stage' self?

The self you show other people

What is racism?

The set of ideas involved in racialisation. Attributing characteristics of inferiority to individuals due to physical 'racial' characteristics. Can be based on any noticeable difference: visible, audible, maybe epxerimental.

What is cultural capital?

The set of tastes, skills, knowledges, practices that relay social distinction.

What does the secularisation thesis refer to?

The suggestion that humans would 'outgrow' belief in the supernatural

What are the four different 'configurations of thinking' about the relationship between education, Nation States and social relations?

The technicist, humanist, critical humanist and 'other' configurations of thinking

What is a signified?

The thought/visual image that we conjure up.

What did Marx think the source of inequality for workers was?

The transition from feudalism to bourgeois/capitalist production. (There would be another transition to socialism).

Out of the unemployed, the poor, the rich, and the employed, which two are the most likely to be labelled as deviant?

The unemployed and the poor.

What were the aims of the research done on Maori and Pacifica Students at Uoa?

To de-colonize education

With regards to racism, what is the challenge for contemporary states?

To maintain unity while allowing for diversity

What does Durkheim say about functionalism?

The view originates with him. He pictures a pathological society where norms are either too strong, so society becomes overly rigid, or too weak, so society loses coherence and the ability to reproduce itself. Deviance allows society to maintain healthy boundaries.

What is a signifier?

The word/sound of a word

What is 'la perruque'?

The worker's own work disguised as work for his employer - it is not stealing as nothing of material value is stolen.

What is the start point of quantitative research?

Theory- somewhat deductive

What is race ideology?

There are distinct racial groups based on biological (& cultural) differences, which can be ranked hierarchically.

What are some issues with the global consumer class with regards to the environment?

There needs to be a transformation in values and lifestyle to mobilise them to reduce consumption, and there appears to be little prospect of this due to economic priorities. Ecological crisis sidelined due to economic crisis. Modern lifestyles bound up in production and consumption, continually subject to logic that stuff can not be allowed to be enough if the consumer cycle is to be maintained.

What was suggested to be a key reason why the Arab Spring came about?

There were more highly educated people who had higher expectations of employment and wages.

Who came up with the term 'queer theory' ?

Theresa de Lauretis

What is the result of expressions of prejudice in the social?

These comments repeat and maintain forms of prejudice. We can understand them, so such stereotyping is a shared cultural resource. Can go from prejudice to discrimination.

What does Durkheim say about things?

They are a part of society. Their relationship to the body social needs to be determined.

What are the Mcjobs?

They are jobs entirely reliant on technology and epitomize de-skilling and the exercise of managerial control.

What does Miles say about races?

They are purely ideological constructions that hide the underlying economic reality. Focusing on them gives them legitimacy.

What is the effect of labelling people as deviants, and thus letting them be seen as 'outsiders' to society?

They are set apart from 'normal' people, and their chances for success in the conventional world are limited.

How are race and ethnicity used in current debates?

They are transformed into narratives about cultural practices

What are effective strategies of social control to Merton?

They converge with reforms aimed at equal opportunity to realise society's most prized goals.

What is unique about fundamentalists' beliefs?

They know exactly what they believe in, and in times of rapid change and movement, their beliefs are static.

What is the correlation between race/ethnicity/cultural factors and national identity?

They relate to the construction of national identity, but also provide challenges to that unity.

What is different about how e.g. Native American and Polynesia do gender?

They separate gender into three or more categories

Who are the 'secondary agents' of socialisation?

Things like School, Church, The Government and Media

What is Norm Elias's theory of the 'open man'?

Thinking as a connected, social being.

What groups of people are arguably more dangerous than stereotypical deviants (juvenile gang members etc)?

Those responsible for impoverishment of neighbourhoods where youth gangs flourish- those whose aim for profits has led to off-shoring of jobs to LDCs with exploitable labour.

What is a key way in which social stratification has occurred in New Zealand and across the Pacific?

Through ethnicity, indigenous people are perceived as 'under' colonisers.

How do we see power?

Through its effects

How does the social perspective of emotions see us learning emotion?

Through socialisation

How do we learn the idea of romantic love?

Through socialisation - and the inscriptions of it in music, poetry, fiction, advertising etc- these all tell us about romantic love and how we should experience it before we actually have experienced it.

How does Foucault believe that social control is achieved?

Through the rise of surveillance in the world

Family is experienced differently across what two key things?

Time and culture

Where did panic over Masturbation arise from and why?

Tissot who claimed there were medical as well as moral reasons to oppose it.

What is the purpose of social movements about identity politics?

To change objective conditions and raise public awareness of stigmatized identities and having them realised as legitimate identities.

Early "scientific" interest in sexuality, Sought to classify various sexual acts,Was motivated by attempts to comprehend sexuality, Still condemned certain sexual acts, true or false?

True ( on all counts)

What four countries saw the biggest uprisings in the Arab Spring?

Tunisia, Egypt, Syria and Libya

Are indigenous well represented or under-represented at the University of Auckland?

Under-represented

What does sociology aim to do?

Understand group life in modern society.

How does Otto von Glerke describe the transition in social bonds from traditional to modern society?

Unitary bonds to contractual bonds

What type of work are women of all ages doing more of than men?

Unpaid work: children, housework, elder care.

According to Weber, what is the result of leveraging our class, status and party?

Upward social mobility

What does Durkheim say about organic solidarity?

Urban industrial society produces organic social solidarity, based on a strong state that expresses 'collective conscience' of the people, complete division of labour, and respect for the individual.

How do we cultivate and manipulate feelings in modern society according to Damasio?

Using resources eg) Alcohol, drugs, food, real and virtual sex, feel-good consumption (shopping, movies, internet games and religious practices).

Who feels that any discussion of modernity, and any theory e.g. industrialisation includes technology in the midst?

Vandenburg

What is the categorisation of quantitative research?

Variable-centric, building variables

What did the liberals want?

Wanted to safeguard individual liberty in the face of the growth of economic institutions. The driving force of society was the market.

What is institutional racism?

Ways in which institutional structures and practices can discriminate against particular ethnic groups intentionally or unintentionally.

What does Erving Goffman say about gender?

Ways of being 'feminine/masculine' are made available to us by our cultures. We adopt, modify, or resist them as we do our gender. The whole pattern of gender displays reinforces ideas of men as superior.

What is colour-blindness?

We are all the same & should be treated identically

What does -"Inter faeces et urinem nascimur mean?

We are born between faeces and urine

What is the idea of the Anthropocene, created by Stoermer and populised by Crutzen?

We are seen as a force of nature. Human activities have had profound global consequences: we have transformed nature, reduced biodiversity, and altered the world's climate through increases CO2 emission.

What is 'pseudo-individuality'?

We are tricked into thinking that we are individuals but in fact we are not, we are merely products of the capitalist society in which we live.

How were sexual organs described around the 16th century and what were the implications of this?

Women were effectively the same as men, but with genitals folded inside. They were seen as imperfectly developed versions of men. Encouraged idea that everyone had feminine and masculine aspects to their character.

In sociology, is there a growing prejudice towards words or mathematics?

Words (an aversion to mathematics)

Are words or numbers used in qualitative research, and why?

Words, to enhance

What are WETs?

Work extending technologies

What problems for workers can be related to the Industrial Revolution?

Working conditions were harsh, workers only had labouring capacity to sell so were vulnerable if fired.

What do WETs make possible?

Working from home, they complicate the working/not working divide.

According to Marx, is women's labour essential in perpetuating capitalism?

Yes

According to Marxist theory, does work also exist in the domestic sphere?

Yes

According to marx, does family type change as the mode of production changes?

Yes

Are International Shadow Powers shaping world economics?

Yes

Are emotions gendered?

Yes

Are social norms around gender always changing?

Yes

Are we running out of landfill?

Yes

Despite growing equality, is there still gender inequality?

Yes

Do Durkheim and Mauss belong to functionalism?

Yes

Do all societies regulate sexuality?

Yes

Do most sociologists feel that religion is a tool of social control and cohesion?

Yes

Do people make choices about how to do gender within societal constructs?

Yes

Do religious beliefs inform social structures in modern secular societies?

Yes

Do we use consumption to forge identity?

Yes

Does Jonathan Sacks argue that religion is increasingly private?

Yes

Does Seidman feel science could construct a worldview?

Yes

Does Weber feel modern rationalities drain the world of intrinsic meaning?

Yes

Does education support social mobility?

Yes

Does gender produce individuals?

Yes

Does surveillance pick on some groups?

Yes

Does work infiltrate non-work activities?

Yes

In Western societies, do we still see meaning attribution and sacralization?

Yes

Is gender a fundamental social division?

Yes

Is gender always with us?

Yes

Is gender socially constructed?

Yes

Is language a transmitter of culture?

Yes

Is modernity associated with violence?

Yes

Is religion connected with socially shared ways of thinking, feeling and acting with a transcendent otherness as their focus?

Yes

Is religious expression influenced by social life and vice versa?

Yes

Is social networking participatory surveillance?

Yes

Is there an inherent status attached to our job and are we categorised and assessed based on this?

Yes

Is there perpetual technological innovation, according to a Marxist view?

Yes

What is 'Identity Politics'?

a series of challenges mounted in response to the 'declining ability of democratic nation-states to represent adequately the interests of large segments of their constituencies.

How does Weber define domination (of a specific form of power)?

as "the probability that a command with a given specific content will be obeyed by a given group of persons."

How did William Wood describe the media?

as "the processes, forms and content of communication between a sender and a receiver or audience."

Outside of the individual, families are the first what of society?

building block

Do sociologist see knowledge as power or ignorance as bliss?

knowledge as power

Gender is socially or biologically constructed

socially

Are emotions the 'root' or 'extras to' human action?

the root

Who were the Proletariat?

the workers who don't own means of production, they leverage power by selling their labor- their bodies are used as currencies.

Does the social perspective of emotions see emotions as different in different cultures + societies?

yes

Have urbanisation, secularisation and women's liberation affected human trends of sexual relations?

yes