Sociology 101 exam 3
initiated a food stamp pilot program.
1961, President John F. Kennedy
Which statement illustrates low status consistency?
A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year.
According to national surveys, most U.S. parents support which type of sex education program in school?
Abstinence plus sexual safety
Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism?
After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant.
Which of the following scenarios is an example of intragenerational mobility?
An executive belongs to a different class than her parents.
Which subordinate group is often referred to as the "model minority?"
Asian Americans
What is discrimination?
Biased actions against an individual or group
Which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group?
Blacks under apartheid in South Africa
Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility?
Class
conflict theorist-social stratification
Conflict theorists are deeply critical of social stratification, asserting that it benefits only some people, not all of society.Conflict theorists try to bring awareness to inequalities, such as how a rich society can have so many poor members.
France might be classified as which kind of nation?
Core
Which of following is correct regarding the explanation for transgenderism?
Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism.
DOMA
Defense of Marriage Act, a 1996 U.S. law explicitly limiting the definition of "marriage" to a union between one man and one woman and allowing each individual state to recognize or deny same-sex marriages performed in other states
Only women are affected by gender stratification.
False
Patricia Hill Collins (1990)
Feminist sociologist, developed intersection theory,
Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States?
First-generation college student
Why did most white ethnic Americans come to the United States?
For a better life To escape oppression
To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance?
Functionalism
Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability?
Functionalism
Which intergroup relation displays the least tolerance?
Genocide
Caster Semenya
In 2009, the eighteen-year old South African athlete, Caster Semenya, won the women's 800-meter world championship in Track and Field. questioned as a legitiment win
Many Arab Americans face _______________, especially after 9/11.
Islamophobia
Which of the following is the best explanation of racism as a social fact?
It does not need the actions of individuals to continue.
What is the one defining feature of a minority group?
Lack of power
Karl Marx- social stratification
Marx believed social stratification resulted from people's relationship to production. People were divided by a single line: they either owned factories or worked in them.
Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children?
Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.
What factor makes caste systems closed?
People cannot change their social standings.
What intergroup relationship is represented by the "salad bowl" metaphor?
Pluralism
Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification?
Pyramid
What doctrine justified legal segregation in the South?
Separate but equal
What Western country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex?
Sweden
Symbolic interactionism-social stratification
Symbolic interactionism is a theory that uses everyday interactions of individuals to explain society as a whole. Symbolic interactionism examines stratification from a micro-level perspective. This analysis strives to explain how people's social standing affects their everyday interactions.
Which federal act or program was designed to allow more Hispanic American immigration, not block it?
The Bracero Program
What factor makes class systems open?
They allow for movement between the classes.
What makes Native Americans unique as a subordinate group in the United States?
They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants.
global feminization of poverty
a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty
Sociologists associate sexuality with _______.
a person's capacity for sexual feelings
sexuality
a person's capacity for sexual feelings
gender identity
a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender
sexual orientation
a person's physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female)
racism
a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others
structural mobility
a societal change that enables a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder
social stratification
a socioeconomic system that divides society's members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige
subjective poverty
a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one's actual income does not meet one's expectations
caste system
a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives
second world
a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living
first world
a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies
third world
a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries
fourth world
a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage
gender
a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female
modernization theory
a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work
Dependency theory
a theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations. It states that global inequality is primarily caused by core nations (or high-income nations) exploiting semi-peripheral and peripheral nations (or middle-income and low-income nations), which creates a cycle of dependence.
Davis-Moore thesis
a thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity. which argued that the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward.
Ethnicity describes shared:
beliefs language religion
prejudice
biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people
Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered _______.
conservative
Dependency theorists explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that:
core nations exploit peripheral nations
Scapegoat theory
developed initially from Dollard's (1939) Frustration-Aggression theory, a theory that suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group
When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers:
do not feel connected to their work
core nations
dominant capitalist countries
Scapegoat theory shows that:
dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems
Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would:
earn a pay raise for doing excellent work
A ____________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure.
functional
functionalist perspective- social stratification
functionalist perspective examines how society's parts operate. According to functionalism, different aspects of society exist because they serve a needed purpose.
The terms "masculine" and "feminine" refer to a person's _________.
gender
The term _______ refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to act and how they should behave.
gender role
Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who:
get rich while workers stay poor
death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO on August 9, 2014
illustrates racial tensions in the United States as well as the overlap between prejudice, discrimination, and institutional racism.
Research indicates that individuals are aware of their sexual orientation _______.
in early adolescence
semi-peripheral nations
in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace
old money
irmly situated in the upper class for generations, have held high prestige. Their families have socialized them to know the customs, norms, and expectations that come with wealth. Often, the very wealthy don't work for wages.
One flaw in modernization theory is the unwillingness to recognize _________.
its inherent ethnocentric bias
Amalgamation is represented by the _____________ metaphor.
melting pot
new money
members of the upper class are not oriented to the customs and mores of the elite. They haven't gone to the most exclusive schools. They have not established old-money social ties. People with new money might flaunt their wealth, buying sports cars and mansions, but they might still exhibit behaviors attributed to the middle and lower classes.
In the United States, most people define themselves as:
middle class
If a sociologist says that nations evolve toward more advanced technology and more complex industry as their citizens learn cultural values that celebrate hard work and success, she is using _______ theory to study the global economy.
modernization theory
peripheral nations
nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization
Occupational prestige means that jobs are:
not equally valued
Conflict theories-race
often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity.
stereotypes
oversimplified ideas about groups of people
discrimination
prejudiced action against a group of people
Stereotypes can be based on:
race ethnicity gender
interactionists-race
race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity.
functionalism- race
racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important function in order to exist as long as they have.
institutional racism
racism embedded in social institutions
Social stratification is a system that:
ranks society members into categories
intragenerational mobility
refers to changes in a person's social mobility over the course of his or her lifetime. For example, the wealth and prestige experienced by one person may be quite different from that of his or her siblings.
Sex
refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity.
Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in:
relative poverty
The Industrial Revolution
saw the rise of vast inequalities between countries that were industrialized and those that were not.
The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification:
serves a purpose in society
ethnicity
shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more
class system
social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments
social construction of sexuality
socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality
conflict theory-gender
society is a struggle for dominance among social groups (like women versus men) that compete for scarce resources.
gender role
society's concept of how men and women should behave
Speedy Gonzalez is an example of:
stereotyping
Faith has a full-time job and two children. She has enough money for the basics and can pay her rent each month, but she feels that, with her education and experience, her income should be enough for her family to live much better than they do. Faith is experiencing:
subjective poverty
One flaw in dependency theory is the unwillingness to recognize _______.
that previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations
social mobility
the ability to change positions within a social stratification system
expulsion
the act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country. Trail of Tears and the Holocaust, expulsion can be a factor in genocide.
conspicuous consumption
the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing
debt bondage
the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom
racial steering
the act of real estate agents directing prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
The GNI PPP figure represents:
the average annual income of a country's citizens
biological determinism
the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences related to their biology
colorism
the belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group
white privilege
the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group
debt accumulation
the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals
global inequality
the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority
double standard
the concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men
status consistency
the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation
genocide
the deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group
Pluralism
the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl:" a mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the "flavor" of the whole. is represented by the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl": a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole.
gross national income (GNI)
the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country
sedimentation of racial inequality
the intergenerational impact of de facto and de jure racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth
standard of living
the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle
deindustrialization
the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower
income
the money a person earns from work or investments
capital flight
the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources
doing gender
the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves
segregation
the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions
redlining
the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and business located in predominately minority communities
sexism
the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another
Amalgamation
the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group, creates the classic "melting pot" analogy; unlike the "salad bowl," in which each culture retains its individuality, the "melting pot" ideal sees the combination of cultures that results in a new culture entirely.
assimilation
the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture
social construction of race
the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable
relative poverty
the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country
absolute poverty
the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities
model minority
the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment
culture of prejudice
the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture
class traits
the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers)
global stratification
the unequal distribution of resources between countries
racial profiling
the use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone
wealth
the value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance
intersection theory
theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes
Various models of global stratification all have one thing in common:
they rank countries according to their relative economic status, or gross national product (GNP).
transsexuals
transgender individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy
A person who is biologically female but identifies with the male gender and has undergone surgery to alter her body is considered _______.
transsexual
Feminist theory
type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities. Radical feminism, in particular, considers the role of the family in perpetuating male dominance.
endogamous marriages
unions of people within the same social category
exogamous unions
unions of spouses from different social categories
A sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would:
want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to-day basis
Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype?
Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded.
Friedrich Engels
a German sociologist, studied family structure and gender roles. Engels suggested that the same owner-worker relationship seen in the labor force is also seen in the household, with women assuming the role of the proletariat.
The racial term "African American" can refer to:
a black person living in the United States people whose ancestors came to the United States through the slave trade a white person who originated in Africa and now lives in the United States
global stratification
a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole
gender dysphoria
a condition listed in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. This condition replaces "gender identity disorder"
intergenerational mobility.
a difference in social class between different generations of a family. For example, an upper-class executive may have parents who belonged to the middle class. In turn, those parents may have been raised in the lower class.
chattel slavery
a form of slavery in which one person owns another
subordinate group
a group of people who have less power than the dominant group
dominant group
a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups
class
a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation
.Structural mobility occurs when:
a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes
primogeniture
a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son
downward mobility
a lowering of one's social class
GINI coefficient
a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality
Maya is a twelve-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless, and often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in _________ poverty.
absolute
Symbolic interactionism-gender
aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols in human interaction.
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender":
all of the time, in everything we do
transgender
an adjective that describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are other than their biological sex
homophobia
an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals
meritocracy
an ideal system in which personal effort—or merit—determines social standing
heterosexism
an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations
upward mobility
an increase—or upward shift—in social class
queer theory
an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society's rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions its appropriateness
underground economy
an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections
minority group
any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal treatment
Functionalists- gender
argue that gender roles were established well before the pre-industrial era when men typically took care of responsibilities outside of the home, such as hunting, and women typically took care of the domestic responsibilities in or around the home.
In the past, the United States manufactured clothes. Many clothing corporations have shut down their U.S. factories and relocated to China. This is an example of:
capital flight
Slavery in the pre-Civil War U.S. South most closely resembled
chattel slavery
The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as:
class traits
A sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a _________ perspective to understand the global economy.
conflict theory
In a U.S. town, a mining company owns all the stores and most of the houses. It sells goods to the workers at inflated prices, offers house rentals for twice what a mortgage would be, and makes sure to always pay the workers less than needed to cover food and rent. Once the workers are in debt, they have no choice but to continue working for the company, since their skills will not transfer to a new position. This situation most closely resembles:
debt slavery
Sociologist Louis Wirth (1945)
defined term- minority group
Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions.
denied the opportunity to obtain
If a sociologist points out that core nations dominate the global economy, in part by creating global interest rates and international tariffs that will inevitably favor high-income nations over low-income nations, he is a:
dependency theorist
As a Caucasian in the United States, being reasonably sure that you will be dealing with authority figures of the same race as you is a result of:
white privilege
