Sociology 111 Final Exam
class
Karl Marx viewed _________ differentiation as the crucial determinant of social, economic, and political inequality.
societal-reaction
Labeling theory is also called the __________ __________ approach.
functionalist
Modernization theory reflects the __________ perspective.
value
As part of their commitment to __________ neutrality, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to their personal views or to widely accepted beliefs.
a
Which program is essentially a compulsory health insurance plan for the elderly? a) Medicare b) Medicaid c) Blue Cross d) Healthpac
a
Which sociological perspective emphasizes the integrative power of religion in human society? a) functionalist perspective b) conflict perspective c) interactionist perspective d) all of the above
c
Which system of decent is followed in the United States? a) matrilineal b) patrilineal c) bilateral d) unilateral
exploitation theory
a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism
cultural universal
a common practice or belief found in every culture
monarchy
a form of government headed by a single member of a royal family, usually a king, queen, or some other hereditary ruler
oligarchy
a form of government in which a few individuals rule
representative democracy
a form of government in which certain individuals are selected to speak for the people
serial monogamy
a form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time
monogamy
a form of marriage in which an individual has only one partner
polygamy
a form of marriage in which an individual may have several husbands or wives simultaneously
polygyny
a form of polygamy in which a man may have more than one wife at the same time
polyandry
a form of polygamy in which a women may have more than one husband at the same time
folkway
a norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern
culture lag
a period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions
a
Sociologist Daniel Bell uses which of the following terms to refer to a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information? a) postmodern b) horticultural c) industrial d) postindustrial
highly
The elderly are __________ regarded in the traditional Sherpa (Tibet) culture.
b
The first step in any sociological research project is to a) collect data. b) define the problem. c) review previous research. d) form a hypothesis.
matriarchy
a society in which women dominate in family decision making
evolutionary theory
a theory of social change that holds that society is moving in a definite direction
social constructionist perspective
an approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity
human relations approach
an approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization
classical theory
an approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards
human ecology
an area of study that is concerned with the interrelationships between people and the environment
naturally occurring retirement community (NORC)
an area that has gradually become an informal center for senior citizens
operational definition
an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept
feminism
an ideology that favors equal rights for women
differential justice
differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups
homophobia
fear of and prejudice against homosexuality
law
governmental social control
macrosociology
sociological investigation that concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations
microsociology
sociological investigation that stresses the study of small groups, often through experimental means
c
A measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation is known as a) the objective method. b) stratification. c) socioeconomic status. d) the ope system.
culture shock
A person experiences __________ __________ when he or she feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture.
reference
A person suffering from relative deprivation is dissatisfied because he or she feels downtrodden relative to some appropriate __________ group.
a
A plumber whose father was a physician is an example of a) downward intergenerational mobility. b) upward intergenerational mobility. c) downward intragenerational mobility. d) upward intragenerational mobility.
liberation theology
A possible dysfunction of __________ __________ would be the belief that when Roman Catholics focus on political and governmental injustice, the clergy are no longer addressing people's personal and spiritual needs.
a
A researcher can obtain a higher response rate by using which type of survey? a) an interview b) a questionnaire c) representative samples d) ethnographic techniques
conflict
A significant component of the __________ approach to gender stratification draws on feminist theory.
ecclesia
A(n) __________ is a religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion.
hypothesis
A(n) __________ is a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables.
postmodern
A(n) __________ society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images.
d
According to C. Wright Mills, power rests in the hands of the a) people. b) representative democracy. c) aristocracy. d) power elite.
core, semiperiphery
According to Immanuel Wallerstein's analysis, the United States is at the __________ while neighboring Mexico is on the __________ of the world economic system.
b
According to Talcott Parson's equilibrium model, during which process do social institutions become more specialized in their purposes? a) differentiation b) adaptive upgrading c) inclusion d) value generalization
a
According to child psychologist Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas during which stage in the development of the thought process? a) the sensorimotor stage b) the preoperational stage c) the concrete operational stage d) the formal operational stage
a
According to psychologist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, the first stage of the experience of dying that a person may undergo is a) denial. b) anger. c) depression. d) bargaining.
c
According to the Peter principle, a) all bureaucracies are notoriously inefficient. b) if something can go wrong, it will. c) every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. d) all line workers get burned in the end.
d
According to the discussion of capitalism in the text, which of the following statements is true? a) The means of production are held largely in private hands. b) The main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. c) The degree to which the government regulates private ownership and economic activity will vary. d) all of the above
b
According to the discussion of social class differences in family life and intimate relationships, which of the following statements is true? a) Social class differences in family life are more striking than they once were. b) The upper class emphasizes lineage and maintenance of family position. c) Among the poor, women usually play an insignificant role in the economic support of the family. d) In examining family life among racial and ethnic minorities, most patterns result from cultural, but not class, factors.
a
According to the functionalist perspective, which of the following is not one of the paramount functions performed by the family? a) mediation b) reproduction c) regulation of sexual behavior d) affection and companionship
disengagement
Based on a study of elderly people in good health and relatively comfortable economic circumstances, __________ theory suggests that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships.
power
the ability to exercise one's will over others
institutional discrimination
the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society
flexibility stigma
the devaluation of workers who seek or who are presumed to need flexible work arrangements
growth rate
the difference between births and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants, per 1,000 population
role strain
the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations
double consciousness
the division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities
second shift
the double burden - work outside the home followed by child care and housework - that many women face and few men share equitably
sovereignty movement
the effort by the indigenous people of Hawaii to win self-government, as well as the restoration of - or compensation for - their ancestral lands
face-work
the efforts people make to maintain the proper image and avoid public embarrassment
equilibrium model
the functionalist view that society tends toward a state of stability or balance
brain drain
the immigration to the United States and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries
agrarian society
the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society; members engage primarily in the production of food, but increase their crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow
vertical mobility
the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank
horizontal mobility
the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank
cohabitation
the practice of living together as a male-female couple without marrying
tracking
the practicing of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria
diffusion
the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society
bureaucratization
the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic
gatekeeping
the process by which a relatively small number of people in the media industry control what material eventually reaches the audience
esteem
the reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation
dependent variable
the variable in a causal relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable
patriarchal
Because they are __________, most religions tend to reinforce men's dominance in secular as well as spiritual matters.
conflict, feminist
Both __________ and __________ theorists are troubled that the victims depicted in violent imagery are often those who are given less respect in real life: women, children, the poor, racial minorities, citizens of foreign countries, and even the physically disabled.
a
Both males and females are physically capable of learning to cook and sew, yet most Western societies determine that women should perform these tasks. This illustrates the operation of a) gender roles. b) sociobiology. c) homophobia. d) comparable worth.
affirmative action
Currently, __________ refers to positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.
termination
The final phase of retirement, according to Robert Atchley, is the __________ phase, which begins when the person can no longer engage in basic, day-to-day activities such as self-care and housework.
d
The final stage of the demographic transition is marked by a) high birthrates and high death rates. b) high birthrates and low death rates. c) low birthrates and high death rates. d) low birthrates and low death rates.
b
The largest racial minority group in the United States is a) Asian Americans b) African Americans c) Native Americans d) Jewish Americans
d
The least organized and most individualized form of collective behavior is represented by a) rumors. b) publics. c) fashions. d) panics.
c
The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period is referred to as a) neocolonialism. b) government-imposed stratification. c) colonialism. d) dependency.
d
The marriage of a woman to more than one man at the same time is referred to as a) polygyny. b) monogamy. c) serial monogamy. d) polyandry.
functionalist
The mass media increase social cohesion by presenting a more or less standardized, common view of culture through mass communication. This statement reflects the __________ perspective.
a
The most basic manifest function of education is a) transmitting knowledge. b) transmitting culture. c) maintaining social control. d) serving as an agent of change.
d
The most crucial agents of socialization in teaching gender roles in the United States are a) peers. b) teachers. c) media personalities. d) parents.
construction
The one-drop rule was a vivid example of the social __________ of race - the process by which people come to define a group as a race based in part on physical characteristics, but also on historical, cultural, and economic factors.
laissez-faire
The principle of __________ __________, as expounded and endorsed by the British economist Adam Smith, was the prevailing form of capitalism immediately following the Industrial Revolution.
descent
The principle of __________ assigns people to kinship groups according to their relationship to an individual's mother or father.
hidden cirriculum
The term __________ refers to standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools. For example, children must not speak until the teacher calls on them and must regulate their activities according to the clock or the bell.
a
The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity such as factories and plants is called a) deindustrialization. b) downsizing. c) post industrialization. d) gentrification.
c
The teacher-expectancy effect is most closely associated with a) the functionalist perspective. b) the conflict perspective. c) the interactionist perspective. d) anomie theory.
d
The term 'gender role' refers to a) the biological fact that we are male or female. b) a role that is given to us by a teacher. c) a role that is given to us in a play. d) expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
b
The term 'sexism' is generally used to refer to a) female prejudice and discrimination against men. b) male prejudice and discrimination against women. c) female discrimination against men and male discrimination against women equally. d) discrimination between members of the same sex.
Hawthorne effect
The term __________ refers to the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects.
matrix of domination
The term __________ __________ __________ was coined by feminist theorist Patricia Hill Collins to describe the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor, non-White women.
social structure
The term __________ __________ refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
d
Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, which postulates that people present certain aspects of their personalities while obscuring other aspects, is a derivative of what major theoretical perspective? a) the functionalist perspective b) the conflict perspective c) the feminist perspective d) the interactionist perspective
culture lag
From a sociological point of view, the current controversy over privacy and media censorship illustrates the concept of __________ __________.
functionalist
From a(n) __________ perspective, "being sick" must be controlled so as to ensure that not too many people are released from their societal responsibilities at any one time.
conflict
From a(n) __________ perspective, the dominant ideology has major social significance. Not only do a society's most powerful groups and institutions control wealth and poverty; more important, they control the means of production.
c
In Karl Marx's view, the destruction of the capitalist system will occur only if the working class first develops a) bourgeois consciousness. b) false consciousness. c) class consciousness. d) caste consciousness.
Auguste Comte
In __________ __________'s hierarchy of the sciences, sociology was the "queen," and its practitioners were "scientist-priests."
c
In at least 17 nations around the world, the most affluent 10 percent receives at least what percentage of all income? a) 20 percent b) 30 percent c) 40 percent d) 50 percent
cell phones
In developing countries, __________ __________ are a less expensive way of furthering agriculture than biotechnology.
personality
In everyday speech, the term __________ is used to refer to a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.
functionalist
In keeping with the __________ perspective of sociology, disengagement theory emphasizes that a society's stability is ensured when social roles are passed on from one generation to another.
poverty
In large developing nations, the most significant form of social mobility is the movement out of __________.
reference
In many cases, people model their behavior after groups to which they may not belong. These groups are called __________ groups.
poverty
In many developing nations, __________ is defined as the minimum income a person needs to survive, typically $1 to $2 a day.
a
In which form of marriage may a person have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time? a) serial monogamy b) monogamy c) polygamy d) polyandry
c
In which of the following racial or ethnic groups has one teenager in every six attempted suicide? a) African Americans b) Asian Americans c) Native Americans d) Latinos
a
Intermarriage over several generations, resulting in various groups combining to form a new group, would be an example of a) amalgamation. b) assimilation. c) segregation. d) pluralism.
curanderismo
Latino folk medicine, a form of holistic health care and healing
vocational
Of the four distinctive subcultures among college students discussed in the text, the __________ subculture is interested primarily in career prospects, and views college as a means of obtaining degrees that are essential for advancement.
c
On the first day of basic training in the army, recruits' civilian clothes are replaced by army "greens," their hair is shaved, they lose their privacy, and they find that they much use communal bathrooms. All these humiliating activities are part of a) becoming a significant other. b) impression management. c) a degradation ceremony. d) face-work.
c
People's adaptations to meet the needs for food, shelter, and clothing are examples of what George Murdock referred to as a) norms. b) folkways. c) cultural universals. d) cultural practices.
ageism
Physician Robert Butler coined the term __________ to refer to prejudice and discrimination based on a person's age.
formal
Police officers, judges, administrators, employers, military officers, and managers of movie theaters are all instruments of __________ social control.
total
Resocialization is particularly effective when it occurs within a(n) __________ institution.
d
Society brings about acceptance of basic norms through techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior. This process is termed a) stigmatization. b) labeling. c) law. d) social control.
second shift
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild has used the phrase __________ __________ to describe the double burden that many women face and few men share equitably: work outside the home followed by child care and housework.
role exit
Sociologist Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh developed the term __________ __________ to describe the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
ideal type
Sociologist Max Weber coined the term __________ __________ in referring to a construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated.
d
Sociologist Max Weber noted five basic characteristics of bureaucracy, all of which are evident in the vast majority of schools, whether at the elementary, secondary, or even college level. Which of the following is not one of them? a) division of labor b) written rules and regulations c) impersonality d) shared decision making
b
Sociologist Max Weber pointed out that the followers of John Calvin emphasized a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation to life. Collectively, this point of view has been referred to as a) capitalism. b) the Protestant ethic. c) the sacred. d) the profane.
b
Sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues pioneered the study of a) the audience. b) opinion leaders. c) the media's global reach. d) media violence.
a
Sociologist Robert Park studied how newspapers helped immigrants to the United States adjust to their environment by changing their customary habits and by teaching them the opinions held by people in their new home country. His study was conducted from which sociological perspective? a) the functionalist perspective b) the conflict perspective c) the interactionist perspective d) the dramaturgical perspective
underclass
Sociologist William Julius Wilson and other social scientists have used the term __________ to describe the long-term poor who lack training and skills.
Robin Williams
Sociologist __________ __________points out that better-educated people tend to have greater access to information, to hold more diverse opinions, and to possess the ability to make subtle distinctions in analysis.
d
Sociologist have identified five basic properties of a minority group. Which of the following is not one of those properties? a) unequal treatment b) physical traits c) ascribed status d) cultural bias
d
Sociologists and labor specialists foresee a workforce increasingly composed of a) women. b) racial minorities. c) ethnic minorities. d) all of the above
interactionist
Sociologists associated with the __________ perspective emphasize that language and symbols offer a powerful way for a subculture to maintain its identity.
stereotypes
Sociologists blame the mass media for the creation and perpetuation of __________, or generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group.
ascribed
Sociologists consider race and ethnicity to be __________ statuses, since people are born into racial and ethnic groups.
morbidity
Sociologists find it useful to consider __________ rates because they reveal that a specific disease occurs more frequently among one segment of a population compared with another.
prejudice
Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
c
Sociology is: a) very narrow in scope. b) concerned with what one individual does or does not do. c) the systematic study of social behavior and human groups. d) an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society.
monopolies
Some capitalist nations, such as the United States, outlaw __________ through antitrust legislation.
laws
Some norms are considered so important by a society that they are formalized into __________ controlling people's behavior.
d
Suppose that a workplace requires that only English be spoken, even when it is not a business necessity to restrict the use of other languages. This requirement would be an example of a) prejudice. b) scapegoating. c) a self-fulfilling prophecy. d) institutional discrimination.
oligarchy
The elite model of political power implies that the United States has a(n) __________ as its form of government.
100
The fastest-growing age group in the United States is people over age __________.
dependency
Wallerstein's world systems analysis is the most widely used version of __________ theory.
ethnocentric
We risk being __________ if we overstress U.S. dominance and assume that other nations do not play a role in media cultural exports.
a
What are the three basic sources of power within any political system? a) force, influence, authority b) force, influence, democracy c) force, legitimacy, charisma d) influence, charisma, bureaucracy
c
What is the one crucial difference between older people and other subordinate groups, such as racial and ethnic minorities or women? a) Older people do not experience unequal treatment in employment. b) Olden people have a strong sense of group solidarity and other groups do not. c) All of us who live long enough will eventually assume the ascribed status of being an older person. d) Older people are generally married to others of comparable age and other minorities do not marry within their group.
c
What is the term used when one places a priority on understanding other cultures, rather than dismissing them as "strange" or "exotic"? a) ethnocentrism b) culture shock c) cultural relativism d) cultural value
a
What occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person? a) role conflict b) role strain c) role exit d) both a and b
a
What term do sociologists use to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society? a) diffusion b) globalization c) innovation d) cultural relativism
white privilege
When White Americans can use credit cards without suspicion and browse through stores without being shadowed by security guards, they are enjoying __________ __________.
d
When sociologists want to study a possible cause-and-effect relationship, they may engage in what kind of research technique? a) ethnography b) survey research c) secondary analysis d) experiment
b
Which field of study was originally developed in the 1930s as an increasing number of social scientists became aware of the plight of the elderly? a) sociology b) gerontology c) gerontocracy d) senilicide
a
Which norm requires mate selection outside certain groups, usually one's own family or certain kinfolk? a) exogamy b) endogamy c) matriarchy d) patriarchy
c
Which of the following approaches stresses the alignment of environmentally favorable practices with economic self-interest? a) conflict theory b) human ecology c) ecological modernization d) environmental justice
d
Which of the following conducted observation research on two groups of high school males (the Saints and the Roughnecks) and concluded that social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the two groups? a) Richard Quinney b) Edwin Sutherland c) Émile Durkheim d) William Chambliss
d
Which of the following describes a condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power? a) stratification b) status inconsistency c) slavery d) social inequality
neo-Luddites
The term __________ refers to those who are wary of technological innovations, and who question the incessant expansion of industrialization, the increasing destruction of the natural and agrarian world, and the "throw-it-away" mentality of contemporary capitalism.
b
The text cites which of the following as a recognized definition of social change? a) tumultuous, revolutionary alternatives that lead to changes in leadership b) a significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture c) regular alteration in a consistent social frame of reference d) subtle alterations in any social system
feminism
Through the rise of contemporary __________, women are developing a greater sense of group solidarity.
a
Through which type of research technique does a sociologist ensure that data are statistically representative of the population being studied? a) sampling b) experiments c) ethnography d) control variables
sects
Unlike ecclesiae and denominations, __________ require intensive commitments and demonstrations of belief by members.
scientific
Unlike the typical citizen, the sociologist has a commitment to use the __________ method in studying society.
content analysis
Using __________, researchers conducted a study of gender-stereotyped behavior in children's picture books.
secondary analysis
Using census data in a way unintended by its initial collectors would be an example of __________.
functionalist
Viewed from a(n) __________ perspective, the combination of skilled technology and management provided by multinationals and the relatively cheap labor available in developing nations is ideal for a global enterprise.
functionalist
Viewed from the __________ perspective, the government has a strong interest in encouraging adoption.
d
Which of the following factors is associated with the high divorce rate in the United States? a) the liberalization of divorce laws b) the fact that contemporary families have fewer children than earlier families did c) the general increase in family incomes d) all of the above
d
Which of the following is a criticism of the sick role? a) Patients' judgements regarding their own state of health may be related to their gender, age, social class, and ethnic group. b) The sick role may be more applicable to people experiencing short-term illnesses than to those with recurring long-term illnesses. c) Even such simple factors as whether a person is employed or not seem to affect the person's willingness to assume the sick role. d) all of the above
d
Which of the following is an aspect of culture? a) a comic book b) patriotic attachment to the flag of the United States c) slang words d) all of the above
d
Which of the following is an example of innovation as defined in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance? a) An advocate for a new form of government imitates a blog. b) A bureaucrat demands higher wages. c) A prison guard agitates for a labor union. d) Rather than writing an original essay, a student copies his submission from the Internet.
b
Which of these statements is true? a) More boys than girls take AP exams. b) Women in the United States are more likely than men to attend college. c) Women in the United States are less likely than men to obtain doctoral degrees. d) all of the above
d
Which one of the following nations has the lowest infant mortality rate? a) the United States b) India c) Canada d) Japan
d
Which one of the following was introduced into school systems to promote social change? a) sex education classes b) affirmative action programs c) Project Head Start d) all of the above
a
Which social institution is considered to be the most important agent of socialization in the United States, especially for children? a) the family b) the school c) the peer group d) the mass media
c
Which sociological perspective argues that multinational corporations can actually help the developing nations of the world? a) the interactionist perspective b) the feminist perspective c) the functionalist perspective d) the conflict perspective
c
Which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive? a) the conflict perspective b) the interactionist perspective c) the functionalist perspective d) the feminist perspective
vital statistics
__________ __________ are records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces that are gathered through a registration system maintained by governmental units.
religious beliefs
__________ __________ are statements to which members of a particular religion adhere.
environmental justice
__________ __________ is a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards.
conspicuous consumption
__________ __________ is the term Thorstein Veblen used to describe the extravagant spending patterns of those at the top of the class hierarchy.
dominant ideology
__________ __________ is the term used to describe the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
Jane Addams
__________ __________, an early female sociologist, cofounded the famous Chicago settlement house called Hull House and also tried to establish a juvenile court system.
symbols
__________ are gestures, objects, and/or words that form the basis of human communication.
stereotypes
__________ are unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group.
homophobia
__________ contributes significantly to right gender-role socialization, since many people stereotypically associate male homosexuality with femininity and lesbianism with masculinity.
matriarchies
__________ emerged among Native American tribal societies, and in nations in which men were absent for long periods because of warfare or food-gathering expeditions.
global
__________ factories are factories found throughout the developing world that are run by multinational corporations.
interactionists
__________ focus not eh micro level of family and other intimate relationships; for example, they are interested in whether people are cohabiting partners or are longtime married couples.
secondary
__________ groups often emerge in the workplace among those who share special understandings about their occupation.
anomie
__________ is a state of formlessness that typically occurs during a period of profound social change and disorder, such as a time of economic collapse.
communism
__________ is an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made based on people's ability to produce.
influence
__________ is the exercise of power through a process of persuasion.
Christianity, Islam
__________ is the largest single faith i the world; the second largest is __________.
slavery
__________ is the most extreme form of legalized social inequality for individuals or groups.
tracking
__________ is the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria.
innovation
__________ is the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture.
gerontology
__________ is the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged. It originated in the 1930s as an increasing number of social scientists became aware of the plight of elderly people.
socialization
__________ is the term used by sociologists in referring to the lifelong process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.
intragenerational
__________ mobility involves changes in social position within a person's adult life.
relative
__________ poverty is a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole.
absolute
__________ poverty is the minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below.
validity
__________ refers to the degree in which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.
Conflict
__________ theorists argue that both the disengagement and the activity perspectives often ignore the impact of social class in the lives of elderly people.
conflict
__________ theorists point out that while pure monopolies are not a basic element of the economy of the United States, competition is much more restricted than one might expect in what is called a free enterprise system.
functionalist, conflict, labeling
__________ theorists view standards of deviant behavior as merely reflecting cultural norms, whereas __________ and __________ theorists point out that the most powerful groups in a society can shape laws and standards and determine who is (or is not) prosecuted as a criminal.
demography
__________, or the scientific study of populations, draws on several components, including size, composition, and territorial distribution.
affirmative action
___________ ____________ refers to positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.
gemeinschaft
a close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members
value
a collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper - or bad, undesirable, and improper - in a culture
mechanical solidarity
a collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, characteristic of societies with minimal division of labor
organic solidarity
a collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor
multinational corporation
a commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world
gesellschaft
a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values
bureaucracy
a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency
looking-glass self
a concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions
social inequality
a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, and power
alienation
a condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society
ideal type
a construct or model of evaluating specific cases
hate crime
a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation
research design
a detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically
mental illness
a disorder of the brain that disrupts a person's thinking, feeling, and ability to interact with others
public
a dispersed group of people, not necessarily in contact with one another, who share an interest in an issue
self
a distinct identity that sets us apart from others
interview
a face-to-face, phone, or online questioning of a respondent to obtain desired information
control variable
a factor that is held to test the relative impact of an independent variable
society
a fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture
single-parent family
a family in which only one parent is present to care for the children
extended family
a family in which relatives - such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles - live in the same home as parents and their children
panic
a fearful arousal or collective flight based on a generalized belief that may or may not be accurate
relative poverty
a floating standard of deprivation by which people at which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole
laissez-faire
a form of capitalism under which people compete freely, with minimal government intervention in the economy
education
a formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach, while others adopt the social role of learner
secondary group
a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding
apartheid
a former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites
modernization theory
a functionalist approach that proposed that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations
disengagement theory
a functionalist theory of aging that suggests that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships
symbol
a gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication
dictatorship
a government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws
formal organization
a group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency
flash mob
a group of people organized by social media to assemble suddenly in a public space, perform some collective activity, and then quickly disperse
class
a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income
out-group
a group or category to which people feel they do not belong
racial group
a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance
ethnic group
a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
caste
a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
a hypothesis concerning the role of language in shaping our interpretation of reality; holds that language is culturally determined
bilateral descent
a kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important
patrilineal descent
a kinship system in which only the father's relatives are significant
matrilineal descent
a kinship system in which only the mother's relatives are significant
stigma
a label used to devalue members of certain social groups
denomination
a large, organized religion that is not officially linked to the state or government
environmental justice
a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards
global sociology
a level of sociological analysis that makes comparisons between entire nations, using entire societies as units of analysis
creationism
a literal interpretation of the Bible regarding the creation of humanity and the universe, used to argue that evolution should not be present as established scientific fact
nuclear family
a married couple and their unmarried children living together
variable
a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions
socioeconomic status (SES)
a measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation
absolute poverty
a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below
prejudice
a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority
non periodic assembly
a nonrecurring gathering of people that often results from word-of-mouth information
formal norm
a norm that has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators
informal norm
a norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded
mean
a number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values
sanction
a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
sect
a relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it considers the original vision of the faith
established sect
a religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society
ecclesia
a religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion
life course approach
a research orientation in which sociologists and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death
observation
a research technique in which an investigator collects information through direct participation, by closely watching a group or community
rite of passage
a ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another
random sample
a sample for which every member of an entire population has the same chance of being selected
quasi-religion
a scholarly category that includes organizations that may see themselves as religious but may be seen by others as "sort of religious"
cultural transmission
a school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions
subculture
a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society
sample
a selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of that population
machismo
a sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's maleness
social network
a series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people
dominant ideology
a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
social role
a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status
family
a set of people related by blood, marriage or some other agreed-on relationship, or adoption, who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society
theory
a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior
global warming
a significant rise in the earth's surface temperatures that occurs when industrial gases like carbon dioxide turn the planet's atmosphere into a virtual greenhouse
primary group
a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation
power elite
a small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the United States
new religious movement (NRM)
a small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith
ascribed status
a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics
achieved status
a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
class system
a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
open system
a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status
closed system
a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility
patriarchy
a society in which men dominate in family decision making
industrial society
a society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
postindustrial society
a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information
racial formation
a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed
conflict perspective
a sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation
functionalist perspective
a sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability
interactionist perspective
a sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole
feminist perspective
a sociological approach that views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization
emergent-norm perspective
a theory of collective behavior proposed by Turner and Killian that holds that a collective definition of appropriate or inappropriate behavior emerges during episodes of collective behavior
differential association
a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts
feminization of poverty
a trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of both the United States and the world
religion
a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things
multiple masculinities
a variety of male gender roles, including nurturing-caring and effeminate-gay roles, that men may play along with their more pervasive traditional role of dominating women
secondary analysis
a variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data
control theory
a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms
dramaturgical approach
a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers
elite model
a view of society as being ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests
pluralist model
a view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant
significant other
an individual who is most important in the development of the self, such as a parent, friend, or teacher
total institution
an institution that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority, such as a prison, the military, a mental hospital, or a convent
contact hypothesis
an interactionist perspective which states that in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice
activity theory
an interactionist theory of aging that suggests that those elderly people who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted
mesosociology
an intermediate level of sociological analysis that focuses on formal organizations and social movements
glass ceiling
an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity
brass ceiling
an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a woman in the military because of her official (not necessarily actual) exclusion from combat
climate change
an observable alteration of the global atmosphere that affects natural weather patterns over several decades or longer
manifest function
an open, stated, and conscious function
new social movement
an organized collective activity that addresses values and social identities, as well as improvements in the quality of life
social movement
an organized collective activity to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society
social institution
an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs
latent function
an unconscious or unintended function that may reflect hidden purposes
stereotype
an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group
societal-reaction approach
another name for labeling theory
scientific management approach
another name for the classical theory of formal organizations
anti-semitism
anti-Jewish prejudice
racial profiling
any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior
in-group
any group or category to which people feel they belong
reference group
any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior
group
any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis
communism
as an ideal type, an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce
health
as defined by the World Health Organization, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
social mobility
movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
pluralism
mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their cultures without experiencing prejudice
cultural capital
noneconomic goods, such as family background and education, which are reflected in a knowledge of language and the arts
mores
norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society
goal displacement
overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy
social change
significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture, including norms and values
familism
pride in the extended family, expressed through the maintenance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk outside the immediate family
mass media
print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences
anticipatory socialization
process of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships
conspicuous consumption
purchasing goods not to survive but to flaunt one's superior wealth and social standing
hyper-local media
reporting that is highly local and typically Internet-based
quantitative research
research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
qualitative research
research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data
white privilege
rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they are White
formal social control
social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers
informal social control
social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule
sick role
societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill
basic sociology
sociological inquiry conducted with the objective of gaining a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena
opinion leader
someone who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact and communication
argot
specialized language used by members of a group or subculture
hidden cirriculum
standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools
transnational crime
crime that occurs across multiple national borders
technology
cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires
gender role
expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
gender-role
expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
public opinion
expressions of attitudes on matters of public policy that are communicated to decision makers
gender identity
how people see themselves, as male or female, or something else
class consciousness
in Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change
adoption
in a legal sense, the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents
democracy
in a literal sense, government by the people
terrorism
the use or threat of violence against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims
independent variable
the variable in a causal relationship that causes or influences a change in another variable
cultural relativism
the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture
social structure
the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships
resource mobilization
the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel
social interaction
the ways in which people respond to one another
organized crime
the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs
globalization
the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
culture industry
the worldwide media industry that standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers
holistic medicine
therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics
vested interests
those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change, and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo
informal economy
transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government
hospice care
treatment of the terminally ill in their own homes, or in special hospital units or other facilities, with the goal of helping them to die easily, without pain
corporate welfare
tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations
science
the body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation
demographic transition
the change from high birthrates and death rates to low birthrates and death rates
social capital
the collective benefit of social networks, which are built on reciprocal trust.
invention
the combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not exist before
relative deprivation
the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities
homogamy
the conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own
matrix of domination
the cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender, and social class, as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status
validity
the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study
genocide
the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
discrimination
the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons
index crimes
the eight types of crime tabulated each year by the FBI in the 'Uniform Crime Reports': murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson
influence
the exercise of power through a process of persuasion
reliability
the extent to which a measure produces consistent results
modernization
the far-reaching process through which periphery nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies
culture shock
the feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own
religious experience
the feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion
cultural convergence
the flow of content across multiple media, and the accompanying migration of media audiences
sandwich generation
the generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children
world systems analysis
the global economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations
intelligent design (ID)
the idea that life is so complex it could only have been created by intelligent design
sexism
the ideology that one sex is superior to the other
teacher-expectancy effect
the impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements
fertility
the level of reproduction in a society
socialization
the lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture
underclass
the long-term poor who lack training and skills
anomie
the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective
hyperconsumerism
the practice of buying more than we need or want, and often more than we can afford; a preoccupation of postmodern consumers
McDonaldization
the process by which the principles of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide
resocialization
the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life
role exit
the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
innovation
the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention
discovery
the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality
role taking
the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint
amalgamation
the process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group
assimilation
the process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture
secularization
the process through which religions influence on other social institutions diminishes
incest taboo
the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives
big data
the rapid collection and analysis of enormous amounts of information by supercomputers
mortality rate
the rate of death in a given population
morbidity rate
the rate of disease in a given population
causal logic
the relationship between a condition or variable end a particular consequence, with one leading to the other
digital divide
the relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries
migration
the relatively permanent movement of people with the purpose of changing their place of residence
exogamy
the requirement that people select a mate outside certain groups
prestige
the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society
endogamy
the restriction of mate selection to people within the same group
demography
the scientific study of population
sociology
the scientific study of social behavior and human groups
gerontology
the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged
sexual identity
the self-awareness of being romantically or sexually attracted to a defined group of people
nonverbal communication
the sending of messages through the use of gestures, facial expressions, and postures
mode
the single most common value in a series of scores
role conflict
the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person
political system
the social institution that is founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals
economic system
the social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed
code of ethics
the standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession
kinship
the state of being related to others
zero population growth (ZPG)
the state of population in which the numbers of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus emigrants
ethnography
the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic fieldwork
queer theory
the study of society from the perspective of a broad spectrum of sexual identities, including heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality
social epidemiology
the study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population
social science
the study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change
experimental group
the subjects in an experiment who are exposed to an independent variable introduced by a researcher
control group
the subjects in an experiment who are not introduced to the independent variable by the researcher
natural science
the suited of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change
content analysis
the systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale
sociobiology
the systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior
deindustrialization
the systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants
social control
the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society
correspondence principle
the tendency of schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to perpetuate social class divisions form one generation to the next
trained incapacity
the tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems
ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
cognitive theory of development
the theory that children's thought progresses through four stages of development
social disorganization theory
the theory that crime and deviance are caused by the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions
culture
the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior
offshoring
the transfer of work to foreign contractors
Hawthorne effect
the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects
visual sociology
the use of photographs, film, and video to study society
clinical sociology
the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions
applied sociology
the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations
color-blind racism
the use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
bilingualism
the use of two languages in a particular setting, such as the workplace or schoolroom, treating each language as equally legitimate
labor union
organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer
politics
In Harold Lasswell's works, "who gets what, when, and how"
percentage
a portion of 100
force
the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others
norms
"Put on some clean clothes for dinner" and "Thou shalt not kill" are both examples of __________ found in U.S. culture.
a
A Roman Catholic parish church offers services in the native language of an immigrant community. This is an example of a) the integrative function of religion. b) the social support function of religion. c) the social control function of religion. d) none of the above.
charter school
A __________ __________ is an experimental school that is developed and managed outside the public school system.
significant other
A __________ __________ is an individual such as a parent, friend, or teacher who is most important to the development of the self.
social epidemiologist
A __________ __________ studies the effects of social class, race and ethnicity, gender, and age on the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health across a population.
c
A correlation exists when a) one variable causes something to occur in another variable. b) two or more variables are causally related. c) a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable. d) a negative relationship exists between two variables.
d
According to your text, which of the following statements is true? a) Functionalists portray the elderly as being socially isolated, with reduced social roles. b) Interactionists see older people as being involved in new networks of people and in changing social roles. c) Conflict theorists regard older people as being victimized by social structure, with their social roles relatively unchanged but devalued. d) all of the above
mechanical, organic
According to Émile Durkheim, societies with a minimal division of labor are characterized by __________ solidarity, while societies with a complex division of labor are characterized by __________ solidarity.
c
Activity theory is associated with the a) functionalist perspective. b) conflict perspective. c) interactionist perspective. d) labeling perspective.
a
Advocates of Marxist class theory argue that the basis for racial subordination in the United States lies within the capitalist economic system. Another representation of this point of view is reflected in which of the following theories? a) exploitation b) functionalist c) interactionist d) contact
pluralist
Advocates of the __________ model suggest that competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant.
Jim Crow
After the Civil War, the Southern states passed "__________" ___________ laws to enforce official segregation, and the Supreme Court upheld them as constitutional in 1896.
c
Alice, age seven, lives in a private home with her parents, her grandmother, and her aunt. Alice's family is an example of a(n) a) nuclear family. b) dysfunctional family. c) extended family. d) polygynous family.
b
Alphonso D'Abruzzo changed his name to Alan Alda. His action is an example of a) amalgamation. b) assimilation. c) segregation. d) pluralism.
c
An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept in a(n) a) hypothesis. b) correlation. c) operation definition. d) variable.
c
An important element in traditional views of proper "masculine" and "feminine" behavior is fear of homosexuality. This fear, along with accompanying prejudice, is referred to as a) lesbianism. b) femme fatalism. c) homophobia. d) claustrophobia.
achieved
An open class system implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's __________ status.
c
Approximately how many people in the United States live below the poverty line established by the federal government? a) 5 percent b) 10 percent c) 15 percent d) 25 percent
service
As __________ industries become a more important part of the international marketplace, many companies have concluded that the low costs of overseas operations more than offset the expense of transmitting information around the world.
conflict
As __________ theorists point out, the social class of couples and their children significantly influences the socialization experiences to which the children are exposed and the protection they receive.
peer
As children grow old, the family becomes less important in social development, while __________ groups become more important.
model; ideal
Asian Americans are held up as a(n) __________ or __________ minority group, supposedly because despite past suffering from prejudice and discrimination, they have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to political and violent confrontations with Whites.
b
British sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf viewed social classes as groups of people who share common interests resulting from their authority relationships. Dahrendorf's ideology aligns best with which theoretical perspective? a) the functionalist perspective b) the conflict perspective c) the interactionist perspective d) sociocultural evolution
universal
Caring for children is a(n) __________ function of the family, yet the ways in which differences societies assign this function to family members can vary significantly.
neocolonialism
Colonial domination established patterns of economic exploitation leading to former colonies remaining dependent on more industrialized nations. Such continuing dependence and foreign domination are referred to as __________.
d
Compared with Whites, Blacks have higher death rates from a) heart disease. b) diabetes. c) cancer. d) all of the above
a
Conflict theorists would contend that blaming developing countries for the world's environmental deterioration contains an element of a) ethnocentrism. b) xenocentrism. c) separatism. d) goal displacement.
white-collar
Consumer fraud, bribery, and income tax evasion are considered __________ __________ crimes.
d
Contemporary feminists recognize the differential treatment of some women not only because of their gender, but also because of their a) race. b) ethnicity. c) socioeconomic status. d) all of the above
young
Countercultures (for example, hippies) are typically popular among the __________, who have the least investment in the existing culture.
victimless
Feminists contend that prostitution and some forms of pornography are not __________ crimes.
ethnic succession
Daniel Bell used the term __________ __________ to describe the process during which leadership fo organized crime was transferred from Irish Americans to Jewish Americans and later to Italian Americans and others.
sandwich generation
During the late 1990s, social scientists focused not the __________ __________ adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children
ethnocentric
Early evolutionary theorists concluded in a(n) __________ fashion that their own behavior and culture were more advanced than those of earlier civilizations.
psychology
Early work in __________, such as that by Sigmund Freud, stressed the role of inborn drives - among them the drive for sexual gratification - in channeling human behavior.
a
Elaine Cumming and William Henry introduced an explanation of the impact of aging known as a) disengagement theory. b) activity theory. c) labeling theory. d) the contact hypothesis.
functionalist
From the __________ perspective, subcultures are evidence that differences can exist within a common culture.
c
From the functionalist perspective, the media can be dysfunctional in what way? a) They enforce social norms. b) They confer status. c) They desensitize us to events. d) They are agents of socialization.
a
G. William Domhoff's model is an example of a(n) a) elite theory of power. b) pluralist theory of power. c) functionalist theory of power. d) interactionist theory of power.
b
Gatekeeping, the process by which a relatively small number of people control what material reaches an audience, is largely dominant in all but which of the following media? a) television b) the Internet c) publishing d) music
d
George Herbert Mead is best known for his theory of what? a) presentation of the self b) cognitive development c) the self d) impression management
technology
In Gerhard Lenski's theory of sociocultural evolution, a society's level of __________ is critical to the way it is organized.
experimental, control
If scientists were testing a new type of toothpaste in an experimental setting, they would administer the toothpaste to a(n) __________ group, but not to a(n) __________ group.
sanctions
If we fail to respect and obey social norms, we may face punishment through informal or formal __________.
Harriet Martineau
In 'Society in America', originally published in 1837, English scholar __________ __________ examined religion, politics, child rearing, and immigration in the young nation.
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels
In 'The Communist Manifesto', __________ __________ and __________ __________ argued that the masses of people who have no resources other than their labor (the proletariat) should unite to fight for the overthrow of capitalist societies.
patriot
In 2001, one month after the terrorist attacks of September 11, Congress passed the __________ Act, which relaxed existing legal checks on surveillance by law enforcement officers. Federal agencies are now free to gather data electronically, including credit card receipts and banking records.
Florida
In 2010, __________ was the state most populated by the elderly, with 17.4 percent of the population over age 65.
c
In order to obtain a random sample, a researcher might a) administer a questionnaire to every fifth woman who enters a business office. b) examine the attitudes of residents of a city by interviewing every 20th name in the city's telephone book. c) study the attitudes of registered Democratic voters by choosing every 10th name found on a city's list of registered Democrats. d) do all of the above.
design
In order to obtain data scientifically, researchers need to select a research __________.
b
In reviewing the results of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals project, which nation has made the most dramatic change in reducing poverty? a) India b) China c) Greece d) United States
b
In sociological terms, what do we call any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis? a) a category b) a group c) an aggregate d) a society
d
In sociological terms, which of the following constitute a crowd? a) spectators at a baseball game b) participants at a college pep rally c) urban rioters d) all of the above
interactionist
In studying the social behavior of word processors in a Chicago law firm, sociologist Mitchell Duneier drew on the __________ perspective.
c
In terms of voter turnout, the United States typically ranks a) highest among all countries. b) highest among industrialized nations. c) lowest among industrialized nations. d) lowest among all countries.
d
In the 1930s, William F. Whyte moved into a low-income Italian neighborhood in Boston. For nearly four years, he was a member of the social circle of "corner boys" that he describes in 'Street Corner Society'. His goal was to gain greater insight into the community established by these men. What type of research technique did Whyte use? a) experiment b) survey c) secondary analysis d) participant observation
Black power
In the 1960s, proponents of __________ __________ rejected the goal of assimilation into White, middle-class society. They defended the beauty and dignity of Black and African cultures and supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions.
b
In the United States, the majority of all babies born to unmarried teenage mothers are born to whom? a) African American adolescents b) White adolescents c) Latina adolescents d) Asian American adolescents
c
In the United States, we expect that cab drivers will know how to get around a city. This expectation is an example of which of the following? a) role conflict b) role strain c) social role d) master status
estate
In the __________ system of stratification, or feudalism, peasant were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services.
b
In the late 19th century, before the term "feminist view" was even coined, the ideas behind this major theoretical approach appeared in the writings of a) Karl Marx b) Ida Wells-Barnett c) Chalres Horton Cooley d) Pierre Bourdieu
language
In the past, the integrative function of education was most obvious through its emphasis on promoting a common _________.
egalitarian
In the view of many sociologists, the __________ family has begun to replace the patriarchal family as the social norm in the United States.
b
In viewing the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that are controlled and exploited, sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein draws on the a) functionalist perspective. b) conflict perspective. c) interactionist perspective. d) dramaturgical approach.
c
In what he called the 'play stage' of socialization, George Herbert Mead asserted that people mentally assume the perspectives of others, thereby enabling them to respond from that imagined viewpoint. This process is referred to as a) role taking. b) the generalized other. c) the significant other. d) impression management.
socialization
It is important to underscore the fact that __________ is the primary source of conformity and obedience, including obedience to law.
discrimination
It is not simply that particular men in the United States are biased int heir treatment of women. All the major institutions in our society - including the government, the armed forces, large corporations, the media, universities, and the medical establishment - are controlled by men. This situation is symptomatic of institutional __________.
b
Karl Marx held that leaders of social movements must help workers overcome feelings of a) class consciousness. b) false consciousness. c) socialist consciousness. d) surplus value.
bourgeoisie
Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production
proletariat
Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society
b
Karl Marx's view of the struggle between social classes inspired the contemporary a) functionalist perspective. b) conflict perspective. c) interactionist perspective. d) dramaturgical approach.
b
Karuna Chanana Ahmed, an anthropologist from India who has studied developing nations, calls which group the most exploited of oppressed people? a) children b) women c) the elderly d) the poor
b
Many people in the United States strongly adhere to the biblical explanation of the beginning of the universe. Adherents of this point of view are known as a) liberationists. b) creationists. c) ritualists. d) experimentalists.
ideal type
Max Weber developed a(n) __________ __________ of bureaucracy, which reflects the most characteristic aspects of all human organizations.
b
Max Weber taught his students that they should employ which of the following in their intellectual work? a) anomie b) verstehen c) the sociological imagination d) microsociology
life chances
Max Weber used the term __________ __________ to refer to people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences.
value neutrality
Max Weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data
protestant ethic
Max Weber's term for the disciplined work ethic, this worldly concerns, and rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers
d
Media advertising has several clear functions, but it also has dysfunctions. Sociologists are concerned that a) it creates unrealistic expectations of what is required to be happy. b) it creates new consumer needs. c) advertisers are able to influence media content. d) all of the above
Latinos/Hispanics
Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans are parts of the larger ethnic group called __________.
d
Most Muslims in the United States are a) Shia b) Sufi c) Wahhabi d) Sunni
a
Most recent research on ability grouping raises questions about its a) effectiveness, especially for lower-achieving students. b) failure to improve the prospects of higher-achieving students. c) ability to improve the prospects of lower- and higher-achieving students. d) both a and b
Marshall McLuhan
Nearly 50 years ago, Canadian media theorist __________ __________ predicted that the rise of the electronic media would create a "global village."
d
Nineteenth-century theories of social change reflect the pioneering work in biological evolution done by a) Albert Einstein. b) Harriet martineau. c) James Audubon. d) Charles Darwin.
a
One positive consequence of bureaucracy is that it reduces bias. Reduction of bias results from which characteristic of a bureaucracy? a) impersonality b) hierarchy of authority c) written rules and regulations d) employment based on technical qualifications
d
One recent development in family life in the United States has been the extension of parenthood as adult children continue to live at home or return home after college. The reason for this is a) the rising divorce rate. b) high rents. c) financial difficulties. d) all of the above
a
Organized collective activities that promote autonomy and self-determination, as well as improvements in the quality of life, are referred to as a) new social movements. b) social revolutions. c) resource mobilizations. d) crazes.
narcotizing dysfunction
Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton created the term __________ __________ to refer to the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of information that the audience becomes numb and generally fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue.
anticipatory
Preparation for many aspects of adult life begins with __________ socialization during childhood and adolescence and continues throughout our lives as we prepare for new responsibilities.
c
Racism is a form of which of the following? a) ethnocentrism b) discrimination c) prejudice d) both b and c
air, water, global warming
Regarding environmental problems, three broad areas of concern stand out: __________ pollution, __________ pollution, and __________ __________.
c
Regarding health care inequities, the conflict perspective would note that a) physicians serve as gatekeepers for the sick role, either verifying a patient's condition as "illness" or designating the patient as "recovered." b) patients play an active role in health care by failing to follow a physician's advice. c) emigration out of the Third World by physicians is yet another way that the world's core industrialized nations enhance their quality of life at the expense of developing countries. d) the designation "healthy" or "ill" generally involves social definition by others.
a
Religion defines the spiritual world and gives meaning to the divine. These are what functions of religion? a) manifest b) latent c) positive d) negative
b
Research by anthropologist Margaret Mead has shown that a) biology is the most important factor in determining the social roles of males and females. b) cultural conditioning is the most important factor in determining the social roles of males and females. c) biology and cultural conditioning have an equal impact in determining the social roles of males and females. d) biology and cultural conditioning have a negligible impact in determining the social roles of males and females.
d
Robert Merton's contributions to sociology include a) successfully combining theory and research. b) producing a theory that is one of the most frequently cited explanations of deviant behavior. c) an attempt to bring macro-level and micro-level analyses together. d) all of the above
anomie theory of deviance
Robert Merton's theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both
c
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis have argued that capitalism requires a skilled, disciplined labor force and that the educational system of the United States is structured with that objective in mind. Citing numerous studies, they offer support for what they call a) tracking. b) credentialism. c) the correspondence principle. d) the teacher-expectancy effect.
latent
Schools perform a variety of __________ functions, such as transmitting culture, promoting social and political integration, and maintaining social control.
quotas
Sexism has been the most serious barrier to women interested in holding public office. To remedy this situation, many countries have adopted __________ for female representatives.
b
Sixty years ago, a high school diploma was the minimum requirement for entry into the paid labor force in the United States. Today, a college diploma is virtually the bare minimum. This change reflects the process of a) tracking. b) credentialism. c) the hidden curriculum. d) the correspondence principle.
lower
Social class differences in family life are less striking today than they once were; however, in the past, __________-class families were found to be more authoritarian in rearing children and more inclined to use physical punishment.
c
Social control in what Ferdinand Tönnies termed a 'Gemeinschaft' community is maintained through all but which of the following means? a) moral persuasion b) gossip c) legally defined punishment d) gestures
vested interests
Social economist Thorstein Veblen coined the term __________ __________ to refer to those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change.
a
Stanley Milgram used the word conformity to mean a) going along with peers. b) compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. c) techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. d) penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
heredity, environment
Studies of twins raised apart suggest that both _________ and __________ influence human development.
c
Suppose a clerk tries to appear busier than he or she actually is when a supervisor happens to be watching. Erving Goffman would study this behavior from what approach? a) functionalist b) conflict c) psychological d) interactionist
c
Suppose that a White employer refuses to hire a qualified Vietnamese American but hires an inferior White applicant. This decision is an act of a) prejudice b) ethnocentrism c) discrimination d) stigmatization
expressive, instrumental
Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales contend that women take the __________, emotionally supportive role in the family and that men take the __________, practical role, with the two complementing each other.
differentiation
Talcott Parsons used the term __________ to refer to the increasing complexity of social organization.
c
Terrorist groups are examples of a) cultural universals. b) subcultures. c) countercultures. d) dominant ideologies.
d
The Adam and Eve account of creation found in Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, is an example of a religious a) ritual. b) experience. c) custom. d) belief.
ascribed, achieved
The African American activist Malcolm X wrote in his autobiography that his position as a Black man, a(n) __________ status, was an obstacle to his dream of becoming a lawyer, a(n) _________ status.
ethics
The American Sociological Association's 'Code of __________' requires sociologists to maintain objectivity and integrity and to preserve the confidentiality of their subjects.
c
The Shakers, a religious sect that came to the United States in 1774, has seen their group's membership diminish significantly due to their inability to a) teach new recruits. b) preserve order. c) replace personnel. d) provide and maintain a sense of purpose.
cognitive
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget developed the __________ theory of development.
c
The U.S. Postal Service, the Boston Pops orchestra, and the college or university in which you are currently enrolled as a student are all examples of a) primary groups. b) reference groups. c) formal organizations. d) triads.
mores
The United States has strong __________ against murder, treason, and other forms of abuse that have been institutionalized into formal norms.
representative democracy
The United States is commonly classified as a(n) __________ ___________, because the elected members of Congress and state legislatures make our laws.
functionalist
The _________ perspective emphasizes the role of schools in teaching the values and customs of the larger society.
feminist view
The __________ __________ draws on the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in that it often views women's subordination as inherent in capitalist societies.
sacred, profane
The __________ encompasses elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear, as compared to the _________, which includes the ordinary and the commonplace.
internet
The __________ is the world's largest computer network.
conflict
The __________ perspective contends that television distorts the political process.
interactionist
The __________ perspective examines the media on the micro level to see how they shape day-to-day social behavior.
functionalist
The __________ perspective stresses the importance of education in transmitting culture, maintaining social control, and promoting social change.
conflict
The __________ perspective would stress the danger that the most powerful groups in a society will use technology to violate the privacy of the less powerful.
academic
The __________ subculture identifies with the intellectual concerns of the faculty and values knowledge for its own sake.
b
The appearance of Starbucks coffeehouses in China is a sign of what aspect of culture? a) innovation b) globalization c) diffusion d) cultural relativism
Betty Friedan
The author of the pioneering argument for women's rights, 'The Feminine Mystique' was __________ __________.
creationists
The big bang theory is challenged by __________, who hold to the biblical account of creation of humans and the universe.
Barry Commoner
The biologist __________ __________ blames environmental degradation primarily on technological innovations such as plastics and pesticides.
inventions
The bow and arrow, the automobile, and the television are all examples of __________.
c
The correspondence principle was developed by a) Max Weber. b) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. c) Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis. d) James Thurber.
brain drain
The immigration to the United States and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed by their home countries is known as the _________ __________.
c
The respect or admiration that an occupation holds in a society is referred to as a) status. b) esteem. c) prestige. d) ranking.
stepfamily
The rising rates of divorce and remarriage have led to a noticeable increase in __________ relationships.
endogamy
The rule of __________ specifies the groups within which a spouse must be found and prohibits marriage with others.
c
The sense of sisterhood that became evident during the rise of the contemporary feminist movement resembled the Marxist concept of a) alienation. b) dialectics. c) class consciousness. d) false consciousness.
Roman Catholicism
The single largest denomination in the United States is __________ __________.
d
The student subculture that is hostile to the college environment and seeks out ideas that may or may not relate to studies is called the a) collegiate subculture. b) academic subculture. c) vocational subculture. d) nonconformist subculture.
b
The text points out that the model of five basic properties of a minority or subordinate group can be applied to older people in the United States. Which of the following is not one of those basic properties? a) Older people experience unequal treatment in employment and may face prejudice and discrimination. b) Statistically, the elderly represent a majority. c) Membership in this group is involuntary. d) Older people have a strong sense of group solidarity.
manifest
The university's role in certifying academic competence and excellence is an example of a(n) __________ function.
d
The use of a church, primarily Roman Catholic, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice evident in a secular society is referred to as a) creationism. b) ritualism. c) religious experience. d) liberation theology.
d
The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another is called the a) dependent variable. b) hypothetical variable. c) correlation variable. d) independent variable.
a
Thinking of society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival is a reflection of which theoretical perspective? a) the functionalist perspective b) the conflict perspective c) the feminist perspective d) the interactionist perspective
d
There are problems inherent in the socialization function of the mass media. For example, many people worry about a) the effect of using television as a babysitter. b) the impact of violent programming on viewer behavior. c) the unequal ability of all individuals to purchase televisions. d) both a and b
male
Traditionally, the relationship between doctors and nurses has paralleled __________ dominance of the larger society.
socialism
Under __________, the means of production and distribution in society are collectively rather than privately owned, and the basic objective of the economic system is to meet people's needs rather than to maximize profits.
d
Which of the following is not a problem feminist theorists see with media coverage? a) Women are underrepresented, suggesting that men are the cultural standard and that women are insignificant. b) Men and women are portrayed in ways that reflect and perpetuate stereotypical views of gender. c) Female athletes are treated differently from male athletes in television commentary. d) The increasing frequency of single moms in the media is providing a negative role model for women.
d
Which of the following is not an example of an ecclesia? a) the Lutheran church in Sweden b) Islam in Saudi Arabia c) Buddhism in Thailand d) the Episcopal church in the United States
b
Which of the following is not part of the classification system of authority developed by Max Weber? a) traditional authority b) pluralist authority c) legal-rational authority d) charismatic authority
c
Which of the following is not true concerning how men and women use the Internet? a) Men are more likely to use the Internet daily. b) Women are more likely to use e-mail to maintain friendships. c) Men account for 100 percent of players in online sports fantasy leagues. d) Men are slightly more likely to have ever used the Internet than women are.
a
Which of the following nations would Immanuel Wallerstein classify as a core country within the world economic system? a) Germany b) South Korea c) Ireland d) Mexico
b
Which of the following social scientists used the phrase 'looking-glass self' to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people? a) George Herbert Mead b) Charles Horton Cooley c) Erving Goffman d) Jean Piaget
c
Which of the following sociologists stressed the social impact of religion and was perhaps the first to recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies? a) Max Weber b) Karl Marx c) Émile Durkheim d) Talcott Parsons
d
Which of the following statements about norms is correct? a) People do not follow norms in all situations. In some cases, they evade a norm because they know it is weakly enforced. b) In some instances, behavior that appears to violate society's norms may actually represent adherence to the norms of a particular group. c) Norms are violated in some instances because one norm conflicts with another. d) all of the above
c
Which of the following statements about teenagers in Syria is true? a) They have lost much of their peer group due to death and relocation. b) They have lost peers who have joined fundamentalist groups. c) They attempt to stay in contact with their pre-war group through social media. d) all of the above
d
Which of the following statements about the elderly is correct? a) Being old is a master status. b) Once people are labeled as "old," the designation has a major impact on how others perceive them, and even on how they view themselves. c) Negative stereotypes of the elderly contribute to their position as a minority group subject to discrimination. d) all of the above
b
Which of the following statements about values is correct? a) Values never change. b) The values of a culture may change, but most remain relatively stable during any one person's lifetime. c) Values are constantly changing; sociologists view them as being very unstable. d) all of the above
c
Which of the following statements is true according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? a) Language simply describes reality. b) Language does not transmit stereotypes related to race. c) Language precedes thought. d) Language is not an example of a cultural universal.
b
Which of the following statements is true of deviance? a) Deviance is always criminal behavior. b) Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. c) Deviance is perverse behavior. d) Deviance is inappropriate behavior that cuts across all cultures and social order.
c
Which of the following statements regarding Karl Marx is not true? a) Marx accepted the evolutionary argument that societies develop along a particular path. b) Marx believed that history proceeds through a series of stages, each of which exploits a class of people. c) Marx accepted Parson's equilibrium model, which states that as changes occur in one part of society, there must be adjustments in other parts if stability is to be maintained. d) Marx argued that conflict is a normal and desirable aspect of social change.
b
Which of the following terms describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests? a) mores b) dominant ideology c) consensus d) values
d
Which of the following terms did William F. Ogburn use to refer to the period of maladjustment during which the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions? a) economic shift b) political turmoil c) social change d) culture lag
d
Which of the following terms is used by contemporary social scientists to describe the far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies? a) dependency b) globalization c) industrialization d) modernization
c
Which of the following theories argues that elderly people have essentially the same need for social interaction as any other group and that those who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted? a) conflict theory b) functionalist theory c) activity theory d) disengagement theory
c
Which of the following theories contends that criminal victimization increases when communal relationships and social institutions break down? a) labeling theory b) conflict theory c) social disorganization theory d) differential association theory
d
Which of the following thinkers introduced the concept of the sociological imagination? a) Émile Durkheim b) Max Weber c) Karl Marx d) C. Wright Mills
b
Which of the following were viewed by Max Weber as analytically distinct components of stratification? a) conformity, deviance, and social control b) class, status, and power c) class, caste, and age d) class, prestige, and esteem
social movements
__________ __________ are organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society.
a
Which sociological perspective argues that stratification is universal and that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill socially important positions? a) the functionalist perspective b) the conflict perspective c) the interactionist perspective d) the labeling perspective
a
Which sociological perspective argues that the present organization of social institutions is no accident? a) the functionalist perspective b) the conflict perspective c) the interactionist perspective d) the global perspective
a
Which sociological perspective distinguishes between instrumental and expressive roles? a) functionalist perspective b) conflict perspective c) interactionist perspective d) labeling theory
d
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that schools in the United States foster competition through built-in systems of reward and punishment? a) the functionalist perspective b) the conflict perspective c) the interactionist perspective d) the psychological perspective
a
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that the common identity and social integration fostered by education contribute to overall societal stability and consensus? a) the functionalist perspective b) the conflict perspective c) the interactionist perspective d) labeling theory
b
Which sociological perspective is especially concerned with the media's ability to decide what gets transmitted through gatekeeping? a) the functionalist perspective b) the conflict perspective c) the interactionist perspective d) the dramaturgical perspective
c
Which sociological perspective is most likely to emphasize the important role of social networks in providing life satisfaction for elderly people? a) functionalist perspective b) conflict perspective c) interactionist perspective d) labeling theory
a
Which sociological perspective sees transnationals as a way for economies to maximize their use of human labor? a) functionalist b) conflict c) interactionist d) feminist
d
Which sociological perspective would acknowledge that it is not possible to change gender roles drastically without dramatic revisions in a culture's social structure? a) functionalist perspective b) conflict perspective c) interactionist perspective d) both a and b
b
Which sociological theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms? a) feminist theory b) control theory c) interactionist theory d) functionalist theory
b
Which sociologist developed the concept of the sick role? a) Émile Durkheim b) Talcott Parsons c) C. Wright Mills d) Erving Goffman
b
Which sociologist first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts? a) Robert Merton b) Edwin Sutherland c) Travis Hirschi d) William Chambliss
d
Which sociologist has applied functionalist analysis to the existence of poverty and argues that various segments of society actually benefit from the existence of the poor? a) Émile Durkheim b) Max Weber c) Karl Marx d) Herbert Gans
a
Which sociologist illustrated the boundary-maintenance function of deviance in his study of Puritans in 17th-century New England? a) Kai Erikson b) Émile Durkheim c) Robert Merton d) Edwin Sutherland
a
Which sociologist made a major contribution to society through his in-depth studies of urban life, including both Blacks and Whites? a) W.E.B. DuBois b) Robert Merton c) Auguste Comte d) Chalres Horton Cooley
c
Which statement about inequality within nations is correct? a) Inequality in wealth and income are about the same. b) Inequality in income is much greater than inequality in wealth. c) Inequality in wealth is much greater than inequality in income. d) There is little inequality in either income or wealth.
a
Which statement about multinational corporations is correct? a) They often produce goods in many nations. b) While large, they are not as economically big as entire countries. c) They are relatively new, emerging only in the last 30 years. d) They typically depend on domestic rather than foreign sales.
a
Which term refers to the relative lack of access to technology among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and citizens of developing countries? a) digital divide b) culture lag c) cultural convergence d) narcotizing dysfunction
d
Which theorist notes that capitalist societies, such as the United States, care more about maximizing profits than they do about the health and safety of industrial workers? a) Thomas Szasz b) Talcott Parsons c) Erving Goffman d) Karl Marx
b
Which two basic types of economic system distinguish contemporary industrial societies? a) capitalism and communism b) capitalism and socialism c) socialism and communism d) capitalism and dictatorship
systematic
While the findings of sociologists may at times seem like common sense, they differ because they rest on __________ analysis of facts.
quasi-religion
Wicca is an example of a(n) __________.
theory
Within sociology, a(n) __________ is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior.
functionalist
Within the general framework of their theory, __________ sociologists maintain that gender differentiation has contributed to overall social stability.
glass ceiling
Women from all groups and men from minority groups sometimes encounter attitudinal or organizational bias that prevents them from reaching their full potential. This is known as the __________ __________.
gender roles
Women's education tends to suffer in those cultures with traditional __________.
a
Working together as computer programmers for an electronics firm, a Hispanic woman and a Jewish man overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's strengths and talents. This scenario is an example of a) the contact hypothesis. b) a self-fulfilling prophecy. c) amalgamation. d) reverse discrimination.
Herbert Spencer
__________ __________ adapted Charles Darwin's evolutionary view of the "survival of the fittest" by arguing that it is "natural" that some people are rich while others are poor.
environmental refugee
a person who has been displaced by rising seas, destructive storms, expanding deserts, water shortages, or high levels of toxic pollutants
professional criminal
a person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals
personality
a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior
rumor
a piece of information gathered informally that is used to interpret an ambiguous situation
fashion
a pleasurable mass involvement that features a certain amount of acceptance by society and has a line of historical continuity
Black power
a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions
religious ritual
a practice required or expected of members of a faith
horticultural society
a preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods
hunting-and-gathering society
a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive
peter principle
a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence
iron law of oligarchy
a principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals
questionnaire
a printed or written form used to obtain information from a respondent
victimization survey
a questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime
periodic assembly
a recurring, relatively routine gathering of people, such as a college class
correlation
a relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other
population pyramid
a special type of bar chart that shows the distribution of a population by gender and age
Hypothesis
a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
religious belief
a statement to which members of a particular religion adhere
master status
a status that dominates other statuses and thereby determines a person's general position in society
midlife crisis
a stressful period of self-evaluation that begins at about age 40
stratification
a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society
survey
a study, generally int he form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act
counterculture
a subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
minority group
a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs
model, or ideal, minority
a subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination, and without resorting to political and violent confrontations with Whites
disaster
a sudden or disruptive event or set of events that overtaxes a community's resources, so that outside aid is necessary
slavery
a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people
estate system
a system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services
scientific method
a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem
cross-tabulation
a table or matrix that shows the relationship between two or more variables
objective method
a technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence
postmodern society
a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images
crowd
a temporary gathering of people in close proximity who share a common focus or interest
coalition
a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal
fad
a temporary pattern of behavior that involves large numbers of people and is independent of preceding trends
false consciousness
a term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
victimless crime
a term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services
status
a term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society
assembling perspective
a theory of collective behavior introduced by McPhail and Miller that seeks to examine how and why people move from different points in space to a common location
value-added model
a theory of collective behavior proposed by Neil Smelser to explain how broad social conditions are transformed in a definite pattern into some form of collective behavior
crime
a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties
language
an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture; includes gestures and other nonverbal communication
medical model
an approach in which medical experts define illness or disease, determine and control the course of treatment, and even affect patients' view of themselves
dependency theory
an approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain
labeling theory
an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not
experiment
an artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables
degradation ceremony
an aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals
egalitarian family
an authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals
sociological imagination
an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past
capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
captitalism
an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
socialism
an economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned
dysfunction
an element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability
fundamentalism
an emphasis on doctrinal conformity and the literal interpretation fo scared texts
instrumentality
an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions
census
an enumeration, or counting, of a population
norm
an established standard of behavior maintained by a society
symbolic ethnicity
an ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage
craze
an exciting mass involvement that lasts for a relatively long period
charter school
an experimental school that is developed and managed by individuals, groups of parents, or educational management organizations
transnational
an immigrant who sustains multiple social relationships that link his or her society of origin with the society of settlement
wealth
an inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property
credentialism
an increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field
deviance
behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
intragenerational mobility
changes in social position within a person's adult life
intergenerational mobility
changes in the social position of children relative to their parents
computer-mediated communication
communicative interaction through two or more networked devices, such as a computer or cell phone; the term applies to a variety of text-based or video interactions, including e-mails, chat rooms, and text messages, some of which may be supported by social media
obedience
compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
expressiveness
concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family
war
conflict between organizations that possess trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons
sharing economy
connecting owners of underused assets with others willing to pay to use them
neocolonialism
continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries
monopoly
control of a market by a single business firm
sacred
elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear
precarious work
employment that is poorly paid, and from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected
asylees
foreigners who have already entered a receiving country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution
conformity
going along with peers - individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior
cybercrime
illegal activity primarily conducted through the use of computer hardware or software
white-collar crime
illegal acts committed by affluent, "respectable" individuals in the course of business activities
collective behavior
in the view of sociologist Neil Smelser, the relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group of people who are reacting to a common influence in an ambiguous situation
authority
institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised
traditional authority
legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice
microfinancing
lending small sums of money to the poor so they can work their way out of poverty
sociocultural evolution
long-term social trends resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection
refugee
people living outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution
status group
people who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class positions
affirmative action
positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
charismatic authority
power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers
rational-legal authority
power made legitimate by law
ageism
prejudice and discrimination based on a person's age
luddites
rebellious craft workers in 19th-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the Industrial Revolution
vital statistics
records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by governmental units
downsizing
reductions taken in a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization
income
salaries and wages, interest on savings, stock dividends, and rental income
verstehen
the German word for "understanding" or "insight"; used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account the subjective meanings people attach to their actions
peace
the absence of war, or more broadly, a proactive effort to develop cooperative relations among nations
euthanasia
the act of bringing about the death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person in a relatively quick and painless way for reasons of mercy
transracial adoption
the adoption of a non-White child by White parents or a Hispanic child by non-Hispanics
glass escalator
the advantage men experience in occupations dominated by women
ecological modernization
the alignment of environmentally favorable practices with economic self-interest through constant adaptation and restructuring
impression management
the altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
generalized other
the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior
total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children born alive to any woman, assuming that she conforms to current fertility rates
racism
the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
colonialism
the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period
life expectancy
the median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions
median
the midpoint or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values
remittances
the monies that immigrants return to their families of origin
infant mortality rate
the number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births in a given year
death rate
the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year
birthrate
the number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year
life chances
the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences
profane
the ordinary and commonplace elements of life, as distinguished from the sacred
redlining
the pattern of discrimination against people who try to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods
narcotizing dysfunction
the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue
material culture
the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives
segregation
the physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group
culture war
the polarization of society over controversial cultural elements
liberation theology
use of a church, primarily Roman Catholic, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice from a secular society
totalitarianism
virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society's social and political life
nonmaterial culture
ways of using material objects, as well as customers, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication
b
Émile Durkheim's research on suicide suggested that a) people with religious affiliations had a higher suicide rate than those who were unaffiliated. b) suicide rates seemed to be higher in times of peace than in times of war and revolution. c) civilians were more likely to take their lives than soldiers. d) suicide is a solitary act, unrelated to group life.
c
Émile Durkheim's statistical analysis of suicide was an example of what kind of research technique? a) ethnography b) observation research c) secondary analysis d) experimental research