sociology 2
Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?
Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.
What is one reason imprisonment was such a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century?
Earlier societies did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons.
The Amish have neither the resources nor the desire to use prison as a sanction against members of their community who violate the rules. What sanction do they use instead?
Meidung or shunning is used, which is a process whereby community members will not associate with a rule breaker for a set period of time.
Which of the following statements about crime and demographics is true?
Men are more likely than women to commit crime
What is one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the United States according to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton?
The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal.
How do self-fulfilling prophecies work?
We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.
Which of the following is an argument about why reverse racism does not exist?
Whites do not suffer from the cumulative disadvantages that people of color experience.
The text notes that in 2017, women earned 57 percent of bachelor's degrees and the majority of master's and doctorate degrees. Despite this, men consistently outearn women. Does this discrepancy contribute to the feminization of poverty?
Yes, because it maintains the gendered gap in wages.
Imagine that a powerful and influential person living in San Francisco decides to heavily tattoo her face with symbols. Would she be seen as deviant
Yes, but only because she lives in the United States where face tattoos are not the norm.
A man tries to find unconventional and even illegal ways of making money. Into what category does this fit according to Robert Merton's typology?
innovation
The "Jim Crow" laws, which mandated separate facilities for whites and blacks, were an example of
institutional discrimination.
A young girl from a poor family is sent to live with wealthy distant relations. Her relations expect her to take care of the household cooking and cleaning instead of going to school. They do not pay her and threaten her when she attempts to return home. Her situation is an example of
modern slavery.
According to the text, which of the following populations are most likely to commit crimes?
older teenagers
David Rosenhan argues that misdiagnosis is particularly a problem for psychologists, as a diagnosis of a mental illness is as influential on the patient as it is on his or her relatives and friends. It should not surprise anyone that the diagnosis acts as a(n)
self-fulfilling prophecy.
According to a study, black defendants on trial for murder in Pennsylvania were 40 percent more likely to receive the death penalty than whites convicted of similar crimes. This indicates that
the criminal justice system has a racial bias.
When women are more likely than men to live in poverty, it is often referred to as
the feminization of poverty.
Which of the following groups in the United States has the shortest life expectancy?
African American men
Why are doctors and parents so quick to seek a surgical "fix" for babies who are born intersex?
An ambiguously sexed person seems threatening and disturbing in Western society.
You are observing children on an elementary school playground. Why might you find some girls playing sports with boys, but almost no boys playing jump rope with girls?
Children are mocked by their peers for crossing gender lines, and boys are mocked more than girls.
Why do members of the lower class exercise less often?
Exercise is a luxury often accessible only to those who do not have to struggle with day-to-day existence.
In April 2015, Olympic gold medalist and former "World's Greatest Athlete" Bruce Jenner announced that "for all intents and purposes, I am a woman." Jenner discussed transitioning with Diane Sawyer in a special two-hour edition of the ABC News show 20/20. In the interview, Jenner stated, "As of now, I have all the male parts, but I still identify as female." What does this tell you about gender identity?
For many people, primary sex characteristics do not define gender
In the United States, which of the following groups would have the MOST freedom in choosing to display or not display its race or ethnicity?
Irish American
How is prejudice different from discrimination?
Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action.
Despite demographic shifts, how can you tell that whites are still the dominant group in California?
They have more power, resources, and representation in social institutions.
What criticism do third-wave feminists commonly level against the first two waves of feminism?
They marginalized the concerns of women of color, lesbians, and working-class women
What is realistic about so-called Cinderella stories like the film Pretty Woman, where a low-status woman marries a wealthy, powerful man?
When class boundaries are crossed, women usually marry up while men marry down.
Which of the following actions would be an example of in-group orientation
a woman writes on her social media, "I am black, trans, and proud!"
Which of the following actions would be an example of in-group orientation?
a woman writes on her social media, "I am black, trans, and proud!"
Cris was born male but always identified as female. After college, she opted to have sex reassignment surgery so her body would fit her self-image. Cris's change makes it possible for her to __________.
align her gender expression with her gender identity
Some people believe that women are better suited to be homemakers because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is expressed in this statement?
an essentialist perspective
Juan is a manager at a local clothing store. Juan is very task-oriented and always wants to make sure the job is done correctly. Juan is fulfilling which role?
an instrumental role
Jaymie is a white college student who has become concerned about racial injustices in the United States. She starts taking history and sociology courses that focus on understanding race in America and begins thinking deeply about the role white privilege has played in her life. She also starts talking more openly with her friends about how racism operates in society. Jaymie is working towards becoming a(n) _____.
anti-racist ally
A man has no sexual attraction of any kind and, though he is romantically interested in other people, he has never felt an interest in or desire for sex. How would this man MOST likely identify?
asexual
What is it called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group?
assimilation
What process is the central idea behind America's "melting pot"?
assimilation
At least publicly, every presidential candidate nominated by a major political party in the United States has been
cisgender.
What do sociologists call awareness of our own and others' class statuses?
class consciousness
Caleb shows his father a book he is reading about racial inequalities in the criminal justice system. In response, his father says "It's ridiculous that some people think police and courts are discriminating against minorities. If you don't want to go to prison then don't commit crimes! End of story." Caleb's father is demonstrating which of the following concepts?
color-blind racism
In 2009, Barack Obama became the first black president. Some feel that this election demonstrates that racism is a thing of the past. This way of thinking is typical of
color-blind racism.
Sharon stopped going to a small local restaurant because she noticed that in comparison to white customers the owner always seats black customers in the less desirable parts of the dining area and gives them less prompt service. Sharon thinks the owner is _____.
committing discrimination
In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. His findings were important because they
challenged the view that Americans were either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual
The 2000 Census was the first time that Americans were allowed to ________ when identifying their race.
check more than one box
Consider the major theoretical perspectives explored throughout the text. Which type of theorist might explore the idea that occupations traditionally held by men earn more money than those held by women, with the result being that men tend to be more financially successful and powerful?
conflict theorist
Stealing avocados or almost any other agricultural product is a felony in California if the product is worth more than $100. A ________ would say that such laws target homeless people who have little power in society and are simply trying to eat.
conflict theorist
Consider the different theoretical perspectives explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might be used to explore the social patterns perpetuating overrepresentation of African American and Hispanic males in prisons?
conflict theory
Social movements that are organized around a belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes are called
feminism.
Which system of social stratification was in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas?
feudalism
Sociologist Jack Katz studied deviance in terms of the deviant's own in-the-moment experience of committing the act. This emotional attractiveness of being bad is referred to as what aspect of deviance?
foreground
While African Americans have a higher homicide victimization rate than whites, black men are much more likely than black women to become victims of homicide. This comparison demonstrates _____.
intersectionality
Today, using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party would NOT usually qualify as deviance because
it is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions.
When is the gender pay gap between college-educated men and women most narrow?
just after workers graduate from college
The FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data show which of the following crimes to be the most common in the United States?
larceny
White privilege is the idea that one group in society enjoys certain unearned privileges and that group members are
largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess
What is a state called when whites are less than half the population?
majority-minority
Consider the three major theoretical perspectives we've routinely explored throughout our text. Which perspective is likely to explore the ways in which poverty serves a purpose in society by ensuring that even the "ugly" jobs get done?
structural functionalism
Lamar believes that there are certain social roles better suited for men and others better suited for women. For instance, he is a firm believer that his wife should be the person who sends birthday cards to family members. Lamar's perspective aligns with __________.
structural functionalism
Cal is a farmer in India. In a few weeks, he plans to marry Mala. Considering the most prevalent system of stratification in India, Mala is most likely a member of which social category?
sudra (farmers, artisans, and laborers)
Elizabeth has a graduate degree and works as the program director for a local nonprofit organization. She owns her home and enjoys traveling during her yearly two-week vacation. She is most likely a member of which social class in the United States?
upper-middle class
Many workers at auto plants in Michigan lost their jobs when plants closed. What has this resulted in for the vast majority of these workers?
vertical social mobility
Ralcy started his career as a poorly paid unskilled laborer working in the home building industry, but by the time he retired he was the president and CEO of a large construction company. Ralcy experienced _____.
vertical social mobility
Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?
violations of social norms
What criteria does a social class system use to stratify its members?
wealth, property, power, and prestige
Traditionally, most of the sociological literature on deviance focuses on
crime
The upper class makes up just 1 percent of the total U.S. population, but its total net worth is greater than that of ________ percent of the rest of the population.
99
Robert Merton's structural strain theory sees deviance as the result of a person's position in a social structure. What do you think Jack Katz, author of Seductions of Crime, would say about structural strain theory?
A focus on social position fails to consider the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual.
Racial and ethnic minorities are often portrayed in visual representations as animalistic or subhuman, many times as monkeys or chimpanzees. Why might racist imagery so often use animals?
Animal imagery supports the assumption that differences between groups are innate or biologically based.
Which of the following is an example of how teachers treat boys and girls differently in a classroom setting?
Boys are more likely than girls to be punished for misbehaving.
Lakeith is a black man who has a nonviolent felony drug offense on his criminal record. Bram is a white man with a similar criminal record. They are both currently trying to find jobs. Which of the following outcomes would be most consistent with the results of Devah Pager's 2003 study of how race and the stigma of a criminal record affect employment opportunities?
Bram finds it challenging but eventually gets hired; Lakeith finds it nearly impossible to get a job.
John, the CEO of a large bank, is charged with fraud. John pays $13 billion to settle the case and he does not go to jail. Andy is arrested for stealing money out of a parked car. Since Andy is unable to pay his bail or bond, he spends a month in jail while waiting for his trial. John and Andy exemplify the perspective of
Conflict Theory
Many of the Founding Fathers were cannabis farmers, but by 1937 every state in the United States had outlawed marijuana use. Today, more states have legalized marijuana for medical and/or recreational use. What does this illustrate about deviance?
Cultural values, practices, and definitions of deviance change over time.
In April 2015, Olympic gold medalist and former "World's Greatest Athlete" Bruce Jenner announced that "for all intents and purposes, I am a woman." Jenner discussed transitioning with Diane Sawyer in a special two-hour edition of the ABC News show 20/20. In the interview, Jenner stated, "As of now, I have all the male parts, but I still identify as female." What does this tell you about gender identity?
For many people, primary sex characteristics do not define gender.
Which of the following is an example of gender role socialization in schools?
Girls tend to earn higher grades than boys in elementary school, but their achievements are often discounted.
According to Jack Katz, what do muggers gain from their crimes aside from material objects?
He argues that they mug for a sense of satisfaction and excitement.
Alfred Kinsey conducted research to determine what percentage of the population was heterosexual and what percentage was homosexual. Why would he have avoided asking the question, "Do you identify as gay or straight?"
He believed that people were not exclusively either gay or straight and that those two binary classifications were too limiting.
Members of which racial group are the most likely to drop out of high school and the least likely to graduate from college with a bachelor's degree?
Hispanics
Lamar is a young, black man who lives in Portland, Oregon. Which of the following would be considered an aspect of Lamar's embodied identity?
How others perceive his hair, facial features, and skin color.
How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination?
Institutional discrimination is more systematic and widespread.
Most sociological studies of deviance focus on elements of an individual's background that would predispose him or her to act in deviant ways. What is the key problem with such an approach?
It cannot explain why some people with very similar backgrounds act differently.
Which of the following is a serious flaw in the way the federal government defines poverty?
It does not take into account regional differences in the cost of living.
There are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from his office when his constituents loudly express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Émile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve?
It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong
According to labeling theory, why were none of the pseudo-patients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places" discovered?
It is difficult for anyone to see past the label once a person has been labeled "mentally ill."
How has the Kinsey Scale of Sexuality helped us to better understand sexual orientation?
It supports the idea that human sexuality exists as a highly diverse continuum over the lifetime of any individual.
In colonial America, a pickpocket might have had a hand cut off as punishment. Why was this particular method of punishment chosen?
It was considered symbolically appropriate to punish the part of the body most directly connected with the crime.
In 1991, an enormous controversy erupted after five Los Angeles police officers were caught on tape beating a motorist named Rodney King. Many people see it as a blatant act of discrimination, although there continues to be much controversy regarding the event. Under what circumstances would this beating be considered institutional discrimination?
It would be considered institutional discrimination if the leadership of the Los Angeles Police Department condoned or encouraged this type of behavior on a regular basis.
Which theorist believed that economic relationships were the only social relationships that mattered?
Karl Marx
Which of the following folk sayings expresses the idea of the "second shift" as sociologist Arlie Hochschild described it?
Man works from sun to sun, but woman's work is never done."
Although they make very little money, priests, ministers, rabbis, imams, and clergy are often prestigious members of their communities. Which social theorist first suggested that this is an important element of class status?
Max Weber
Which of the following is true of a minority group?
Minority groups are denied access to power and resources by the dominant group.
In 2006, New York City announced that it was moving forward with a plan to allow transgender residents to change the sex listed on their birth certificates. This would be permitted if they had lived in their adopted gender for at least two years, but no physiological change or medical authorization would be required. How is New York City defining gender?
New York is separating gender from sex
What could be seen as evidence of individual discrimination if a landlord was found guilty of discriminatory practices for refusing to rent to Hispanic tenants?
Other Hispanic tenants were able to find places to rent in the area.
Which of the following is a reason why young people are more likely to be arrested than elderly people?
Police are less focused on crimes committed by the elderly.
What explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today?
Prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion.
African American and Hispanic communities are much more likely to be located near toxic waste dumps than white communities. What does this tell you about race in America?
Race can have an effect on health.
Brazilians have many other racial categories, including moreno, mulato, neguinho, and pretinho. Most of these terms do not have an equivalent in the United States. What does this tell you?
Race is a social construct.
Pablo lives in the United States, where most people assume that he is Arab until they learn his name and hear his accent. They are surprised when Pablo tells them that he is from Spain and identifies as white, not Hispanic. Some even tell Pablo that he isn't really white. What does this suggest about race?
Race is socially defined and the criteria used to determine a person's race varies
Pablo lives in the United States, where most people assume that he is Arab until they learn his name and hear his accent. They are surprised when Pablo tells them that he is from Spain and identifies as white, not Hispanic. Some even tell Pablo that he isn't really white. What does this suggest about race?
Race is socially defined and the criteria used to determine a person's race varies.
For a long time, the fact that immigrants from eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America tended to be shorter than native-born Americans was taken as evidence that there were inherent racial differences between these populations. However, the immigrants had children who grew up to be as tall as anyone else. Geneticists now tell us that, although there can be considerable variation in height within a group due to genetics, height differences between groups are largely caused by diet. What does this
Racial differences are socially constructed and not genetic.
What did David Rosenhan describe in "On Being Sane in Insane Places"?
Researchers posing as "pseudo-patients" in a mental hospital but otherwise acting normally were treated as mentally ill by the hospital staff.
How do the incomes of single fathers compare with those of single mothers?
Single fathers make considerably more money than single mothers
Why do men usually make more money than women?
Socially constructed categories of employment lead to larger numbers of men than women in many lucrative jobs.
Jewish families as well as African Americans and Hispanics were not permitted to purchase houses in the suburb of Lakewood, California, when it was first built in 1950. However, within a few years, the developers reversed this policy and started selling homes to families regardless of religious faith or ethnicity. What does this tell us about stigma?
Stigmatized identities change over time.
Plantation owners in America often argued that enslaved Africans were better off because they did not have the mental capacity to run their own lives. Today, this seems both racist and idiotic. How could such racist beliefs flourish?
Such beliefs justify social arrangements between dominant and minority groups that benefit those who accept them.
In the 1900s, there was a strong prejudice against Irish immigrants and their descendants. What does this tell you about the history of the Irish in the United States?
The Irish were once considered to be a separate race.
What does a Suri woman who inserts increasingly larger clay plates into her lower lip in order to enlarge it illustrate about deviance?
The definition of deviance is relative and varies according to culture.
Which of the following is true concerning race and ethnicity?
The meanings attached to race and ethnicity are created, maintained, and modified over time through social processes.
Which of the following demonstrates Karl Marx's conviction that social inequality would continue to grow?
The modern laborer . . . instead of rising with the process of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth."
The names given to positions of power and authority, like "chairman" and "policeman," often emphasize the male gender. Why does this matter?
The names imply that one gender is more suited for a particular job than another.
What might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance if an upper-middle-class, white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class, black man is sentenced to jail for committing?
The rules are applied unequally and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly.
How are the terms "gender" and "sex" different?
The term "sex" refers to the biological differences between males and females, whereas the term "gender" refers to the socially constructed behavior of men and women.
"Welfare queen" is an insulting term for a woman who is accused of cheating the government by collecting welfare payments. There is no "welfare king" insult. What nugget of sociological truth is contained in the phrase "welfare queen"?
The use of the word "queen" reminds us that women are more likely than men to live in poverty.
Which of the following is a true statement about intersex individuals?
Their chromosomes or sex characteristics are not exclusively male or female.
One reason women are more likely than men to live in poverty is the expense of child care. How do sociologists explain the relationship between poverty rates and child care costs?
There are more single women who have sole financial responsibility for their children than single men.
The second-wave feminist movement was associated with the issue of
There are more single women who have sole financial responsibility for their children than single men.
Which is true of social mobility in a caste system?
There is little or no chance of social mobility.
How does social class relate to race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today?
These multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live.
Why don't girls, who tend to get better grades than boys, translate their advantage into material success after graduation?
They are typically credited for hard work rather than intellectual ability.
Corporal punishments like branding or amputation were commonly used in colonial America. What were these punishments designed to do?
They were designed to mark the offender.
Construction crews are constantly annoyed at the way people, mostly teenage boys, steal orange cones and flashing pylons that mark construction zones. According to Jack Katz, why does this sort of deviance happen?
This sort of deviance produces a rush of energy and excitement.
How do we decide when to display situational ethnicity?
We do a cost-benefit analysis.
How is Max Weber's idea of social class different from Karl Marx's?
Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person's social class.
Texas has never had a Hispanic governor and the percentage of Hispanic Americans in Texas state government is low. However, many Hispanic Americans live in Texas. In 2012, they made up nearly 40 percent of the state's population. Would a sociologist in Texas call Hispanic Americans a minority group?
Yes, because they are denied access to power and resources.
What is a society called in which social mobility is highly restricted by formal or informal rules like those of a caste system?
a closed system
In her introduction to a paper about gender, the sociologist Rae Blumberg said that the central principle behind gender in our society is to "remember the golden rule: he who has the gold makes the rules." What kind of theorist is Blumberg?
a conflict theorist
Most sociologists argue that gender is a social construction and they acknowledge the possibility that binary male-female categories are not the only way of classifying individuals. This perspective is called
a constructionist perspective.
How do sociologists define a minority group?
a group whose members are denied access to power and resources
When describing transgender people, some newspapers, magazines, and other media tend to use gender-inappropriate names or pronouns as well as other language that trans persons find insensitive or offensive. This is an example of
a microaggression.
According to Talcott Parsons's understanding of the different roles that family members play, which of the following examples could be associated with the expressive role?
a mother providing love, care, and affection to her husband and children
Many immigrants to the United States have gotten in trouble for keeping livestock in urban areas, especially chickens, goats, and pigs. Their neighbors feel it is okay to own a 150-pound mastiff, but "unsanitary" to have a 50-pound goat that gives milk. In this case, what is driving racism?
a negative view of a group's cultural characteristics
How do sociologists define race?
a social category based on real or perceived biological differences
What kind of sociologist believes racial and ethnic identities bind people and help society run much more efficiently?
a structural functionalist
What type of theorist is most likely to explore the ways in which people "do" ethnicity on a daily basis?
a symbolic interactionist
Joanie lost her job eight months ago and has not been able to find a new one. She and her children were kicked out of their apartment because they were behind on rent. With no income, Joanie and her kids are living on the street. Each meal poses a significant hardship for the family because they often cannot find food, and the family is becoming malnourished. Joanie and her family are experiencing _____.
absolute deprivation
At what age do babies become aware of their own gender?
age two
When does gender role socialization begin?
before birth
Which of the following is an example of prejudice?
believing that Asians are better at math
A woman is married to another woman. She is attracted to her wife but she is also attracted to men. In the past she has dated both women and men. How would this woman MOST likely identify?
bisexual
Poverty can be defined in either relative or absolute terms. How is poverty defined according to absolute deprivation?
by considering access to food, shelter, clothing, and medical care
At what point in children's school careers do gender norms become firmly established?
by fifth grade
Samantha believes corporations are not punished enough for polluting the planet, manufacturing unsafe products, and manipulating prices. At the same time, she sees homeless people imprisoned for stealing food; she believes we should all have access to regardless of wealth. Samantha has taken a ________ perspective to explain the way deviance is viewed in society.
conflict theory
Which kind of theory would say that the rules are different for the rich than they are for the poor, making deviant behavior almost unavoidable for people in the poor and working classes?
conflict theory
Which theory suggests crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power?
conflict theory
Which kind of thinkers would say that being feminine may mean different things at various places and points in history?
constructionists
What kind of person investigates the following questions: Who makes laws? Who breaks laws? Who benefits from designing and enforcing laws? How do individuals begin committing crimes? What are the intentions of law enforcement institutions?
criminologist
Halloween costume makers and retailers make generous profits from selling costumes that allow their wearers to be Indian princesses or gypsies. What are they engaging in by profiting from the stereotypical display of marginalized groups without fully understanding and appreciating the culture?
cultural appropriation
What is it called when members of a minority group learn the cultural practices of the dominant group?
cultural assimilation
James is a smart, college-educated man but his career in business hasn't taken off like he'd hoped. He thinks this is because he doesn't come across very well in interviews due to his strong country accent and lack of familiarity with golf. James is concerned that he's at a disadvantage because he lacks _____.
cultural capital
What are the tastes, habits, and expectations called that children "inherit" or learn from their parents and that help to achieve material success in life?
cultural capital
What might an individual be trying to gain if he or she takes adult education classes, attends lectures and concerts, or travels to Europe?
cultural capital
What must behavior, trait, or belief do in order to be considered deviant?
depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction
Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability or a battle with addiction or mental illness.
departure from the norm
Which of the following health disorders occurs more often in women than in men?
depression
Responding to criminal activity is not always simple. A life sentence as punishment for three felonies from the Clinton era "three strikes and you're out" policy is an example of what kind of approach to crime?
deterrence
Joey came of age as a gay man in the 1960s when homosexuality was severely stigmatized. However, he openly and proudly declared himself to be gay, even though he knew his family would reject him, and lived his life how we wanted to in the gay neighborhoods of New York City. Joey exhibited _____.
deviance avowal
After a woman's teenage son engages in deviant behavior, she says the reason for her son's behavior is that "he fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble?
differential association
Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior?
differential association
Aubrey's mother says to her: "I don't want you to hang around with Michelle. She's going to be a bad influence on you." Aubrey's mother may not know it, but she's subscribing to which theory?
differential association theory
"Driving while black," or being racially profiled by police, is an example of _____.
discrimination
An action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a racial or ethnic group is called
discrimination.
Jorge lives in a high poverty neighborhood in a small city. He and his neighbors feel like the mayor and city council don't take their concerns seriously or try to address problems in their community so they've stopped seeking help from the local government and have become disengaged from politics. This exemplifies which concept?
disenfranchisement
Why are there differences in life expectancies for people of different races?
disparities in access to health care
Motor vehicle theft and burglary are classified as property crime in the FBI's Uniform Crime Report because these crimes _____.
do not involve violence
The ideology of the American Dream legitimizes social stratification by reinforcing the idea that _____.
everyone has the same chance to succeed, and success or failure is completely determined by the individual person
According to Karl Marx, what social relations matter MOST in a capitalist system?
economic relations
Karl Marx spent much of his life attempting to understand and describe how capitalism works. In one particularly vivid passage, he described the turbulence he saw as inherent in capitalism: "All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind." What sort of relationships did he think his readers had with other people?
economic relationships
As online interaction becomes more common, so too do online friendships. Within an online environment, which conceptual element within sociology becomes unavailable to us?
embodied identity
In The Mismeasure of Women, social psychologist Carol Tavris argues that there is nothing "universal and nonvarying . . . in the natures of men and women." If you agree with her, you would have to reject the concept of
essentialism.
The belief that the lived experiences of women and men differ as a result of biological differences is called
essentialism.
For many years, Saturday Night Live ran a series of skits about a character named Pat. The premise of each skit was that no one could tell if Pat was male or female and the other characters would devise ingenious plots to determine Pat's gender; all attempts failed. The humor in these skits is based on the fact that
gender identity is so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person's gender.
A person's self-conception of being male or female based on his or her association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as
gender identity.
Jason and his sister Sara have weekly chores. Jason helps his father mow the lawn and takes out the garbage. His sister helps their mother set the table and do the dishes. This division of household chores is a form of __________.
gender role socialization
Logan just learned how to read and his favorite books are about princesses and unicorns. His dad refuses to check these kinds of books out from the library for him, saying "Those are books for girls, not boys." In sociological terms, this is an example of __________.
gender role socialization
A five-year-old boy hurts himself while playing with his toys and immediately begins to cry. His father walks over to him and says, "Don't be a sissy; boys don't cry." This is an example of
gender role socialization.
Many expectant parents get a sonogram to find out the sex of their babies and they only start decorating the nursery after learning the sex. This is an example of
gender role socialization.
In 2003, a major armed conflict began in the Darfur region of Sudan. The government carried out a deliberate and systemic extermination of Darfur's non-Arab population, resulting in several hundred thousand causalities and refugees. What best describes the actions taken by the government of Sudan against Darfur's non-Arab population?
genocide
The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or national group is called
genocide.
Chimamanda is a Nigerian immigrant living in Philadelphia. She was recently physically attacked on the bus by a group of men and they yelled racial slurs at her and screamed "Go back to where you came from!" Ever since this horrible incident she is nervous about going out alone. Chimamanda is a victim of a(n) _____.
hate crime
The marriage of Prince Harry, a white man and member of the British royal family, and Meghan Markle, a mixed-race American actress, is an example of _____.
heterogamy
How do observers determine someone's socioeconomic status when meeting him or her for the first time?
his or her speech and gestures
The tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership is called
homogamy.
A same-sex couple holding hands or kissing in public may receive disapproving looks or even abusive comments from other people. This is an example of
homophobia.
In what aspects of stigma are symbolic interactionists interested?
how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis
Unlike students at public schools, private school students are often offered the opportunity to learn tennis and golf. This is because _____.
in terms of social reproduction, it is important to offer such experiences to upper class children
Patriarchy can be defined as a society
in which men dominate women.
The National Association of the Deaf (NAD) is a group that advocates for the civil rights of deaf and hard of hearing individuals. This group rejects the standards that label deaf people as deviant and instead embraces the idea of _____.
in-group orientation
There are several ways in which gays and lesbians in the United States have chosen to manage their stigma. When gay rights activists chant the slogan, "We're here, we're queer, get used to it," what strategy are they using?
in-group orientation
According to Erving Goffman, stigmatized individuals who do not believe that they should have to change or conceal their identities to make "normal" people more comfortable have
in-group orientation.
In her ethnography of high school boys titled Dude, You're a Fag, sociologist C. J. Pascoe found that boys often use homophobic slurs toward each other in an effort to define masculinity for themselves and other boys. This is an example of the
influence that peers can have as agents of socialization.
Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would gangsters and con artists be found
innovation
Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would gangsters and con artists be found?
innovation
Alex has made a small fortune hacking into peoples' smartphones and threatening to release their personal information unless they pay a ransom. How would a sociologist classify Alex according to Robert Merton's typology?
innovator
When customers have low credit scores, banks often offer them subprime loans that have higher than normal interest rates. If a bank gives three times as many subprime loans to black Americans than to white Americans, even when they have the same credit scores, the bank is guilty of
institutional discrimination.
What two complementary roles did the functionalist Talcott Parsons identify within the family?
instrumental and expressive
What is it an example of when the children of working-class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field?
intergenerational mobility
A black woman is followed around the store by a white sales associate while shopping for clothes. Frustrated, she leaves the store and decides to go home. Her husband, on seeing her enter the house, asks, "What's for dinner?" What concept could we as sociologists use to understand her experiences, both in the store and at home?
intersectionality
The changing representation of LGBTQ people in the media, such as their greater inclusion and more positive treatment on television shows, can lead us to conclude that
media representation of LGBTQ people is slowly changing to reflect increasing tolerance toward them.
Which of the following is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit?
meritocracy
Helena is a manager in a corporate office and sometimes feels that employees see her differently than the male managers in the company. For example, she was once called to the human resources (HR) office because one of her employees reported that she was too bossy in team meetings. Both Helena and the HR officer thought this had more to do with Helena's gender than her behavior as a supervisor. This is an example of a __________.
microaggression
Which term describes the slights, insults, and misperceptions directed at members of a minority group that play out in everyday interactions?
microaggressions
Sociologists who study gender in rural areas have noticed that only one person is called the "farmer" even though everyone in a family has to work on the farm. The "farmer" is usually male and has more prestige than the other family members working on the farm. This is an example of
patriarchy.
Americans are conflicted in their opinions about people living in poverty. About half think that circumstances beyond one's control are to blame if a person is impoverished while about a third say
people living in poverty do not try hard enough.
Callie is running for mayor of Arlington, Texas. She campaigns on the promise of racial and ethnic tolerance and her campaign slogan is "Diversity is our strength!" Her vision for the city would be best described as _____.
pluralism
In 1999 up to one million ethnic Albanians were forcefully expelled and deported by Serbian and Yugoslavian forces from the province of Kosovo, where their people had lived for centuries. This is an example of which concept?
population transfer
Rosa Parks broke a law by refusing to give up her seat on a bus for a white man. Ultimately, this act was a pivotal moment in the launch of the civil rights movement. Rosa Parks's refusal to move to the back of the bus is an example of _____.
positive deviance
Amir and his family recently immigrated to the United States. His mother dreams of him becoming a doctor because they are so well respected and held in such high esteem in America. In other words, she wants this career for him because it has high _____.
prestige
Some Americans are angry about the number of immigrants who enter the country every year. An adherent of structural functionalism would argue that this anger
promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders.
Understanding that racism in the United States created and maintains inequality is characteristic of
race consciousness.
Harold is a Korean-American man who married a white woman from California named Lana. Their son, Jagger, has three children with his wife, Brooklynn, who is also white. This story of Harold's family is an example of _____.
racial assimilation
What is it called when individuals live as if they were members of a different racial category than the one into which they were born?
racial passing
Critical race theory explores the relationship among
racism and power
Sociologists often point out that systems of stratification in the United States systematically favor white men. Sometimes people contest this, pointing to wealthy and powerful black women like Oprah Winfrey or Toni Morrison. A counterpoint to this argument is that
stratification is a characteristic of a society rather than a reflection of individual differences.
Allison has grown increasingly weary of participating in the social life on her college campus because there is intense pressure to drink excessive amounts of alcohol, go to fraternity parties, and hook up with other partygoers. She knows of several classmates who have been sexually assaulted and feels that this is not taken seriously at her college. Allison's observations suggest that her campus has a __________.
rape culture
Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a movement that arose in response to extrajudicial police killings of black men in the United States. Which best describes the mission of BLM?
recognize that systemic racism still exists
Xavier, a high school dropout, is in prison for robbery. While in prison he has been receiving therapy, working on his GED, and getting job training. He and the prison administrators hope that when he gets out he'll be able to live an honest and productive life. This is an example of which approach to punishment?
rehabilitation
What is an example of a primary sex characteristic?
reproductive organs
What is it called when members of the dominant group, whites in the case of race, believe they are discriminated against because of their race?
reverse racism
Mary is a feminist activist who is advocating for a new law against "marriage bars," which are company policies that prohibit hiring married women and retaining female employees who get married. Mary is most likely a member of which wave of feminism?
second
Veronique, a teenager living in the early 1960s in Greensboro, North Carolina, was standing outside a building and noticed one entry door marked "Whites only," while another sign saying "Blacks" was posted on a different door. She was told that this rule was enforced by a law. This is called _____.
segregation
David Rosenhan argues that misdiagnosis is particularly a problem for psychologists, as a diagnosis of a mental illness is as influential on the patient as it is on his or her relatives and friends. It should not surprise anyone that the diagnosis acts as a(n)
self-fulfilling prophecy
A young person from Southern California has four German grandparents. She lived in Los Angeles all her life before accepting a job in Milwaukee. She has never really thought about her German heritage. In Milwaukee, she discovers many other people with similar ancestries and begins using her ethnicity as a way to develop social and professional relationships. Of what is this an example?
situational ethnicity
What is "the great equalizer" in terms of health and life expectancy between men and women?
smoking
What system of stratification is commonly used in modern capitalist societies?
social class
In industrialized, capitalist societies, stratification systems are most commonly based on a _____
social class system
In industrialized, capitalist societies, stratification systems are most commonly based on a _____.
social class system
A woman is shown in the vast majority of commercials that advertise cleaning supplies. This illustrates that
the media portrays gender roles in highly stereotypical ways.
Hiram had a lot of fun dancing at the night club over the weekend. He decides to keep the party going on Monday by dancing on the bus all the way to work and continuing to do so in the office. His fellow commuters and work colleagues give him strange looks and move away from him. This confuses Hiram because nobody did that when he was dancing at the club. Labeling theory would help Hiram understand what's happening because it explains that deviance is a matter of _____.
social context
Conflict theorists assert that it is the imbalance of power that leads to deviance, and that those in power in a society are able to criminalize behavior through the use of norms, rules, and laws. This process is a form of what?
social control
Jace spends most of his time by himself—he has no family or friends, and doesn't work. Perry, on the other hand, has close relationships with his family members, has a good career, and is an active member of his church. Which theory would predict that Jace is more likely to commit crime because he has weaker social bonds?
social control theory
A little girl notices that whenever both of her parents are in the car, her father is always driving. From this, she deduces that women should be passive and men should be active. This process is called
social learning.
The folk-pop singer Jewel is famous for having lived in her van when she first moved to San Diego and started performing in a coffee shop. Soon after Atlantic Records signed her, her advance allowed her to rent a house and buy a new car. Of what class-based phenomenon is this an example?
social mobility
What does Pierre Bourdieu call the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time?
social reproduction
George recently learned that among a tribe of Kenya there is a social hierarchy based on gender and age, with men and elders at the top. George has learned about this tribal society's _____.
social stratification
A woman has her Ph.D. in child development, yet she continues to work as a low-paid preschool aide. This is an example of _____.
status inconsistency
Mother Teresa was a person with tremendous power and prestige yet she was very poor. Mother Teresa is an example of which of the following?
status inconsistency
Asian American students are more likely to be placed in Advanced Placement classes, score higher grades, and be treated well by teachers. This is called
stereotype promise.
Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance happens. To what sort of strain does the theory's name refer?
strain between socially approved goals and the means of achieving them
Casimir Pulaski Day is always an important holiday in Chicago, a city with more Polish people than anywhere else in the United States. Although not well remembered in the rest of the country, Pulaski was a Polish-born hero of the American Revolution and a cavalry general. What concept helps to explain why this holiday is so much more important to people who trace their ancestry to Poland?
symbolic ethnicity
"Gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives. Gender is something we 'do' on a daily basis." This statement most likely comes from which perspective?
symbolic interactionism
What school of social thought insists that all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions?
symbolic interactionism
Yasmin refuses to shop at Walmart because she doesn't want anyone to see her there and think she's poor. She instead only shops at more expensive stores. Choose the perspective and concept with which this statement most closely aligns.
symbolic interactionism and everyday class consciousness
Which type of theorist is most likely to explore the ways in which registered nurses display their gender roles on the job?
symbolic interactionist
Harvey is a middle-class college student who is skeptical of social programs aimed at helping the poor. He thinks that what would really help is for poor people to start delaying gratification, valuing education, and trying to improve their own situations by setting and working towards higher goals. Harvey's perspective is best reflected in which of the following concepts?
the culture of poverty
Oscar Lewis was the first to suggest that the poor develop a way of life with fundamentally different values and goals because they are excluded from mainstream social life. Consequently, they are much less likely to join the middle class. This way of life is usually called
the culture of poverty.
Some people worry about maintaining a tan. Sometimes, if they do not have the time to tan naturally, they go to a tanning salon or use chemicals to simulate a tan. This might seem bizarre in some cultures, which can help us realize that
the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place.
In April 2015, Olympic gold medalist and former "World's Greatest Athlete" Bruce Jenner announced that "for all intents and purposes, I am a woman." Jenner discussed transitioning with Diane Sawyer in a special two-hour edition of the ABC News show 20/20. In the interview, Jenner stated, "As of now, I have all the male parts, but I still identify as female." What does this tell you about gender identity?
the media portrays gender roles in highly stereotypical ways.
To what social class do "white collar" workers, workers employed in technical and lower-management positions, belong?
the middle class
A black man in the United States was convicted of a felony when he was 17. He is now 58 and has not committed any crimes since his release. However, he is still not permitted to vote. Michelle Alexander would describe this as an example of
the new Jim Crow.
Keisha works a full-time job, as does her husband. When she comes home from work, she is also expected to prepare meals for her family, clean the house, and take care of the children. Arlie Hochschild would call this an example of __________.
the second shift
In the early 1900s, native-born Americans, usually Protestants, did NOT consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?
the social construction of race
What is the real source of racism according to conflict theory?
the struggle between groups over power and control
W. I. Thomas famously argued that if people define situations as real, then
they are real in their consequences
What is the goal of affirmative action?
to increase diversity
Andrew is a man who feels that it's not manly to ever admit that he needs help because that would mean he is weak and needy. He self-medicates with alcohol and drugs to deal with his undiagnosed anxiety disorder. Andrew's situation best exemplifies __________.
toxic masculinity
Alex was classified as female at birth but later transitioned into his current identity as a man. He has faced some difficulty in his personal and professional lives from people who seem unsettled and alarmed by his gender identity and treat him differently for that reason. Alex is facing the challenge of __________.
transphobia
An accountant with a college degree and a license from the state accounting board works for the Department of Defense as a senior auditor. He makes about $100,000 a year and will soon retire with benefits and a pension. To what class would you expect him to belong?
upper-middle class
A group of white Americans believe that immigrants are ruining the United States in part because a more diverse population does not represent their identities and interests. This group is an example of _____.
white nationalists
Bribes, tax fraud, and insider trading are all examples of what kind of crime?
white-collar
Feminist theory has contributed to our understanding of gender by supporting the claim that
women continue to have unequal positions in society as reflected in the ways their contributions have been written out of history books.
Edith dropped out of high school at sixteen and now works as a housekeeper in Boise, Idaho. Although she works as much as she can, the hours offered by employers are irregular and her wages are so low that her family is below the poverty line. Edith is most likely a member of which social class?
working poor