Sociology 204 chapter 6

One of the fascinating aspects of groupthink is how it can lead?

"good" people to do "bad" things.

Which of the following is an example of a small group?

Individual and his immediate family.

In a society that is socially mobile and diverse?

Individuals often experience contradictory standards.

goods are produced by machines powered by fuels, instead of by the brute force of humans or animals?

Industrial society.

The third social revolution?

Industrial society. Invention of the steam engine.

When a group is small, its members act?

Informally, but as the group grows, the members lose their sense of intimacy and become more formal with one another.

Unlike industrial society, its hallmark is not turning raw materials into products. Rather, its basic component is?

Information.

Groups have to types of leaders?

Instrumental leader and expressive leader.

Tries to keep the group moving toward its goals?

Instrumental leader.

Secondary groups are based on shared interests or activities, and their members are likely to?

Interact on the basis of specific statuses, such as a president, manager, worker, or student.

Secondary groups are necessary for contemporary life, but they often fail to satisfy our deep needs for?

Intimate association.

Sociologist Elise Boulding theorizes that females became subjects to men because?

Men were in charge of plowing and the cows. She suggest that when metals were developed, men took on the new job of attaching the metal as tips to wooden plows and doing the plowing.

To protect their expanding privileges and power, the victories groups surrounded themselves with armed?

Men. They demanded protection money (called tribute or taxes) from others, who then became their subjects.

your primary groups have become your?

Mirror within.

Expressive leaders, in contrast, who stimulate personal bonds and reduce friction, are usually?

More popular.

Larger groups are ______ than smaller groups?

More stable.

Why do members of hunting and gathering societies collect few personal belongings?

Most of what is hunted and gathered is perishable.

The change is so vast that sociologists say that a?

New type of society has emerged.

Hunting and gathering societies have no?

No rulers, no one is wealthier than anyone else, and most discussions are arrived at through discussion. Because they are basic and they do not work up to store up material possessions, hunters and gatherers have the most leisure of all human groups.

It was your family that laid down your basic?

Orientations to life.

Groups toward which we feel antagonism?

Out groups.

An individual in a _________ will be perceived as bad or evil regardless of his or her behavior and personality?

Out-group.

Hunting and gathering societies branched into two directions, each?

Pastoral and Horticultural societies.

Based on the pasturing of animals?

Pastoral society (or herding).

A group that bases its livelihood on the domestication and breeding of animals is called an __________ society?

Pastoral.

Our in-groups, reference groups, and social networks are likely to consists of?

People from the same backgrounds similar to our own.

In groups shape our?

Perception of the world, our views of right and wrong, and our behavior.

In others, both men and women and children gather?

Plants, the men hunt larger animals, and both men and women hunt small animals.

The fourth social revolution?

Post industrial society (information). Invention of the microchip.

A new type of society has emerged and sociologist call it?

Post industrial society (or information).

Its hallmark is turning raw materials into products?

Post industrial society.

Consequently, secondary groups break down into?

Primary groups.

Family and friends are what sociologist Charles Cooley called?

Primary groups.

Providing intimate, face to face interaction, your primary groups have given you a self, an identity, a feeling of who you are?

Primary groups.

Small groups can either be?

Primary or secondary.

A wife, husband and children make up a?

Primary small group, as do workers who take their breaks together.

Plowing the earth returned more nutrients to the soil, making the land more?

Productive.

Stanley Milgram?

Psychologist who came up with"the small world phenomenon".

Judith Kleinfeld?

Psychologist who decided to replicate Milgram's study. She then found that Milgram had stacked the deck in favor of finding a small world.

Ronald Lippitt and Ralph White?

Psychologists who trained men in three leadership styles and took notes on them.

The hunting and gathering societies that remain today are?

Pygmies of central Africa, the aborigines of Australia and various groups in south America.

The groups we refer to when we evaluate ourselves?

Reference group.

What type of group do we consider when evaluating ourselves?

Reference group.

Sabrina has met a few students in her sociology course, but the entire class is part of a __________ group?

Secondary group.

Larger, more anonymous, and more formal and impersonal?

Secondary groups.

Students in a small introductory sociology class and bidders at an auction form?

Secondary small groups.

Besides geography, the barriers that divide us into?

Separate small worlds (lumpy or not) are primarily those of social class, gender, and race-ethnicity.

An individual thought to be able to influence spiritual forces, but shamans, too, must help obtain food?

Shaman.

Groups usually have a?

Shaman.

Hunting and gathering societies often have a ________ is regarded as able to access or influence spiritual forces?

Shaman.

During the 1900's, some U.S. strikers were?

Shot by private police and even by the national Guard.

___________ are a part of a person's primary group?

Siblings.

Milgram's research caught the public's fancy, leading to the phrase?

Six degree's of separation.

On average, everyone in the United States is separated by just six individuals?

Six degree's of separation.

War, in turn, opened the door for?

Slavery, since people found it convenient to let captives do their drudge work.

A group small enough so that each member can interact directly with all the others?

Small group.

Hunting and gathering societies are?

Small. They usually consist of only twenty-five to forty people. These groups are nomadic. As their food supply dwindles in one area, they move to another location. They place value on sharing food, which is essential to their survival.

Contradictions that lead to inner turmoil are common because of two chief characteristics of our society?

Social diversity and social mobility.

The members of hunting and gathering societies have few?

Social divisions and little inequality.

The steam engine, greater than anything that preceded it, was another pushed toward even more?

Social inequality.

Individuals who are linked to one another are called a?

Social network.

People who are linked to one another?

Social network.

Consists of people who share a culture and a territory?

Society.

The largest and most complex group that sociologist study is?

Society.

Irving Janis?

Sociologist who used the term groupthink to refer to the collective tunnel vision that group members sometimes develop.

Although the intensity of interaction is less in triads, they are inherently?

Stronger and give greater stability to a relationship.

In Milgram's study of authority, he found?

Study participants were willing to help a person in need if they think no one else is available to assist.

Because of disease, drought, and pestilence, children have only about a fifty-fifty chance of?

Surviving to adulthood.

Leaders tend to be more?

Talkative, outgoing, determined, and self-confident.

Unlike the factory workers of an industrial society, these individuals don't produce anything. Rather, they?

Transmit or apply information to provide services that others are willing to pay for.

A group of three people?

Triad.

Technology is the key to?

Understanding the sweeping changes that produced our society.

Against these odds, workers persisted, and they gradually won the right to?

Unionize and to improve their working conditions.

Workers had few legal rights. They could not?

Unionize, and they didn't have the right to safe working conditions. If workers protested, they were fired. If they returned to the factory, they were arrested for trespassing on private property. Strikes were illegal, and strikers were arrested or beaten by the employer's private security force.

Yet, as Simmel noted, triads, too are?

Unstable.

what do police officers use to better understand gangs and predict gang violence?

applied network analysis.

Society lays the broad framework for our?

behavior, but it also influences the ways we think and feel.

The clusters within a group, or its internal factions, is called a?

clique.

In Asch's study of group dynamics, he found?

conformity and peer pressure are strong enough forces to get most people to say things they know are false.

In larger groups, by contrast, if one person withdraws, the group can?

continue since its existence does not depend on any single member.

We tend to interact more with people?

facing us than with people to our side.

Ways of expressing yourself as a leader?

leadership styles.

Because a region cannot support a larger number of people who hunt animals and gather plants (group members do not plan---- they only gather?

what is already there.

On an even broader scale of growing equality came the?

Abolition of slavery, the shift from monarchies to more representatives political systems, greater rights for women and minorities, and the rights to vote, to a jury trial, and to cross examine witnesses.

Consists of individuals who are temporarily sharing the same physical space?

Aggregate.

The second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies?

Agricultural revolution.

The second social revolution?

Agricultural society. Invention of the plow.

People developed cities and what is popularly known as culture, activities such as philosophy, art, music, literature, and architecture?

Agricultural society. Or also known as the dawn of civilization.

Joey uses a plow to farm land and is required to pay a tribute to a ruling power. What type of society is he a member of?

Agricultural.

Our society, as huge and dominating as it is, can create a bewildering sense of not belonging. Sociologist Emile Durkheim called this condition?

Anomie.

The analysis of social networks has become a part of?

Applied Sociology?

The economy of our new biotech society will center on?

Applying and altering genetic structures- both plant and animal-to produce food, medicine, and materials.

Another characteristic of triads is that they often produce an?

Arbitrator and mediator, someone who tries to settle disagreements between the other two.

dyads, Triads, and larger groups. The general principle is this?

As a small group grows larger, it becomes more stable, but its intensity, or intimacy, decreases.

Group size influences our?

Attitudes and behavior: It even affects our willingness to help the student in trouble.

One who gives orders?

Authoritarian leader.

Industrialization brought an abundance of goods, and as workers won what we call?

Basic rights, a surprising change occurred--the pattern of growing inequality was reversed.

We humans have intense emotional needs. Among them are sense of?

Belonging and feelings of self esteem.

unlike group members, the individuals who make up a category don't think of themselves as?

Belonging together, and they don't interact with another.

A society whose economy increasingly centers on modifying genetics to produce food, medicine and materials?

Biotech society.

The fifth social revolution?

Biotech society. Decoding of human genome system.

Tricia is a geneticist working to produce more effective medications. She would best fit in a ________ society?

Biotech.

Primary groups that we form within secondary groups, then, serve as a?

Buffer between ourselves and the demands that secondary groups place on us.

Heres how coooley put it?

By primary groups I mean those characterized by intimate face to face association and cooperation. They are primary in several senses, but chiefly in that they are fundamental in forming the social nature ideals of the individual.

A statistic. Consists of people who share similar characteristics, such as all college women who wear glasses or all men over 6 feet tall?

Category.

In one child families, you can often observe both of these?

Characteristics of triads and coalitions and arbitration.

Some individuals became?

Chiefs.

Several members of a social network that form a bond are called a?

Clique.

Triads tend to produce?

Coalitions.

Two group members aligning themselves against one?

Coalitions.

Dyads require that both members participate, if one member loses interest, the dyad?

Collapses.

Secondary examples include?

College classes, the American Sociological Association, and political parties.

As individuals passed their possessions on to their descendants, however, wealth grew more?

Concentrated.

As conflict theorists point out, this?

Concentration of resources and power-- along with the oppression of people not in power-was the forerunner of the state.

Dr. Solomon Asch?

Created the Classic experiment on group conformity.

One of the most significant changes is that with three people interaction between the first two?

Decreases. this can create strain.

An individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus?

Democratic leader.

We use reference groups to?

Evaluate our attitudes and behavior; and how we interact in social networks.

Lola can often be found interacting with her coworkers, improving morale by lending an ear to those who need it. What type of leader is Lola?

Expressive leader.

Usually is not recognized as a leader, but he or she certainly is one. This person lifts the group's morale by such things as cracking jokes and offering sympathy?

Expressive leader.

your social network includes?

Family, friends, acquaintances, people at work and school, and even "friends of friends."

your reference groups may include?

Family, neighbors, teachers, classmates, co-workers, or the members of your church,synagogue, mosque.

Dyad shows two distinct qualities?

First, they are the most intense or intimate of human groups. Because only two people are involved, the interaction is focused on both individuals. Second, dyads tend to be unstable. Because dyads require that both members participate, if one member loses interest, the dyad collapses.

Leaders don't necessarily hold?

Formal positions in a group.

It is not only the number of relationships that makes larger groups more stable. As groups grow, they also tend to develop a more?

Formal speech.

For a biotech society, the opening could have been 1953, when?

Francis Crick and James Watson identified the double-helix structure of DNA.

Because instrumental leaders are task oriented, they sometimes create?

Friction as they prod the group to get on with the job. Their actions often cost them popularity.

To divide the world into in-groups and out-groups, a natural part of social life produces both?

Functional and dysfunctional consequences.

In the domestication revolution some families (or clans) acquired more?

Goods than others. This led to feuds and war since groups now possessed animals, pastures, croplands, jewelry and other material goods.

The industrial revolution began in?

Great Britain in 1765 when the steam engine was first used to run machinery.

How groups influence us and how we influence groups?

Group Dynamics.

__________ refers to how we influence groups and how groups influence us?

Group dynamics.

People who become leaders are perceived by?

Group members as strongly representing their values or as able to lead a group out of a crisis.

The influence of authority and peers can lead to?

Group thinking.

In the early 1900's Georg Simmel analyzed how?

Groups size affects people's behavior.

A narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty?

Groupthink.

What term is used to describe the narrow focus developed by some groups that inhibits new ideas from forming?

Groupthink.

Hunting and gathering societies have to work together in order to survive, and therefore?

Have few social divisions and little inequality.

The United States was the first country to?

Have more than half of its workers in service industries: banking, counseling, education, entertainment, government, health, insurance, law, mass media, research, and sales. Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and western Europe soon followed.

Todays typical worker enjoys a high standard of living in terms of?

Health care, food, housing, material possessions, and access to books and education.

Small groups, said Durkheim?

Help prevent anomie by standing as a buffer between the individual and the larger society. Small groups provide intimate people relationships, giving us a sense of belonging, something we all need. Because small groups are essential for our well- being.

The resulting industrial society is defined by sociologist ?

Herbert Blumer.

What is one example of a group that is likely to develop groupthink?

High-ranking government officials.

The cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools?

Horticultural society. Because they no longer had to abandon an area as the food supply gave out, these groups developed permanent settlements.

Recent studies attempting to replicate Milgram's small world phenomenon study have to conflicting results, likely due to?

How the researchers are choosing their samples and measuring links.

A few machines (such as windmills and water wheels) had helped to harness nature, but most machines depended on?

Human and animal power.

The domestication revolution changed?

Human history.

A human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival?

Hunting and gathering societies.

The first social revolution?

Hunting and gathering society. Horticultural society and pastoral society. Domestication of plants and animals.

In some groups the men do the?

Hunting and the women gathering.

This common tendency for two people to develop stronger bonds and prefer one another leaves the third person feeling?

Hurt and excluded.

Groups which we feel loyalty?

In groups.

Women gatherers contribute about?

3/4's of their total food supply.

Of the hunting and gathering society there are about?

300 groups that remain today.

Dr. Stanley Milgram?

A former student of Dr. Asch, did a study on punishment and learning.

What is one theory as to why the status of women became lower in agricultural societies?

Men took over plowing and the care of cattle, leaving secondary tasks to women.

The primary source of the sweeping changes that are transforming our lives is the?

Development of technology centering on the microchip.

The more dependable food supply allowed groups to grow larger. With it no longer necessary for everyone to work at providing food, a?

Division of labor developed.

The first social revolution, based on the Domestication of plants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural?

Domestication revolution.

What is considered the first social revolution?

Domestication.

For the smallest possible group, which consists of two people?

Dyad.

Simmel used the term?

Dyad.

When primary groups are dysfunctional, however, and fail to meet these basic needs, they produce?

Dysfunctional adults, wounded people who make life difficult for others.

Secondary groups are part of the way we get our?

Education, making our living, spend our money, and use our leisure time.

Of all societies, hunters and gatherers are the most?

Egalitarian.

One who is highly permissive?

Laissez-faire leader.

A company where leadership is mostly absent and employees are free to do work as they wish employs what style of leadership?

Laissez-faire.

People who influence the behaviors, opinions, or attitudes of others?

Leaders.

Pastoral societies developed in regions where?

Low rainfall made it impractical to build life around growing groups. Groups that went this direction remained nomadic. They follow their animals to fresh pasture.

No one knows exactly how it happened, but during this period, females also became subjects to?

Males.

In postindustrial societies, ____________ has given way to the processing and sale of information?

Manufacturing.

Dyads which include?

Marriages, love affairs, and close friendships, show two distinct qualities.

As Samuel noted?

The addition of a third member changes the group in fundamental ways.

The researchers concluded that?

The democratic style of leadership works best.

What was one major effect on society due to the invention of the steam engine?

The disparity between social classes increased.

The sociological principle for society is that?

The type of society we live in is the fundamental reason for why we become who we are.