sociology

Which of the following statements about individualism best exemplifies the relationship between norms and values? Americans often believe strongly in individualism, which is exemplified by a mainstream belief that it is normal and healthy for those who are 18 or older to move out of their parents' house. The norm of individualism in the United States has led us to place more value on those who disagree with mainstream ideas than on those who agree with them. Beliefs in individualism in the early United States were developed out of the necessity of relatively few English immigrants to learn to survive in an unfamiliar environment. Individualism in the United States is valued because of its link to innovation in American culture, which is also highly prized.

Americans often believe strongly in individualism, which is exemplified by a mainstream belief that it is normal and healthy for those who are 18 or older to move out of their parents' house.

Vien is working on a study that asks whether a college education is more highly valued by working-class or middle-class people. He posts fliers all over his college campus asking for volunteers, and interviews about sixty college students. After analyzing his data, he concludes that working-class people actually put higher value on education than middle-class people. What is a possible critique of Vien's study? A high quality study cannot be conducted at a single location. Because of the barriers to higher education for working-class students, it is likely that those working-class students who do attend college place a higher value on it than those who don't and thus do not necessarily reflect working-class values in general. Students who really value a college education are not very likely to spend time being interviewed, since they are likely to spend most of their time studying. Because students are in the midst of their college experience, they are not able to offer meaningful reflections on the value of their experience

Because of the barriers to higher education for working-class students, it is likely that those working-class students who do attend college place a higher value on it than those who don't and thus do not necessarily reflect working-class values in general.

ow does sex segregation in work disadvantage some men as well as women? Sex segregation in work leads to a "race to the bottom" in which wages in male-dominated occupations continue to fall until they are commensurate with wages in female-dominated occupations. Because the gender composition of an occupation is associated with the amount of pay received for that job, men who work in female-dominated occupations earn less than they otherwise would. Men who desire employment in occupations dominated by women have a more difficult time getting hired and promoted within those occupations. Men who work in female-dominated fields usually wind up losing respect for themselves because of it.

Because the gender composition of an occupation is associated with the amount of pay received for that job, men who work in female-dominated occupations earn less than they otherwise would.

Which of the following best summarizes the main findings of Stanley Milgram's experiments? Some individuals are able to resist the pressure of authority much more effectively than others. Faced with a decision between conformity to a group or obedience to authority, most people will choose the latter. Even ordinary individuals will commit surprisingly heinous or destructive acts in the interest of obedience to authority. Scientists command more respect and obedience than other kinds of professionals, such as lawyers or corporate executives.

Even ordinary individuals will commit surprisingly heinous or destructive acts in the interest of obedience to authority.

Why did Marx call religion the "opium of the people"? He recognized that religion made people feel good and provided a needed escape from the troubles of daily life. He believed that as part of the social elite, church leaders often partnered with capitalists to further their mutual interests in ways that hurt ordinary people, even if it made them feel good temporarily. He argued that a belief in afterlife rewards for living a meek and humble life encouraged people to accept their oppression in this life, rather than struggling against injustice. He believed that religious beliefs dulled the ability of individuals to develop their scientific rationality, much as drugs dull cognitive functions.

He argued that a belief in afterlife rewards for living a meek and humble life encouraged people to accept their oppression in this life, rather than struggling against injustice.

What is the central question behind the issue of agency and structure?

How are both human freedom and social constraint active in the world?

What is the primary role of theory in scientific research?

It helps to explain empirical observations.

According to C. Wright Mills, why might using the sociological imagination be important for more fully understanding life experiences?

Most people have a limited point of view, caused by the small circles in which they travel on a daily basis.

Which is true of status, according to Weber's theory? Status is a positive quality that is always desirable. Status correlates with class; that is, higher class means higher status, and lower class means lower status. Marx analyzed class only; Weber analyzed status only. Pariah groups have status, but it is of a negative quality

Pariah groups have status, but it is of a negative quality

All of these statements express feminist ideas. Which statement expresses a distinctive idea of socialist feminism? Equality for women in all areas of society can be promoted through policy reforms. Women must separate from men, working together as women to develop solidarity and effective social action. It is vital to consider diversity among women, including race, sexuality, nationality, and other key characteristics of identity. Patriarchal, capitalist societies oppress ethnic minorities, the working class, the poor, and women.

Patriarchal, capitalist societies oppress ethnic minorities, the working class, the poor, and women.

Which is an example of cultural lag? People have accidents while walking or driving because they are using smartphones. Cultural norms do not yet accommodate this technology well. Chai tea was popular in India for centuries, but didn't become widely known in the United States until fairly recently. Radical environmentalists live "off the grid," refusing to use cars or roads that contribute to a petroleum-based economy. An authoritarian government fosters intense national loyalty and feelings that encourage the population to support self-interested wars.

People have accidents while walking or driving because they are using smartphones. Cultural norms do not yet accommodate this technology well.

What is one implication of Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital? Social mobility is less about how hard you work and more about the kinds of tools you work with. Growing up rich ultimately creates cultural disadvantages in adulthood. The hardest-working members of society will usually wind up highly successful. Working-class parents do not place high value on their children's education.

Social mobility is less about how hard you work and more about the kinds of tools you work with.

Which of the following is an example of civil inattention? The front desk scheduler at a doctor's office seems to not overhear doctors conversing, but in truth, the scheduler often does hear. When walking around campus, students often glance at each other and then look away again. A classmate bursts into tears during a lecture, and all the other students, and the professor as well, pretend not to notice. In heated public situations, such as a political rally or debate, the modern value of civility requires a degree of attention, but not too much.

The front desk scheduler at a doctor's office seems to not overhear doctors conversing, but in truth, the scheduler often does hear.

Since the recent economic recession, the unemployment rate has returned to an average rate of about 5 percent. What feature of the unemployment rate disguises important information about that 5 percent? The unemployment rate measures past years, but presents data as if it were present year. The unemployment rate does not count discouraged workers, those who need work but are no longer seeking it. The unemployment rate does not measure housework or volunteer work. The unemployment rate is measured by statisticians who do not appreciate the human impact of unemployment.

The unemployment rate does not count discouraged workers, those who need work but are no longer seeking it.

During the height of the civil rights movement, public demonstrations over racial inequality were perceived by some as unruly riots, and they were often met with violent repression from police and white citizens. Which of the following interpretations are consistent with Durkheim's theory of deviance? Those who broke laws, such as sitting down in a whites-only restaurant, did so primarily because they had not been properly socialized to understand the laws about segregation. Those who violently retaliated against protesters were reinforcing the boundaries between what many whites believed to be acceptable and unacceptable behavior on the part of African Americans. The majority of white citizens who reacted to civil rights protests with violence did so because they had at some time in the past been labeled as racists. Those who participated in protests were probably naturally rebellious or had been made so by early childhood experiences

Those who violently retaliated against protesters were reinforcing the boundaries between what many whites believed to be acceptable and unacceptable behavior on the part of African Americans.

hich of the following is an example of a sanction? When Maria begins setting the table immediately after her mother asks her to, her mother calls her "a good girl." When Roger's stomach rumbles loudly during class, students nearby pretend not to notice. Leonard's older brother is mean to him at breakfast, and when Leonard gets to school, he picks a fight with his best friend. After Kelly accepts a date with a friend's ex-boyfriend, her old boyfriend begins calling her again.

When Maria begins setting the table immediately after her mother asks her to, her mother calls her "a good girl."

Which is a distinctive focus of conflict theory?

Which is a distinctive focus of conflict theory?

What is the main similarity between the understandings of gender development developed by Sigmund Freud and those developed by Nancy Chodorow? an emphasis on the importance of the social and emotional relationship between children and their parents an emphasis on erotic feelings a rejection of sociological or contextual factors that influence human development a view of femininity as characterized by loss in early childhood

an emphasis on the importance of the social and emotional relationship between children and their parents

Universities have rules for student conduct that are enforced by university authorities. A sociologist would understand these rules as a demonstration of the fact that the presence of formal authority relations defines the social category of "organization." an example of authority relations, which are found in some organizations but not in others. an example of authority relations, which are found in all organizations. a demonstration of the fact that authority relations are important in educational organizations, but not workplace organizations

an example of authority relations, which are found in all organizations.

Which of the following might be considered a cultural universal? a high value placed on literacy having conflicts with one's in-laws decorating one's body teaching children to value self-sufficiency

decorating one's body

When Edgar was 12, his family moved to a new neighborhood, where he made new friends on his block. Edgar's new friends liked to meet up after school and go to an abandoned building in the neighborhood, where they broke bottles, made holes in the walls, and drew graffiti. Over time, Edgar became recognized among his friends as a talented graffiti artist and expanded his efforts to new areas, despite getting caught by the police twice. Sociologists might attribute Edgar's deviance to relative deprivation. primary deviation. social sanctions. differential association.

differential association.

Disparaging attitudes toward polygamy (a marriage that includes more than two people) in the United States may be a form of appropriation. ethnocentrism. cultural relativism. assimilation.

enthnocentrism

Many lower-status, lower-pay occupations, including retail sales and secretarial work, are dominated by women. In 2016, 95 percent of all secretaries and administrative assistants in the United States were women. This is an example of sexual harassment. status differentials. feminization of poverty. gender typing.

gender typing

The experiment performed by Solomon Asch demonstrated the extent to which individual behavior is influenced by social aggregates. individual perceptions. organizations. group pressure.

group pressure

In their theories of human development, Nancy Chodorow and Carol Gilligan both emphasize the importance of the penis in early childhood development for both boys and girls. argue that the focus on interpersonal relationships on the part of women is a social weakness. highlight the importance of interpersonal relationships in the development and self-conception of women. reject Freud's intense focus on early childhood development in forming gender identity.

highlight the importance of interpersonal relationships in the development and self-conception of women.

After school, Sandra often has to go help her grandparents with chores and grocery shopping. On these days, Sandra always brings a change of clothes to avoid appearing at her grandparents' house in the punk-rock outfits she likes to wear to school. This is an example of audience segregation. impression management. civil inattention. social posturing.

impression management

Emily posts on Facebook regularly, but it often causes conflict. She posts a party photo for her friends to see, and her parents complain about her social habits. She posts a religious message for her religious friends, but then at work someone comments about how she is always trying to convert others. These are all examples of challenges with civil inattention. impression management. audience segregation. saving face

impression management

A study of university admissions that compares the impact of gender and social class on probability of admission before World War II and after World War II is an example of

macrosociology

Some sociologists argue that the current problems in America's inner cities (such as drugs, violence, and fatherless households) are a result of the disappearance of blue-collar jobs in the United States. This argument reflects what idea from the text?

materalist concept of histroy

Jason considers himself a generous person and has worked hard to cultivate that quality. He now works as a prison guard, where his job often leads him to yell at others or to deny desperately sought privileges to prisoners as a form of punishment. This situation may result in a great deal of tension between Jason's __________ and his __________. master status; social identity anticipatory socialization; resocialization social identity; self-identity childhood socialization; adult socialization

social identity; self-identity

What is the strongest evidence offered by the text in support of C. Wright Mills's position that the military plays a central role in the power elite in the United States? the election of Dwight Eisenhower, an army general, to the U.S. presidency the war on terrorism the enormous size of the U.S. military budget relative to other countries the fact that the president of the United States is also the commander in chief of the army

the enormous size of the U.S. military budget relative to other countries