Sociology - CH 1: An introduction to sociology

What do employers continue to seek people with?

"transferable skills."

What does "the personal decisions an individual makes do not exist in a vacuum" mean?

Cultural patterns and social forces put pressure on people to select one choice over another

What are the 3 sociological paradigms?

Structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism

What do soviologist study?

Sociologists study social events, interactions, and patterns, and they develop a theory in an attempt to explain why things work as they do.

What does Sociologist Peter L. Berger describe a sociologist as?

Someone concerned with understanding society in a disciplined way." He asserts that sociologists have a natural interest in the monumental moments of people's lives, as well as a fascination with banal, everyday occurrences.

What did Spencer reject?

Spencer rejected much of Comte's philosophy as well as Marx's theory of class struggle and his support of communism.

How do sociologist try to identify the general cultural patterns that put pressure on people to select one choice over another?

They study the behavior of large gropus of people living in the same society and experiencing the same societal pressures

What did Comte and Claude Henri de Rouvroy Comte de Saint Simon both think?

They both thought that social scientists could study society using the same scientific methods utilized in natural sciences.

How do sociologists often study culture?

Using the sociological imagination

What do we develop social constructs based on? What is this approach often used to understand?

We develop social constructs based on interactions with others, and those constructs that last over time are those that have meanings which are widely agreed-upon or generally accepted by most within the society. This approach is often used to understand what's defined as deviant within a society.

Who proposed a philosophy of antipositivism?

Webeer and other like-minded sociologists

What did weber believe about using standard scientific methods to accurately predict the behavior or groups? What did he argeu had to be taken into account? Who did this apply to?

Weber believed that it was difficult, if not impossible, to use standard scientific methods to accurately predict the behavior of groups as people hoped to do. They argued that the influence of culture on human behavior had to be taken into account. This even applied to the researchers themselves, who, they believed, should be aware of how their own cultural biases could influence their research.

In webers book The Nature of Social Action, what did weber describe sociology as?

Weber described sociology as striving to "interpret the meaning of social action and thereby give a causal explanation of the way in which action proceeds and the effects it produces."

What did Weber write on? (what kind of topics)

Weber wrote on many topics related to sociology including political change in Russia and social forces that affect factory workers

Comte believed that using scientific methods to reveal....

the laws by which societies and individuals interact would usher in a new "positivist" age of history

What did Martineau find the workings of capatalism at odds with?

the professed moral principles of people in the United states; she pointed out the faults with free enterprise system in which workers were exploited and impoverished while business ownes became wealthy.

What did Karl Marx and Ffriedrich Engels do tg?

they coakuthored the Communist Manifesto

What is a society?

A group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with one another, and who share a common culture

What does culture encompass?What does it include?

A groups way of life, from routine, everyday interactions to the most important part of group members' lives. It includes everything produced by a society, including all of the social rules.

Manifest function of college education? Latent function?

A manifest function of college education, for example, includes gaining knowledge, preparing for a career, and finding a good job that utilizes that education. Latent functions of your college years include meeting new people, participating in extracurricular activities, or even finding a spouse or partner. Another latent function of education is creating a hierarchy of employment based on the level of education attained.

What did Alfred Radcliff Brown define the function of any recurrent activity as?

Alfred Radcliff-Brown (1881-1955) defined the function of any recurrent activity as the part it played in social life as a whole, and therefore the contribution it makes to social stability and continuity

What do sociologists study?

All aspects and levels of a society

What did pioneer sociologist C. Wright Mills describe sociological imagination as?

An awareness of the relationship between a persons behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the persons choices and perceptions. It is a way of seeing our own and other peoples behavior in relationship to history and social structure.

What does postmodern social theory attempt to look at society through? What is post modern social theory? What does its growth in popularity coincide with?

An entirely new lens by rejecting previous macro-level attempts to explain social phenomena. Post modern social theory is a micro-level approach that looks at small, local groups, and individual reality. Its growth in popularity coincides with the constructivists aspects of symbolisc interactionism

What is reification?

An error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence

What does sociology prepare people for?

a wide variety of careers

What is constructivism?

Constructivism is an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be.

Are classic sociological theories still important?

Classic sociological theories are still considered important and current, but new sociological theories build upon the work of their predecessors and add to them

What is communication? What did theorists Herman and Reynolds note?

Communication—the exchange of meaning through language and symbols—is believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds. Theorists Herman and Reynolds (1994) note that this perspective sees people as being active in shaping the social world rather than simply being acted upon.

What is communism? What did marx believe in when it came to communism vs capitalism?

Communism is an economic system under which there is no private or corporate ownership: everything is owned communally and distributed as needed. Marx believed that communism was a more equitable system than capitalism.

What is the conflict theory?

Conflict theory looks at society as a competition for limited resources.

Durkheim believed that individuals may make up society, but in order to study society, sociologists have to look beyond individuals to __________? What are they?

Durkheim believed that individuals may make up society, but in order to study society, sociologists have to look beyond individuals to social facts. Social facts are the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

What did Durkheim believe about sociologists? What did he consider to be a healthy society? what about a pathological society?

Durkheim believed that sociologists could study objective "social facts" (Poggi 2000). He also believed that through such studies it would be possible to determine if a society was "healthy" or "pathological." He saw healthy societies as stable, while pathological societies experienced a breakdown in social norms between individuals and society.

What did Emile Durkheim help establish?

Durkheim helped establish sociology as a formal academic discipline by establishing the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895 and by publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method in 1895.

What theory did Durkheim lay out?

Durkheim laid out his theory on how societies transformed from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society. According to Durkheim, people rise to their proper levels in society based on merit.

What do social facts serve? Give an example

Each of these social facts serves one or more functions within a society. For example, one function of a society's laws may be to protect society from violence, while another is to punish criminal behavior, while another is to preserve public health.

What did Emile Durkheim apply spences theory for? What did Durkheim believe about society? What did he believe was necessary to study society?

Émile Durkheim, another early sociologist, applied Spence's theory to explain how societies change and survive over time. Durkheim believed that society is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability (Durkheim 1893), and that society is held together by shared values, languages, and symbols. He believed that to study society, a sociologist must look beyond individuals to social facts such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashion, and rituals, which all serve to govern social life.

What did functionalism grow out of? What did SPence argue?

Functionalism grew out of the writings of English philosopher and biologist, Hebert Spence who saw similarities between society and the human body; he argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning

What does functionalism (also called?) see?

Functionalism, also called structural-functional theory, sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society.

Who was Georg Simmel?

Georg Simmel was a German art critic who wrote widely on social and political issues as well.

What is George Herbert Mead considered the founder of?

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) is considered a founder of symbolic interactionism though he never published his work on it (LaRossa and Reitzes 1993).

What was George Herbert Mead?

George Herbert Mead was a philosopher and sociologist whose work focused on the ways in which the mind and the self were developed as a result of social processes

What did German Sociologist Gerg simmer believe that conflict can help with? What did he say about the intensity of conflict? What did Simmel show that groups work to do?

German sociologist Georg Simmel (1858-1918) believed that conflict can help integrate and stabilize a society. He said that the intensity of the conflict varies depending on the emotional involvement of the parties, the degree of solidarity within the opposing groups, and the clarity and limited nature of the goals. Simmel also showed that groups work to create internal solidarity, centralize power, and reduce dissent. Resolving conflicts can reduce tension and hostility and can pave the way for future agreements.

What is figuration? (who came up with it? what is the key saying"

German sociologist Norbert Elias. simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes the behavior = figuration. "individual and society are inseparable"

Goffman used theater as an analogy for social interaction and recognized that people's interactions showed patterns of cultural ________. Because it can be unclear what part a person may play in a given situation, he or she has to _____________.

Goffman used theater as an analogy for social interaction and recognized that people's interactions showed patterns of cultural "scripts." Because it can be unclear what part a person may play in a given situation, he or she has to improvise his or her role as the situation unfolds

What are grand theories? (what do they attempt)

Grand theories attempt to explain large- scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change.

What does culture refer to?

Groups shared practices, values, and beliefs

What did Mead argue aboout how an individual comes to view himself or herself?

He argued that how an individual comes to view himself or herself is based to a very large extent on interactions with others.

How did Comte describe his philosophy?

He described it in a series of books called The Course In Positive Philosophy and A General View of Positivism

Who is Ibn Khaldun? Where is he from? What is he considered? What did he write about?

He is from Tunisia. MAny consider him to be the worlds first sociologist. he wrote about many topics of interest today, setting a foundation for both modern sociology and economics, including a theory of social conflict, a comparison of nomadic and sedentary life, a description of political economy, and a study connecting a tribes social cohesion to its capacity for power

What is Weber known best for? What is the theory of this book?

He is known best for his 1904 book, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. The theory that Weber sets forth in this book is still controversial. Some believe that Weber argued that the beliefs of many Protestants, especially Calvinists, led to the creation of capitalism. Others interpret it as simply claiming that the ideologies of capitalism and Protestantism are complementary.

What did comte originally study to be? What did he end up becoming?

He originally studied to be an engineer, but later became a pupil of social philosopher Claude Henri de Rouvroy Comte de Saint-Simon.

What did Ma Tuan-Lin recognise?

He recognized social dynamics an an underlying component of historical development in his seminal encyclopedia, GENERaL STUDY OF LITERARY REMAINS.

What did Marx reject of Comtes? why?

He rejected Comte's positivism. He believed that societies grew and changed as a result of struggles of different social classes over the means of production

What might a symbolic interactionist might propose if you love books?

If you love books, for example, a symbolic interactionist might propose that you learned that books are good or important in the interactions you had with family, friends, school, or church; maybe your family had a special reading time each week, getting your library card was treated as a special event, or bedtime stories were associated with warmth and comfort.

How did Durkheim attempt to demonstrate the effectiveness of his rules of social research?

In 1897, Durkheim attempted to demonstrate the effectiveness of his rules of social research when he published a work titled Suicide. Durkheim examined suicide statistics in different police districts to research differences between Catholic and Protestant communities. He attributed the differences to socioreligious forces rather than to individual or psychological causes.

In a healthy society, what do all parts work to do? What state wants to be reached?

In a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain stability, a state called dynamic equilibrium by later sociologists such as Parsons

Who was the Frankfurt school? What did the Frankfurt School develop? What does a critical theory attempt? What must it explain? What must it identify? What must it provide?

In the 1930s and 1940s, German philosophers, known as the Frankfurt School, developed critical theory as an elaboration on Marxist principles. Critical theory is an expansion of conflict theory and is broader than just sociology, including other social sciences and philosophy. A critical theory attempts to address structural issues causing inequality; it must explain what's wrong in current social reality, identify the people who can make changes, and provide practical goals for social transformation

What were Marx theories?

Industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism led to great disparities in wealth between the owners of the factories and workers.

What did Kenneth and Mamie Clarks research show?

It showed that segregation was harmful to young black schoolchildren, and the court found that harm to be unconstitutional

What are macro level theories?

Macro-level theories relate to large-scale issues and large groups of people, while micro-level theories look at very specific relationships between individuals or small groups.

Level of analysis for conflict theory? Focus?

Macro. The way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power

Manifest function vs latent function?

Manifest functions are the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated, while latent functions are the unsought consequences of a social process.

Provide an example of sociological imagination.

Marriage. In the united states, this choice is heavily influenced by individuals feelings; however, the social acceptability of marriage relative to the persons circumstances also plays a part,

What did Marx predict about the inequalities of capitalism? what would this lead to?

Marx predicted that inequalities of capitalism would become so extreme that workers would eventually revolt. This would lead to the collapse of capitalism, which would be replaced by communism

What does Communist Manifesto present?

Marx's theory of society

Did German sociologist Max Weber agree with Marx? What did he believe that inequalities of political power and social structure would do? Wat did he note?

Max Weber agreed with Marx but also believed that, in addition to economic inequalities, inequalities of political power and social structure cause conflict. Weber noted that different groups were affected differently based on education, race, and gender, and that people's reactions to inequality were moderated by class differences and rates of social mobility, as well as by perceptions about the legitimacy of those in power.

What are significant others? What are generalized others?

Mead called specific individuals that impacted a person's life significant others, and he also conceptualized " generalized others" as the organized and generalized attitude of a social group.

Who coined the term symbolic interactionism? Who outlined these basic premises: Humans interact with things based on meaning ascribed to thsoe things, the ascribed meaning of things comes from our interactions with others and society, the meanings of things are interpreted by aperson when dealing with things in specific circumstances

Meads student, Herbert Blumer

Level of analysis for symbolic interactionism? Focus?

Micro . One-to-one interactions and communications

What might a micro-level sociologist look at? What about a macro-level?

Micro-level might look at the accepted rules of conversation in various groups such as among teenagers or business professionals. A macro-level analysis might research the ways that language has changed over time or in social media outlets

What did much of Simmels work focus on ? what did it analyze? What else did it emphasize? Are Simmels contributions to soviology often included in academic histories of the discipline?

Much of his work focused on the micro-level theories, and it analyzed the dynamics of two-person and three-person groups. His work also emphasized individual culture as the creative capacities of individuals. Simmel's contributions to sociology are not often included in academic histories of the discipline, perhaps overshadowed by his contemporaries Durkheim, Mead, and Weber

Did Marx theory of society go hand in hand with Comte?

No

Was Mary Wollstonecrafts work recognized by males?

No. Her works were long ignored by the male academic structure, but since the 1970s, wollstonecraft has been widely considered the first feminist thinker of consequence.

Criticisms of the structural functional theory? What is problematic?? What do many sociologists now believe abuot functionalism?

One criticism of the structural-functional theory is that it can't adequately explain social change. Also problematic is the somewhat circular nature of this theory; repetitive behavior patterns are assumed to have a function, yet we profess to know that they have a function only because they are repeated. Furthermore, dysfunctions may continue, even though they don't serve a function, which seemingly contradicts the basic premise of the theory. Many sociologists now believe that functionalism is no longer useful as a macro-level theory, but that it does serve a useful purpose in some mid-level analyses.

a few theories provide broad perspectives that help explain many different aspects of social life, and these are called_______

Paradigms

What are paradigms?

Paradigms are philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.

What did Polish Austrian sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz expand on Marxs ideas about? What did he beleive?

Polish-Austrian sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz (1838-1909) expanded on Marx's ideas by arguing that war and conquest are the basis of civilizations. He believed that cultural and ethnic conflicts led to states being identified and defined by a dominant group that had power over other groups (Irving 2007).

What did Comte name the scientific study of social patterns?

Positivism

What did Prominent sociologist Max weber establish?

Prominent sociologist Max Weber established a sociology department in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich in 1919

Quantitative sociology vs qualitative sociology

Quantitative sociology uses statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants. Researchers analyze data using statistical techniques to see if they can uncover patterns of human behavior. Qualitative sociology seeks to understand human behavior by learning about it through in- depth interviews, focus groups, and analysis of content sources (like books, magazines, journals, and popular media).

What application makes the concept of figuration understandable?

Religion. A persons religious practice might be influenced by what government dictates, holidays, teachers, places of worship, rituals, and so on. These influences underscore the important relationship between individual practices of religion and social pressures that influence that religious experience

Critisicm of Symbolic interactionist theory?

Research done from this perspective is often scrutinized because of the difficulty of remaining objective. Others criticize the extremely narrow focus on symbolic interaction. Proponents, of course, consider this one of its greatest strengths.

Robert Merton (1910-2003), pointed out that social processes often have _____??

Robert Merton (1910-2003), pointed out that social processes often have many functions.

What stance did Simmel take and what topics did the address?

Simmel took an anti-positivism stance and addressed topics such as social conflict, the function of money, individual identity in city life, and the European fear of outsiders

What do sociologists working from the micro-level study?

Small groups and individual interactions

Social processes that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society are???? Example of one in education?

Social processes that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society are called dysfunctions. In education, examples of dysfunction include getting bad grades, truancy, dropping out, not graduating, and not finding suitable employment.

Studies that use the symbolic interactionist perspective are more likely to use_________ research methods, such as in-depth interviews or participant observation, because they seek to understand the symbolic worlds in which research subjects live.

Studies that use the symbolic interactionist perspective are more likely to use qualitative research methods, such as in-depth interviews or participant observation, because they seek to understand the symbolic worlds in which research subjects live.

What is sociology?

Study of groups and group interactions, societies and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups.

What is symbolic interactionism?

Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society.

What is the first book with the term sociology in the title?

The Study of Sociology

What is considered the foundation for the differences found today between quantatative sovilogy and qualatative sociology?

The different approaches to research based on positivism or antipositivism

What happened in the early 19th century?

The early 19th century saw great changes witht he industrial revolution, increased mobility, and new kinds of employment. It was also a time of great social and political upheaval with the rise of empires that exposed many people, for the first time, to societies and cultures other than their own. Millions of people moved into cities and many people turned away from their traditional religious beliefs.

The focus on the importance of symbols in building a society led sociologists like Erving Goffman (1922-1982) to develop a technique called __________?

The focus on the importance of symbols in building a society led sociologists like Erving Goffman (1922-1982) to develop a technique called dramaturgical analysis.

What were the parts of society that Spence referred to?

The parts of society that Spence referred to were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy.

What did Herbert spencer publish?

The study of sociology

When was the term sociology first coined? By who?

The term sociology was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes in an unpublished manuscript.

When was the term sociology reinvented? By who?

The term was reinvented by Auguste Comte in 1838.

who is the conflict theory most identified with?

The writings of german philosopher and sociologist Karl Marx

Do theories vary? Depending on what?

Theories vary in scope depending on the scale of the issues that they are meant ot explain

Is there an absolute definition of deviance?

There is no absolute definition of deviance, and different societies have constructed different meanings for deviance, as well as associating different behaviors with deviance.

Why are people interested in sociology?

They are driven by the scholarly desire to contribute knowledge to this field, while others have seen it as a way not only to study society but also to improe it

What does seeking people with transferable skills mean?

This means that they want to hire people whose knowledge and education can be applied in a variety of settings and whose skills will contribute to various tasks.

What have come to dominate soviological thinking? Why?

Three paradigms have come to dominate sociological thinking, because they provide useful explanations: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.

What did Weber and Dilthey introuduce the concept of? What does this mean? In seeking this, what did outside observers of a social world attempt to understand?

To deal with this problem, Weber and Dilthey introduced the concept of verstehen, a German word that means to understand in a deep way. In seeking verstehen, outside observers of a social world—an entire culture or a small setting—attempt to understand it from an insider's point of view.

What was Martineau the first to do?

Translate Comtes writing from french to english and thereby introduced sociology to English-speaking scholoars.

What do sociologists working from the macro-level study?

Trends among and between large groups and societies

What did John Locke, Voltaire, Immanuel kant, and Thomas Hobbes respond to?

What they saw as social ills by writing on topics that they hoped would lead to social reform

Who is considered the first feminist thinker of consequence?

Wollstonecraft

What did Mary Wollstonecraft write about?

Womens conditions in society

Since ancient times, have people been fascinated by the relationship between individuals and the societies to which they belong?

Yes

What is a theory? Hypothesis?

a theory is a way to explain different aspects of social interactions and to create a testable proposition, called a hypothesis, about society

Who was Harriet Martineau?

a writer who addressed a wide range of social science issues. She was an early observer of social practices, including economics, social class, religion, suicide, government, and womens rights.

Emile Durkheim theory about suicide? Was it true?

although suicide is generally considered an individual phenomenon, Émile Durkheim was interested in studying the social factors that affect it. His studied social ties within a group, or social solidarity, and hypothesized that differences in suicide rates might be explained by religion-based differences. Durkheim gathered a large amount of data about Europeans who had ended their lives, and he did indeed find differences based on religion. Protestants were more likely to commit suicide than Catholics in Durkheim's society, and his work supports the utility of theory in sociological research.

What is capitalism?

an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of goods and the means to produce them, grew in many nations

Latent functions can be what three things?

beneficial, neutral, or harmful

What has sociology played a crucial role in?

desegreation, important social reforms, equal opportunity for women in the workplace, improved treatment for individuals wth mental handicaps or learning disabilities, increased accessibility and accomodation for people with physical handicaps, the right of native populations to preserve their land and culture, and prison system reforms

To a sociologist, the personal decisions an individual makes _________

do not exist in a vacuum.

What is Martineau credited with?

first systematic methodological international comparisons of social institutions in two of her most famous sociological works: Society in America and Retrospect of Western Travel

In the 18th century, what did age of enlightment philosophers develop?

general principles that could be used to explain social life

Who was Karl Marx?

german philosopher and economist.

What aare people who graduate from college with a degree in sociology hired by?

government agencies and corporations in fields such as social services, counseling, community planning, health services, marketing, market research, and human resources. Also sales, public relations, journalism, teaching, law, and criminal justice

What did Comte really believe in?

he believed in the potential of social scientists to work toward the betterment of society. He held that once scholars identified the laws that governed society, sociologists could address problems such as poor education and poverty.

What did Spencer favor?

he favored a form of government that allowed market forces to control capitalism. His work influenced many early sociologists including Émile Durkheim

What was one of the major factors influencing the decision of Brown vs. The board of education?

husband and wife team of sociologists, Kenneth and Mamie Clark

What did Karl Marx see society being made up of? Social institutions like government, education, and religion reflect this competetion in what?? What happens when some individuals and organizations are able to obtain and keep more resources than others?

individuals in different social classes who must compete for social, material, and political resources such as food and housing, employment, education, and leisure time. Social institutions like government, education, and religion reflect this competition in their inherent inequalities and help maintain the unequal social structure. Some individuals and organizations are able to obtain and keep more resources than others, and these "winners" use their power and influence to maintain social institutions. Several theorist suggested variations on this basic theme.

Social scientists who apply symbolic-interactionist thinking look for patterns of interaction between _____________. Their studies often involve observation of ______________.

individuals, one on one interactions

A key basis of the sociological perspective is the concept that the individual and society are _______

inseparable. It is impossible to study one without the other

Why can sociology be exciting?

it teaches people ways to recognize how they fit into the world and how others perceive them. Looking at themselves and society from a sociological perspective helps people see where they connect to different groups based on the many different ways they classify themselves and how society classifies them in turn. It raises awareness of how those classifications—such as economic and status levels, education, ethnicity, or sexual orientation—affect perceptions. Sociology teaches people not to accept easy explanations. It teaches them a way to organize their thinking so that they can ask better questions and formulate better answers. It makes people more aware that there are many different kinds of people in the world who do not necessarily think the way they do. This content is available for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11762/1.3 It increases their willingness and ability to try to see the world from other people's perspectives. This prepares them to live and work in an increasingly diverse and integrated world.

What are social facts?

laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life, that may contribute to changes in the family

What level approach is the conflict theory?

macro level

Level of analysis for structural functionalism? Focus?

macro or mid. the way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole

What level of analysis does Mead emphasize?

microlevel

What is an example of no absolute definition of deviance?

ne situation that illustrates this is what you believe you're to do if you find a wallet in the street. In the United States, turning the wallet in to local authorities would be considered the appropriate action, and to keep the wallet would be seen as deviant. In contrast, many Eastern societies would consider it much more appropriate to keep the wallet and search for the owner yourself; turning it over to someone else, even the authorities, would be considered deviant behavior.

was martineau counted in her own time by the male domination of academic sociology?

no. she was discounted

What is the communist manifesto

one of the most influential political manuscripts in history

What did Martineau note about all being created equal?

she noted that the belief in all being created equal was inconsistent with the lack of women's rights

What is antipositivism? What did this lead to?

social researchers would strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values. This approach led to some research methods whose aim was not to generalize or predict (traditional in science), but to systematically gain an in-depth understanding of social worlds.

while a conflict theorist studying a political protest might focus on class difference, a symbolic interactionist would be more interested in _____________

while a conflict theorist studying a political protest might focus on class difference, a symbolic interactionist would be more interested in how individuals in the protesting group interact, as well as the signs and symbols protesters use to communicate their message.

What can studying sociology provide people with?

wide knowledge and a skill set that can contribute to many workplaces, including • an understanding of social systems and large bureaucracies; • the ability to devise and carry out research projects to assess whether a program or policy is working; • the ability to collect, read, and analyze statistical information from polls or surveys; • the ability to recognize important differences in people's social, cultural, and economic backgrounds; • skills in preparing reports and communicating complex ideas; and • the capacity for critical thinking about social issues and problems that confront modern society. (Department of Sociology, University of Alabama)

Is sociological theory constantly evolving and never considered to be complete?

yep

Is Marx's idea that social conflict leads to change in society still one of the major theories?

yes

Did ancient philosophers have an interest in moder sociology? what did they study?

yes. They studies modern sociology to describe an ideal society, including theories of social conflict, economics, social cohesion, and power