Sociology ch. 11

Prejudice and Discrimination Intersections continued

• Prejudiced nondiscriminators are those who hold racist beliefs but don't act on them, such as a racist store owner who serves minority customers. • Prejudiced discriminators include those who actively make disparaging remarks about others or who perpetuate hate crimes.

Subordinate Group is defined as:

used interchangeably with the term minority.

Conflict Theory

• A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine struggles between the White ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities. • They would note specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the minority group.

Multiple identities p3

• Anti-miscegenation laws prohibited interracial marriage and relationships. - They were present in many states and upheld by the Supreme Court in 1883 & began being repealed or overturned in states in 1948 - In 1967's Loving vs. Virginia case, the remaining 16 state bans were overturned.

Anti-racism pt. 2

• Anti-racism need not be confrontational in terms of arguing or protesting. • It need not make individuals feel guilty or ashamed. • And doesn't mean that people are bad for having biases, privileges, and achievements. • Rather, anti-racists use those achievements and privileges to help others.

Pan-ethnic Groups (examples) contd

• But if you asked their individual ethnicity, they may indicate it more specifically. A person that is part of a pan-ethnic group is also a part of an ethnic group.

Racism pt. 4

• Color-Avoidance Racism (sometimes referred to as "colorblind racism") is an avoidance of racial language by people to indicate that racism is no longer an issue.

Discrimination

• Discrimination consists of actions, policies, withholdings, or barriers against a group of people. • It can be based on race, ethnicity, disability, gender and gender expression, sexual orientation, age, pregnancy status, religion, socioeconomic status, and certain beliefs and voluntary memberships.

What is a minority group? Continued

• Dominant Group refers to a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups Minority groups are usually subject to unequal treatment or outright mistreatment. Sociologically, minority groups are not necessarily numeric minorities, although this is often the case

Multiple identities

• Earlier in history - in the U.S. and elsewhere - there was a social stigma for people to acknowledge a mixed racial background. • There was value in being seen as someone with a single ethnicity.

African Americans pt. 3

• Even non-enslaved Black people were prohibited from many activities and powers, such as voting, holding office, and owning certain types of property. After the Civil War, laws were passed to maintain White dominance; these were maintained for nearly a century until court decisions like Brown v. Board of Education, the Voting Rights Act, and the Civil Rights Act.

African Americans, pt. 4

• For example, race massacres and race riots in cities like Tulsa after WWI. • Redlining was an intentional practice to prohibit Black people from buying/renting property in certain areas. • Voting rights activists were harassed, assaulted, and murdered. • After Brown, certain governments overtly opposed desegregation and refused to integrate.

Interactionism

• For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. • Some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism.

Racism pt. 3

• Historical Racism is economic inequality or social disparity caused by past racism. • Cultural Racism occurs when the assumption of inferiority of one or more races is built into the culture of a society. • Colorism is a form of racism, in which someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group.

Stereotypes and prejudice p2

• If someone is taught to believe that a certain ethnic group has negative attributes, every negative act committed someone in that group can be seen as confirming the prejudice. • Major and minor social offenses committed by a member of the ethnic group (crossing the street outside the crosswalk or talking too loudly on a bus) could confirm the prejudice.

Racism pt. 2

• Individual or Interpersonal Racism refers to prejudice and discrimination executed and affecting by individuals • Systemic (structural/institutional) Racism is systems that have procedures or processes that disadvantages racial minority groups.

Institutional treatment & Scapegoating

• Institutional inequality, oppression, or mistreatment typically refers to those structures in society that work against minority groups.

What is a minority group?

• Minority Group refers to any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal treatment • Subordinate Group refers to a group of people who have less power than the dominant group

What is Ethnicity and how Do we describe it? Continued

• People from various ethnic groups can make up a nation • And individual ethnic groups can span multiple nations • Adding to the complexity: Some people may feel more closely associated to their national origin than their ethnicity. And others may feel the opposite way.

Immigration Debate

Protesters in Arizona dispute the harsh new anti-immigration law.

African Americans, pt. 5

The Civil Rights Movement worked to further empower Black people and maintain the rights they had gained.

Native Americans p2

- After the establishment of the U.S., programs designed to remove Native Americans from their lands resulted in forced migration, assault on culture, wars, massacres, and genocide. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced the relocation of any Native tribes east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river.

Anti racism 2 policies

1. Understand and own the racist ideas in which we have been socialized and the racist biases that these ideas have created within each of us. 2. Identify racist policies, practices, and procedures and replace them with antiracist policies, practices, and procedures.

These countries are more developed than those of other nations. By looking at the map below the dark blue color represents _____________ .

Advanced economy

Anti-racism

Anti-racism can be described as actively working internally and externally to reduce or eliminate racists acts, policies, beliefs, and outcomes.

Anti-racism pt. 3

Anti-racism goes beyond questions, but can start with observations and questions: • Why does this AP course have no people of color in it even though people of color make up half the school enrollment? • Why does the bus stop in this neighborhood not have a rain shelter, when the stops in the other neighborhoods do? • Why did the officer stop the person of color but not the White person?

African Americans, pt. 4

As Black people began achieving more rights and building a more independent and self-determined place in society, they continued to meet hardship and discrimination. Military service, the Great Migration, increased wealth and property ownership, and cultural identity and contributions generated more influence and equality. However, with each of these gains came backlash and counteraction.

Asian Americans, pt. 3

Asian Americans are often associated as the "model minority." • The model minority stereotype is applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment.

Implicit Bias

Bias, overall, is a disproportionate leaning, favoritism, or weighting of something; it can be a predisposition, a "rooting for" an outcome, and so on. Bias is often implicit: We don't know or think about it as it happens, but it can cloud our beliefs and lead to actions, inactions, or policies.

____________ is when someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group.

Colorism

A Native group with its own religion taking up Christianity and become a part of the Christian group would be an example of what?

De facto segregation

Why do many people avoid acknowledging their privilege to themselves or others?

Dont think it exists

Stereotypes and Driving continued

E.g, if you think older people are bad drivers, every time you see an accident involving an older driver, it's likely to increase your confidence in your stereotype. Even if you hear the statistics that younger drivers cause more accidents than older drivers, the fulfillment of your stereotype is difficult to overcome.

What is Ethnicity and how Do we describe it?

Ethnicity is shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more. It can include the practices, norms, values, and beliefs of a group that might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalities. Ethnicity does not equal national origin.

Asian Americans, example

For example, an ongoing court case (referred by the Supreme Court to the Biden Administration) will decide if Harvard essentially holds Asian American applicants to a higher standard than other races and ethnicities.

U.S. & Immigration

For many immigrants to the United States, the Statue of Liberty is a symbol of freedom and a new life. Unfortunately, they often encounter prejudice and discrimination.

Intergroup Relationships continued

Genocide refers to the deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group Segregation is the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions Expulsion is the act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country

is when women are bearing a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty. This means more women live in poor conditions, receive inadequate healthcare, bear the brunt of malnutrition and inadequate drinking water

Glob femeninization of poverty

Multi-ethnic Identities

Golfer Tiger Woods has Chinese, Thai, African American, Native American, and Dutch heritage. Individuals with multiple ethnic backgrounds are becoming more common.

What is race and how Do we describe it?

Historically, the concept of race has changed across eras. Our considerations, identifications, and associations of race change on individual and societal terms. A human race is a grouping of humankind based on shared physical or social qualities that can vary from one society to another.

Implicit bias contd

Implicit bias related to race and ethnicity indicates that we have certain predispositions to people based on their identities or characteristics. It can be simple and innocuous or deeply held and damaging.

African Americans pt. 2

In order to justify their severely discriminatory behavior, slaveholders and their supporters viewed Black people as innately inferior. Enslaved people were denied even the most basic rights of humanity, expression, improvement. • Many were forbidden to read (and White people were forbidden to teach Black people to read)

Covid-19 and Racialized Blame

In response to widespread attacks against Asian people, partly linked to incorrect associations regarding Asian people and the COVID-19 pandemic, groups around the country and world held Stop Asian Hate rallies like this one in Canada.

Intersection Theory

Intersection Theory is a theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes. It explains that each aspect of our identity and experience is impacted by other aspects. For example, the way we experience our racial identity is shaped by our socioeconomic class and our gender identity.

Asian Americans pt. 2

Japanese Americans began arriving after the Chinese Exclusion Act, and did so with more support/acceptance from the government. As a result, they brought families with them and became a multigenerational group. People from Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and other Asian countries arrived more recently, some gradually and some in large groups as political refugees.

____________________, represented in orange in the map below, are highly vulnerable to economic and environmental shocks and have fewer human assets than other nations.

Least developed countries

Native American & Sport Team Names

Many Native Americans (and others) believe sports teams with names like the Indians, Braves, and Warriors perpetuate unwelcome stereotypes. The Not Your Mascot protest was one of many directed at the then Washington Redskins, which eventually changed its name.

is any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

Minority group

Wheel of Intersectionality

Our identities are formed by dozens of factors, sometimes represented in intersection wheels. The outer ring contains elements that may change relatively often, while the elements in the inner circle are often considered more permanent. How does each contribute to who you are, and how would possible change alter your self-defined identity?

Pan-ethnic Groups

Pan-ethnic groups are closely associated ethnic groups, which may share some cultural, linguistic, shared history, or other backgrounds, are sometimes considered as a group. This grouping can often depend on context.

Intergroup Relationships

Pluralism is characterized by mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate, creating a multicultural environment of acceptance. Assimilation is the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture. Amalgamation is the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group. (Melting pot.)

Racism pt. 1

Racism is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others. Some types: • Individual or interpersonal & systemic

What is race and how Do we describe it? Continued

Social Construction of Race is the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable The way we describe race (and ethnicity) also changes: • Acceptable terms and capitalization • Reclaimed terms

Implicit Bias (examples) 2

Some beliefs based on experience are justified and can be a good thing: Asking a 90-year-old to carry a heavy bag upstairs would usually be unreasonable. But when beliefs emerge from lack of experience and effect negative practices, they can be devastating and lead to systems of discrimination.

Stereotypes and Driving

Stereotypes and prejudices are persistent and apply to almost every category of people. They are also subject to confirmation bias, in which any bit of supporting evidence gives a person more confidence in their belief.

Stereotypes and prejudice

Stereotypes are oversimplified ideas about groups of people. Prejudice is biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people. It is a prejudgment rather than a judgment based on experience. Experiences can seem to confirm prejudices (confirmation bias):

Native Americans

The earliest residents of North and South America, and the inhabitants of what is now the U.S. - Arrived between 45,000 and 12,500 B.C.E - Native Americans were integral to the establishment of some European Colonies, while in other colonies there was conflict essentially from the start.

Asian Americans

The first groups to come to America were Chinese people, generally men immigrating to work in the American West and send money back to China. They undertook dangerous jobs and were often accused and mistreated, partly because of the perception of their threat to American workers. The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed as a result of this concern.

George Floyd

This gathering at the site of George Floyd's death took place five days after he was killed. The location, at Chicago Avenue and 38th Street in Minneapolis, became a memorial.

African Americans pt. 1

Unlike every other racial/ethnic group, African Americans did not come to America by choice. Black Africans were kidnapped and trafficked from their homes in Africa to Europe and its colonies. The first arrived in America in 1619.

Racial Steering is defined as:

real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race.

Scapegoat Theory is defined as:

suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group.

Institutional treatment & Scapegoating p3

• Scapegoat Theory suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group. It is usually more intentional than institutional oppression, but it is often accepted/justified by the majority group to preserve its dominance.

Multiple identities p4

• Since then, for an array of reasons, people have been more comfortable sharing their background, and also entering into relationships with people from other races and ethnicities.

Discrimination continued

• Some acts of discrimination can occur in an impromptu or unplanned way, such as a security guard denying entry to someone who "looks suspicious," when that suspicion is based on their race/appearance. • But in that case and many others, it is based on long-held prejudices and systems.

Functionalism pt. 2

• Some functionalist perspectives of racism indicate that racism is functionalist for the dominant group. • The justification for slavery by slaveholders and governments in the pre-Civil War South could potentially be considered a functionalist perspective.

Functionalism pt. 1

• Stability and function in society is maintained by people from various racial and ethnic backgrounds interacting harmoniously in a state of social balance. • Problems arise when one or more racial or ethnic groups experience inequalities and discriminations. • This creates tension and conflict resulting in temporary dysfunction of the social system.

Stereotypes and prejudice p3

• The person holding the prejudicial belief, however, might not feel as strongly a negative view if someone in their own ethnic group spoke too loudly on a bus.

Implicit Bias (examples)

• Thinking that a teacher of a certain age/ethnicity will be too difficult. • Thinking that a student of a certain age/ethnicity won't do course work. • Assuming someone from a certain college isn't worth interviewing • Assuming someone of a certain age can't help with something physical.

Asian Americans, pt. 4

• This stereotype is typically applied to Asian groups in the United States, and it can result in unrealistic expectations by putting a stigma on members of this group that do not meet the expectations. • Stereotyping all Asians as smart and capable can also lead to a lack of much- needed government assistance and to educational and professional discrimination.

Prejudice and Discrimination Intersections

• Unprejudiced nondiscriminators are open-minded, tolerant, and accepting individuals. • Unprejudiced discriminators might be those who unthinkingly practice discrimination, such as practicing sexism in their workplace by not considering women or gender nonconforming people for certain positions that have traditionally been held by men.

Institutional treatment & Scapegoating p2

• Very often, people in the majority (or in other minority groups) don't focus on or notice these systems or their effects on minority groups, but everyone can perpetuate them. Awareness about these instances is on the rise.

Multiple identities p2

• While slaveholders often subordinated the people they enslaved, which resulted in mixed-race children, relationships of different races were largely prohibited outside of those conditions.

Institutional treatment & Scapegoating examples

• e.g: Lower-quality schools in neighborhoods w/ minority groups, lack of foreign language support at a DMV, inaccessible entryways for buildings, lack of cell phone towers in towns, lack of voting locations in certain areas.

Native Americans p3

•The Indian Appropriation Acts funded further removals and declared that no Indian tribe could be recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with which the U.S. government would have to make treaties. This made it even easier for the U.S. government to take land it wanted. • The Dawes Act of 1887 reversed the policy of isolating Native Americans on reservations, instead forcing them onto individual properties that were intermingled with White settlers, thereby reducing their capacity for power as a group.

Intersection Theory continued

•considering the intersections of age, race, an gender: A young Japanese-American man will have a different experience than an elderly Japanese American woman. This theory is important and discussed within sociology and within cultural competence, social justice, education, and related arenas. It can too explain why people from the same race or same ethnicity often have very different views on issues.

Pan-ethnic Groups (examples)

•e.g, in the U.S., people from ethnic groups in Southeastern Asia may consider themselves a pan-ethnic group when speaking about issues or topics that affect all of them. Some research and data may group people in this way as well.