Sociology Ch. 9

Those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many. See gender as social construction&acknowledge possibility the male/female categories aren't the only way of classifying individuals. They believe the meaning of masculinity/femininity may differ drastically in different societies/historical periods

constructionists

Men are more likely to die violent deaths & be victims of assault. Women are more likely to be victims of personal theft & victims of rape & victimized bu their intimate partner. Men represented in mostly all categories and women mostly in prostitution & runaways. This all has to do with

criminal justice

They believe have historically had access to most society's material resources and privileges&seek to maintain their dominant status. See gender inequality in much the same way they see race and class- manifestations of exploitation

conflict theory

They believe that there are still social roles better suited to one gender than the other, and societies are more stable when norms are fulfilled by the appropriate sex.

functionalism

The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

gender

An individual's self-definition or sense of gender

gender identity

The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media

gender role socialization

Movies/comic books/music etc. can influence/learn how to behave, how to be accepted, what to value, what is normal, and how gender fits into society. Becoming more persuasive in society, both sexes learn that certain activities and attitudes are more appropriate for one gender than for the other. Mostly aimed towards adolescents. Some contradicting ex: video games thought to be mostly boys, but more girls are starting to get into it too. This all has to do with:

media

The position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure. Talcott Parsons identified this, being tasked oriented/breadwinner

instrumental role

Emphasize how gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives. They see gender identity so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person's gender

interactionists

Term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female

intersexed

A movement that originated in 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity. Confused what it means to be a "real man"

male liberation

Literally meaning "rule of the father"; male dominated society

patriarchy

An individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories-male or female

sex

The movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

suffrage movement

Term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories. Their sense of self/identity differ from their physical sex. Ex: a female may have female genitalia, but identify as a man

transgendered

Individuals who identify with other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self-image

transsexuals

Women are more likely than men to be found outside of labor force. Jobs that are traditionally female are undervalued/underpaid; pink collar jobs like nurses/librarians. Women are more likely to live in poverty than men. This all has to do with

work & income

The earliest period of feminist activism in the US, including the period from the mid-19th century until American women won the right to vote in 1920. Began in Seneca Falls, NY organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott. Campaign issued Declaration of Sentiments - suffrage movement

first wave

The most recent period feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity & the variety of identities women can possess. Beginning in 1980s-90s. Concern with rights of women in all countries & with environmental & animal rights. Marginalizing the concerns of women of color/lesbians/working-class

third wave

____ developed a scale to measure a spectrum based on the degree of sexual responsiveness people had to members of the same & opposite sex. They took into account also the individual's fantasies/dreams/feelings/sexual activities

Alfred Kinsey and colleagues

Dealt with women who expressed their sense of limitation & dissatisfaction they felt with their lives. It's because women were restricted from pursuing activities outside these traditional roles. Help try to push for equal opportunity laws

Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique

Conflict theorists argue that gender inequality is just a derivative of class inequality-therefore it originates w/ private property. ___ noted capitalists benefited from maintaining patriarchal families, with women in private sphere and men in public workplace in at least two ways

Friedrich Engels

_____ suggests that in some cases, biological differences may be result of culturally prescribed masculine and feminine behavior rather than the cause of it.

Lepowsky

Women are more likely than men to finish high school and attend college, but men are more likely to attain a four-year and advanced degree and get paid higher/more. This all has to do with

education

Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed. According to their view, you're either male/female-you have no other option. Chromosome/hormones/genitalia determine your identity, the way you interact and see yourself, and the activities you engage in

essentialists

The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing. Talcott Parsons identified this. It's important for the care of children and stabilizing the personality of the instrumental partner against the stresses of the competitive world

expressive role

Usually the primary source of socialization. Kara Smith argues the gender role socialization begins before the birth; if know sex-you start preparing for the baby. After birth, babies begin to respond/internalize expectations around them. Learning behavior and meanings through social interaction. Gender ties in like when a girl does the dishes and boys take out the trash. This all has to do with:

family

Belief in the social/political/economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief. Both a theoretical perspective & social movement

feminism

The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care

feminization of poverty

Sexual desire for other genders - dominant - "straight" is called: ____ The tendency to feel sexual desire toward member's of one's own gender - minority - "gay" or "lesbian" is called: _____ Sexual attraction to both genders - minority is called: ____ Involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest in or desire for sex -small minority is called:____

heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality

Fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior.

homophobia

The extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes

human sexual dimorphism

An offschool of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men.

men's right movement

Same-sex groups help create gendered behavior. When same sex group play together, their activities are more likely to be gender typed; girls have tea parties. Children may be punished or mocked by others for crossing over gendered borders. Groups can be enforcing gender roles and the assumptions about sexuality that underlie them. Can lead to bullying or rebellious behavior on part of the boys and eating disorders with girls. This all has to do with:

peers

An offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism & believe that sexism harms both men & women. Society will be happier if became less sexist. Argue that men should share more of the responsibilities of child care/economic disparities/violence against women/respect womens lives

pro-feminist men's movement

Social theory about gender identity & sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference & rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity.

queer theory

Girls and boys are frequently put in same-sex groups and assigned gender-stereotyped tasks, such as playing with dolls and trucks. Differences appear at playgrounds, each sex engage in different activities. Boys: get challenged more, can make teacher annoyed, athletic. Girls: earn higher grades, focus on social skills/appearance. This all has to do with:

school

The unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor. Term coined by Arlie Hochschild

second shift

Women tend to be more of the caregiver of the family, even after a divorce. If taking out time from work to care for their sick child, they may be seen as nonproductive time, and may face discrimination, and still face household chores at home called _____

second shift

The period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment & education. More closely associated with the right to vote; Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique, National Organization for Women, and raising groups were key events

second wave

The character or quality of being sexual, use to describe sexual behavior/desires/fantasies is called:____ The inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders is called: ____

sexuality, sexual orientation/sexual identity

A social institution that has played a particularly interesting role in creating & sometimes challenging sexual stereotypes . People who still have no firsthand knowledge of homosexuality turn to this as their exclusive source for understanding it. As homosexuality is becoming more common, it is shown more through these sources.

the mass media

True or false? Females tend to live long than males. Thomas Perls & Ruth Fretts believe that sex hormones estrogen & testosterone may be the possible cause. Testosterone is linked to aggressive/violent behavior/heart disease/harmful cholesterol in blood. Estrogen lowers harmful cholesterol/reduce likelihood of heart disease and stroke

true

True or false? Male dominated society can be traced back to biological differences. Ex: males had to hunt/protect/ head of household therefore had more authority/power/strength while woman did the home/care activities. But this does not account to today's society now

true