Sociology Ch.9 Review

What are the largest latino groups in the US?

1st-mexicans, puerto ricans (less than 9%) , Cubans make us the 3rd most populous group

What are the average income levels for African Americans?

62% of what whites make, holding 20% of the wealth of the average white household

hate crime

a criminal act motivated by prejudice involving bias based on race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability

stereotype

a distorted, exaggerated, or oversimplified image applied to a category of people, sometimes created to justify unethical behavior against minority groups

minority

a group of people with physical or cultural traits different from those of the dominant group in the society

population transfer

a minority is forced either to move to a remote location or to leave entirely the territory controlled by the majority EX: policy used against most N.Americans

melting pot

all ethnic and racial minorities voluntarily blend together

anglo conformity

an american of english descent, traditional american institutions are maintained, immigrants are accepted as long as the conform to the "accepted standards" of society, immigrant minority is required to conform

self fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that leads to behavior that causes the expectation to become reality EX: if members of minority are continually treated as less inteligent they finally accept that limitation

What is the most common form of assimilation?

anglo conformity

What are patterns of assimilation?

anglo-conformity, melting pot, cultural pluralism, accommodation

Patterns of racial and ethnic relations?

assimilation and conflicts

How have chinese Americans fared over the years?

attracted first by california gold rust but americans compete for jobs and pass chinese exclusion act , but chinese american scholars and scientists began to make publicly recognized contributions to science and arts

What are some forms that discrimination takes on?

avoiding social contact with minority, denying them positions of authority, blocking their access to more exclusive neighborhoods, attacking/killing

Why do ethnic minorities seem to separate from the rest of society?

because they wish to maintain their cultural and national origins or the majority erects barriers that prevent the ethnic group from blending in with the larger culture

How do latinos stand politically?

becoming a force in shaping American politics

What has been the history of Japanese Americans in the United States?

began to compete with white farmers but anti- japanese legislation was passed, california alien land bill of 1913, permitted japanese to lease farmland for a max of 3 yrs but didn't allow land to be inherited by families

pregeneralized learning period

children may overhear parents make racist or prejudiced statements that they have not yet learned to separated people by race or ethnic group

Asian Americans?

china, phillipines, japan, india, korea, vietnam

Which latin american group is the most affluent?

cubans

de facto segregation

denial of equal access based on everyday practice EX: neighboring homeowners agree among themselves not to sell to members of certain ethnic groups or races

de jure segregation

denial of equal access based on the lad

White ethnics?

descendants of immigrants from eastern and southern european nations, italy and poland, including greek, irish, and slavic people

cultural pluralism

desire of a group to maintain some sense of identity separate from the dominant group

KEY features of a minority plus examples?

distinctive physical or cultural characteristics- skin color, facial features, disabilities, accent, religion, language dominated by majority-minority has fewer opportunities minority traits are believed by dominant to be inferior-unequal treatment, job discrimination minority members have as common sense of identity with strong group loyalty majority determines who belongs to minority through ascribed status

How has Native American gaming affected life on reservations?

embraced the gaming industry as a source of money, most tribal gov. use the proceeds from gaming to provide services and promote economic and community dev.

What does the word latino refer to ?

ethnic minorities from latin America , a region including Mexico, central america, south america, and the islands of the carribeans

Why are ethnic minorities seen as inferior?

ethnocentrism

What does the word ethnicity come from?

ethnos meaning people or nation

accommodation

extreme form of cultural pluralism, occurs when a minority maintains its own culturally unique way o life , minority learns to deal or accommodate the dominant culture when necessary but remains independent in language and culture EX: amish

racism

extreme form of prejudice that assumes superiority of one group over others

functionalist perspective on discrimination?

focus on the dysfunction caused by prejudice and discrimination, when minorities are exploited or oppressed, the social, political, educational, and economic costs to society are extremely high, by fostering prejudice a dominant group can create a feeling of superiortiy, functionalists see a positive aspect to discrimination

Is there a scientific basis for race?

for sociologists, social attitudes and characteristics that relate to race are more important than physical differences

What is the most extreme form of conflict?

genocide

patterns of conflict?

genocide, population transfer, subjugation

ethnic minority

group identified by cultural, religious, national characteristics defined by cultural differences

2 categories of black Americas?

growing middle class and underclass

WHat is the income level for latinos?

higher than African Americans but lower than whites

How does cultural pluralism have an effect on society?

in the US, immigrants have an impact on institutions so many states have instituted bilingual education programs in public schools

ethnocentrism

judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards EX: prejudice and discrimination

Subjugation can be based off of what?

law or everyday practice

Symbolic interactionism perspective to discriination>

members of society learned to be prejudiced through two stages of pregeneralized learning period and total rejection stage

What is the general level of education among latinos?

mexican americans have the lowest levels of educational attainment

white ethnic roots movement

new trend toward white ethnics believing that they want to preserve their cultural roots

race

people sharing certain inherited physical characteristics that are considered important within a society

underclass

people typically unemployed who come from families that have been poor for generations

What are barriers to African American assimilation?

physical features and continuing minority status of African Americans has its roots in early American history

What's the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

prejudice-attitudes discrimination-behavior

subjugation

process by which a minority group is denied equal access to the benefits of a society

Conflict perspective to discrimination?

sees it as weapons of power to control a minority in order to increase majority control, despite being common targets, diff. minorities tend to view each other as competitors

What conflict pattern appears the most often?

subjugation

What is the current situation of Native Americans?

suffering for the effects of years of discrimination and poverty, have the second lowest annual income of any minority group in the us

assimilation

the blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society

genocide

the systematic effort to destroy an entire population EX: holocaust

Is america more like a melting pot or tossed salad?

tossed salad in which traditions and cultures exist by side

discrimination

treating people differently based on ethnicity, race, religion, or culture

hidden unemployment

unemployment that includes people not counted in the traditional unemployment categories; those who have stopped looking for work or are part time workers who would prefer to have full time jobs

institutionalized discrimination + EX:

unfair practices that grow out of common behaviors and attitudes and that are a part of the structure of a society EX: seniority systems in which promotion and pay increase with years of service, public education with large number of minority students

total rejection stage

use physical clues to sort people into groups

Why have so manyAsian Americans been successful?

used educational system for upward mobility, nearly 50% completed four years of college

When does de facto discrimination appear?

when people of certain backgrounds are not promoted to important positions in local gov. or in businesses because of widely held stereotypes

prejudice + EX

widely held negative attitudes toward a group (minority or majority) and its individual members , generalization based on bias or insufficient information EX: Asians believed to have a gift for math but when one struggles , others see it as an exception to the rule