Sociology Chapter 11
53. One's definition of oneself as a woman or a man is termed one's . a. gender identity
a
10. percent of women are in the paid labor force; percent of men are in the paid labor force. b. 60; 72
b
16. The United Nations estimates that the value of women's unpaid work amounts to at least . a. $800 billion b. $11 trillion
b
17. is unusual in that there is far greater sharing of household responsibilities than in most other nations. b. China
b
61. Since the passage of Title IX in 1972 b. discrimination by schools on the basis of gender is illegal.
b
94. feminism is a more radical perspective that interprets the origins of women's oppression in the system of capitalism. b. Socialist
b
96. Which type of feminism is most concerned with the interrelationship of race, class and gender? b. multiracial feminism
b
101. The current generation has grown up taking many of the accomplishments of the women's movement for granted. Which of the following is not one of these accomplishments? c. equal pay between men and women
c
13. Which of the following statements is true regarding work and family life? c. Men are more involved in family life than in the past.
c
14. Gender is something that is accomplished through ongoing interactions. This process is referred to as: c. doing gender.
c
31. When Bob assumes all women should have the same status and behave in the same way his expectations about gender: c. Influences both males and females.
c
33. What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender? c. gender stratification
c
39. Which of the following is an example of a primary labor market job? c. a corporate management position
c
4. The example of the Navajo berdaches serves to illustrate what concept? c. social construction of gender
c
58. Gender socialization c. influences all aspects of society and daily life.
c
63. According to the text, there is a price of conformity to gender norms. Which of these is not a negative consequence for men the results from conformity to gender roles? c. Gender norms that demand thinness have resulted in men being as diagnosed with eating orders as often as women.
c
66. Research indicates that men and women of different races have different expectations regarding gender roles. Which of these statements regarding expectations of different groups is true? c. Asian American women are more likely than Asian American men to value egalitarian roles for men and women.
c
86. Even when husbands and wives are both employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domestic responsibilities fall on women. The sociological term for this is . c. the second shift
c
91. The feminist understanding of "doing gender" is a type of perspective within sociology. c. symbolic interactionist
c
98. Throughout the world, where women are increasingly working as paid laborers, c. they still do most of the work associated with home, children, and the elderly.
c
100. According to the United Nations, violence against women worldwide a. is an epidemic and one of the most pervasive violations of human rights. b. is difficult to document accurately in terms of the incidence. c. has been perpetrated by an intimate partner or family member against between 20 and 50 percent of all women. d. All of these choices are true.
d
88. Functionalists have been criticized for d. interpreting gender as a fixed role in society.
d
92. Feminist theorists have focused on the ways in which gender is created and reinforced through social interaction. This is an ethnomethodological perspective termed . d. "doing gender"
d
95. Which type of feminism is most likely to view rape, domestic violence, and sexual harassment as mechanisms that men use to assert their power within society? d. radical
d
1. If Beth decides to become a man she would most likely see which of the following happen? a. A gain in income, power, and social standing.
a
21. Evidence that gender is socially constructed includes a. the different gender roles found in different countries.
a
45. Which of these is a criticism of the feminist perspective of "doing gender"? a. It ignores that power and economic differences based on gender that exist in society.
a
82. In practice, sexual harassment in the workplace a. is an example of overt discrimination.
a
48. According to the concept of biological determinism b. social behaviors are believed to be caused by physiological characteristics.
b
56. The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called . b. gender socialization
b
64. When Jake adheres to traditional male gender roles he is more likely to: b. take risks and produce physical daring
b
74. Which of these statements about patriarchy is false? b. Patriarchy refers to interactions and ideology in the public sphere only.
b
78. Which of these statements regarding the validity of the human capital theory as it applies to the pay gap is true? b. While factors such as education and age do affect earnings, the earnings of men and women with the same levels of education and prior experience are still unequal.
b
87. Which of these statements regarding the second shift is false? b. The gender gap in the amount of domestic work done by men and women has virtually disappeared.
b
9. The Minangkabau society in Indonesia is one where women have power over men. The Minangkabau is an example of a/n society. b. matriarchal
b
90. From a perspective, men have historically had the power to benefit from women's labor and devalue women's work. b. conflict
b
52. When Barbara was a child her view of femininity was shaped by her family but also the media. The media is an example of a(n) ___________. c. cultural gatekeeper.
c
54. Which of these statements regarding social and physical differences between men and women is true? c. For any given trait there is as much or more difference within a given gender group as between groups.
c
55. Gender identity has a strong impact on how one feels about one's appearance. Studies of gender identity and body image have found that c. by early adolescence girls have lower self-esteem than boys do, due to concerns about their appearance.
c
18. The Equal Rights Amendment: d. has not been passed.
d
47. Gender expectations begin to influence how children are treated a. from the moment of birth.
a
5. Managing a transgendered identity may be stressful because of: a. the expectations of others.
a
24. In biological terms, the combination of an X and a Y chromosome establishes a person's sex as . b. male
b
85. Studies have found that lesbian women are more likely to be open about their sexual identity at work when they b. work predominantly with other women and have women as bosses.
b
40. Which of the following is true regarding gender segregation? c. The greater the concentration of women workers in an occupation, the lower the pay.
c
42. Gender segregation in occupations c. reinforces the belief that there are significant differences between men and women.
c
6. When it comes to the impact of religion on gender expectations, all of the following are true, except: d. Judaism encourages the most egalitarian roles in the U.S.
d
99. Which of these statements about the status of women worldwide is true? d. The global division of labor is gendered, with women providing cheap labor for manufacturing.
d
65. Research on race, gender and eating disorders, by Meg Lovejoy, found that a. Black women are less likely than White women to engage in excessive dieting and are less fearful of fat.
a
46. Attitudes toward gender roles have changed so that today b. both men and women say it is not fair for men to be the sole decision maker in the household.
b
49. The condition that has generally been called hermaphroditism is now often termed being . b. intersexed
b
51. From a sociological perspective, what is the relationship between sex and gender? b. Biology alone does not determine a person's gender.
b
34. Which of these is not a trait found to correspond to relatively equal status for men and women within a society? a. Work is highly segregated according to sex.
a
50. When Bob deviates from the binary (i.e., either male or female) system of gender he is . a. transgendered
a
60. When teachers of either sex respond more to boys (positively and negatively) than to girls, they a. heighten boys' sense of importance.
a
62. Researchers on the influence of television has found that a. both boys and girls rate aggressive toys seen in commercials as desirable.
a
72. According to the text, individual people do not need to be sexist in order for there to be sexism. How do sociologists explain this? b. Sexism has become embedded in the structure and ideology of social institutions.
b
3. Which of the following statements is false? d. The key sociological question on this issue is whether biology or culture is more important.
d
102. has radically altered the opportunities available to women athletes and laid the foundation for many of the coeducational programs that are now an ordinary part of college life. a. Title IX
a
25. When an individual is born with both male and female biological sex characteristics, this is referred to as . a. intersexed
a
28. When an individuals look back on their lives, is/are most likely the most important influence on their gender socialization. a. parents
a
29. Research on socialization during childhood has found that a. boys and men are featured in children's books more often than girls and women.
a
32. In what way is the gender socialization of African American and White women alike? a. both are encouraged to be nurturing and other-oriented
a
67. How is homophobia related to gender socialization? a. Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations.
a
7. In school, children learn knowledge and skills, as well as gender roles. Schools are: a. gendered institutions.
a
70. Which of the following is not considered one of the central aspects of a gendered institution? a. the personal opinions and attitudes of the individual members of the institution
a
73. Professional women experience a significant loss of income if they leave and reenter the workforce after raising children. This has been termed . a. the mommy tax
a
76. The labor force participation rate for White women a. has only recently reached the rate for women of color.
a
8. Gender stratification is supported by: a. a belief that treats gender inequality as nature.
a
80. Which of these statements about the application of dual labor market theory to the gender pay gap is false? a. It is hard to determine cause and effect in regards to the low pay for jobs in which women are more concentrated.
a
81. Which of these theories explains wage inequality between men and women using the individual characteristics of workers? a. human capital theory
a
84. Relatively few men work in jobs that are traditionally considered women's work. When they do a. they tend to be more upwardly mobile than women in historically male-dominated jobs.
a
89. According to , men and women fill complementary gender roles and this arrangement benefits society. a. functionalism
a
93. The perspective of feminism has been used to support many legal changes to bring about greater equality for women in the United States. a. liberal
a
11. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 b. requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work.
b
2. Gail is arguing that women are more hormonal and men are more aggressive. She is using which of the following arguments? b. Biological determinism.
b
30. When Johnny learns about gender from a Judeo-Christian religious perspective in the U.S., he will learn about: b. gender differences.
b
37. Martha works in a female dominated occupation and makes less than most men in the labor market. Her lower pay can be explained by b. a dual labor market
b
38. In the primary labor market c. women and racial-ethnic minorities are more
b
41. Sexual harassment is a form of overt discrimination that has a negative impact on women's employment. Which of these statements about sexual harassment is false? b. Cultural changes have resulted in men experiencing as much sexual harassment as women.
b
43. How would a functionalist explain unequal wages between men and women? b. Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages.
b
79. The labor market is characterized by high job turnover, low wages, short or nonexistent promotion ladders, and few benefits. b. secondary
b
83. What does the text conclude about the causes of inequality in wages between men and women? b. Wage inequality is the result of multiple factors that operate together to put women at a disadvantage.
b
97. Which of these statements is true about the global division of labor? b. Women and children are often the cheapest laborers.
b
20. When a child learns social expectations and behaviors that are associated with being male and being female, s/he is engaging in the process of addressing: c. gender
c
23. Research on biological determinism has found that c. there are minimal differences in the levels of sex hormones between boys and girls in early childhood.
c
26. In general, men and women differ physically from each other in all of the following ways, except d. women have greater endurance than men.
d
27. In order to address the complex causes behind an individual's identity, sociologists emphasize: c. both sex and gender.
c
44. A significant difference between the functionalist and conflict theory perspectives on gender is that c. conflict theory is more likely than functionalism to explore issues of race and social class as they relate to gender.
c
69. In regards to homophobia and gender socialization, the text argues that c. homophobia may have serious negative consequences for both heterosexual and homosexual men and women.
c
71. Comparative research finds that women are more nearly equal to men in societies where c. women have access to education.
c
75. Until recently matriarchal societies have not been widely noted or discussed in the social sciences. Why not? c. The identification of matriarchal societies has been obscured by the application of Western ideas about power.
c
77. Human capital theory explains gender differences in wages c. as the result of individual characteristics of workers.
c
12. Today, women make up 97% of secretaries and 95% of child-care workers. This is evidence of: d. occupational segregation.
d
15. Anita believes that the oppression of women is based on the capitalist economy. Anita is a: d. socialist feminist
d
19. Which of these statements about the differences between men and women, as discussed in the introduction to the chapter, is false? d. Men live longer than women.
d
22. Substantial differences in the construction of gender may exist in all of the following, except: d. within a single individual.
d
35. When a society excludes women from institutions in that society, it is practicing: d. gender apartheid
d
36. Which of the following is not an explanation for the gender pay gap? d. Women and men have been affected differently by legislation.
d
57. Which of these statements about gender socialization is false? d. Gender socialization causes all members of society to conform to gender expectation of society.
d
59. Research on the impact of peer relationships on socialization have found that a. for boys and girls peers reinforce age and racial norms as well as gender expectations. b. gender norms are applied more strictly to boys than to girls. c. homophobia serves to reinforce gender norms. d. All of these choices are true
d
68. Which of these statements regarding homophobia and gender expectations is false? d. While homophobia encourages gender norm conformity, it is not likely to promote hostility toward gays and lesbians.
d