Sociology Chapter 4

__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

Functionalist

__________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.

Conflict

__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.

Conflict

__________ may focus on the problems of one homeless family, describing how the parents and kids live in a car and eat meals from a soup kitchen. These stories do not necessarily describe the larger context of homelessness.

Episodic framing

__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.

Functionalists

Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?

How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

__________, or presentation of self, refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.

Impression management

Which of these is the best illustration of the characterization of roles as relational?

In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student.

__________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies.

Industrial societies

Which of these statements about emotional labor and emotion management is false?

Middle- and upper-class parents do not teach emotional labor because it is not a requirement of most professions.

__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups

Primary groups

__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.

Role ambiguity

__________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance

Role distancing

__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

Role exit

__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

Social marginality

Which of these statements about social networks is false?

Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes

__________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.

Social solidarity

Which of these statements about social structure is false?

Social structure creates relationships that are generally equal.

Which of these statements about personal space is false?

Space is less important than other forms of communication, and violations of personal space are easily ignored.

As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________.

What holds societies together?

A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender

ascribed

If a person is told repeatedly that she or he is not a good student, eventually this person might come to believe it to be true, stop studying, and receive failing grades. This scenario is an illustration of __________

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?

a sociology class

A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

achieved

Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and—if he lives long enough—will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered __________ statuses.

ascribed

Relationships within a gemeinschaft society are largely based on __________.

ascribed status

Which of these would not be considered a form of face-saving behavior?

attributing one's own success to preferential treatment by others

A football coach who always plays the "tough guy" role in the presence of the players on his team feels comfortable showing emotional frailties when he is at home. This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called __________ behavior.

back stage

Sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.

civil inattention

From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone

conflict

We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.

definition of the situation

Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________.

developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies

Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages, the first of which is __________, in which people experience frustration or burnout when they reflect on their existing roles.

doubt

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.

dramaturgical analysis

The mass media is an example of a(n) _______ institution.

emergent

According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking?

ethnomethodologists

Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation.

face-saving behavior

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

feeling rules

A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

formal organization

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.

front stage

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

gemeinschaf

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values.

gesellschaft

Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?

homeless

People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this.

interaction order

Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group?

interactions are emotion-based

All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________

it is not essential for individual well-being

At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.

macrolevel

Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________ status.

master

One's occupation is an indicator of level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely __________ status.

master

Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

mechanical solidarity

Which of these is not true about postindustrial society

mechanized production of goods within the society

Which of these is not considered one of the five traditional social institutions?

military

Maintaining eye contact during conversation is_____________________________.

more common for women than for men

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by________________________.

mutual dependence established through the division of labor

Durkheim believed that people in industrial societies rely on one another in much the same way that the organs of the human body function interdependently. Social interaction is less personal, more status oriented, and more focused on specific goals and objectives. He referred to this condition as __________.

organic solidarity

The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

organic solidarity

A(n) __________ is one in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy

postindustrial society

Which of these is not characteristic of industrialized society

relationships based primarily on ascribed status

All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________.

require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind

A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given statu

role

The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________.

role

It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________.

role ambiguity

Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing __________

role conflict

Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of __________.

role conflict

When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various role

role conflict

A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________.

role distancing

For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.

role performance

Cameron is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Jack is experiencing _________.

role strain

Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women.

role strain

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups.

secondary

Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

secondary group

Which of these is not an achieved status?

sister

Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

social construction of reality

A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

social institution

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of __________.

social institutions

Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that______________________.

social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society

The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________.

social interaction

The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________.

social network

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

status

Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.

status set

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________.

status symbols

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of __________.

statuses

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.

stigma

Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________.

stigmas

Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.

studied nonobservance

Which of these is the best example of a primary group?

the people working together in the same department

In regard to media stories about the problem of homelessness, __________ is the term for news stories that focus primarily on statistics about the homeless population and recent trends in homelessness.

thematic framing

When it comes to touching,________________________________.

there are few differences that are correlated with gender

Social structure consists of all of these, except __________.

values

Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure?

values and beliefs