Sociology: Chapter 4

backstage

"behind the scenes" when no one is looking we behave differently, and it is also where we plan performance

symbolic interactionist

A judge and her gavel, a police officer and his gun, a lawyer and her power suit are examples of different roles and material culture. A ____ would be most concerned with the parts these objects play in impression management.

collective conscience

Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society.

An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

Functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as:

dramaturgy

Goffman's theory that we use "impression management" (a critical component of symbolic interaction) to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived (ex: the way you behave around your coworkers vs. the way you behave around your grandparents)

ascribed status

Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example of ______.

role performance

Kaitlyn considers herself to be goth; she wears black clothing, dark makeup, and listens to goth music and goes to see goth bands play live. She fits in with other kids that are goth. This is an example of ______.

The working class proletariat taking the means of production from the wealthy bourgeoisie

Karl Marx asserted that the means of societal change existed in the tension between:

Cities and towns were established, surplus food was produced and some humans had more time for leisure activities and pursuits like poetry and philosophy.

The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as "the dawn of civilization" because:

A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

The concept anomie can be defined as:

The act of implanting a convention or norm into society

The term institutionalization can be defined as:

alienation from the product of one's labor, from the process of one's labor, from others, and from one's self

What are Marx's four types of alienation?

false consciousness

a condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person's own best interest; the ideology of the dominant class, the bourgeoisie, that is imposed upon the proletariat

self-fulfilling prophecy

a false idea can become true if it is acted upon (ex: a student thinks "why should I even study when I know I will fail"; he might not have failed, but because he believes he will, he stops studying and does fail, thus making his prophecy true)

society

a group of people who live and share the same culture; classified according to their development and use of technology

information societies

a recent development; also known as postindustrial or digital societies (steam engine); based on the production of information and services

anomie

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness; collective norms are weakened; "without law"

Max Weber

also concerned of negative effects of industrialization; primary focus on the structure of society concerned elements of class, status, and power; class is economically determined; status is based on noneconomic factors such as education, kinship, and religion; status and class determine power; more interested in how individuals experienced societal divisions than in the divisions themselves

role-set

array of roles attached to any status

industrial societies

begins in the 18th century; dramatic rise in technological innovation, tasks that took months of labor now took days; steam engine could do the work of 12 horses by itself; farming and production of goods increasingly done with machines--textile mills, mechanical seeders, and threshers; capitalism grows, time is standardized; ROOTED IN THE PRODUCTION OF MATERIAL GOODS

feudal societies

contained a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection; the nobility, known as lords, placed vassals in charge of pieces of land; individual pieces of land, known as fiefdoms, were cultivated by the lower class; power was handed down through family lines

agricultural societies

relied on more effective permanent metal tools for survival; learned to rotate crops and produced fertilizer from waste products; dawn of civilization; beginning of class divide; revolution produced an explosion of new technology, innovations, and discoveries

pastoral (herding) societies

roughly 7,500 years ago; rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival, some plant cultivation, moved when crops or water supply was depleted; bred livestock for food, clothing, and transportation; nomadic

Karl Marx

saw conflict in society as the primary means of change; saw conflict between the owners of the means of production--bourgeoisie--and the laborers--the proletariat; believed that what we do defines who we are

frontstage

settings of performance where we practice impression management

organic solidarity

social cohesion based around an acceptance of economic and social differences, and acceptance that people's roles are different but necessary for each other to survive

preindustrial societies

societies before the industrial revolution and the widespread use of machines; societies were small, rural, and dependent largely on local resources

institutionalization

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

class consciousness

the awareness of one's rank in society; instead of existing as a "class in itself", the proletariat must become a "class for itself" in order to produce societal change

collective conscience

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

alienation

the condition in modern society, in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or the sense of self

habitualization

the idea that society is socially constructed by humans and human interaction

status

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society

social integration

the strength of ties that people have to their social groups

horticultural societies

these groups settled where rainfall and other conditions allowed them to grow stable crops; were able to stay in one place with their domesticated animals; still largely depended on the environment for survival, because they didn't have to abandon their location to follow resources, they begin permanent settlements

mechanical solidarity

things are done mostly because they have always been done that way; people often do similar tasks; act in a mechanical fashion

ascribed status

those you do not select, such as son, elderly person, female, heiress

status; role

You occupy a __, but you play a __.

agricultural

____ societies relied on permanent tools for survival, and expanded due to innovations such as crop rotation and fertilizer.

habitualization

_____ describes how any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern.

The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self

Alienation is defined by the text as:

role performance

All we can observe is __ __.

all of the above

As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because: a. Collective norms are weakened. b. Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness. c. Specialization of labor lead to alienation. d. All of the above

Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third

Which of the following is NOT an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy? a. Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third b. Charlotte is an intelligent teenager but told by her step-sisters and cousins that she's destined to a life of poverty and failure. Charlotte begins to do poorly in school, and eventually drops out. c. Though encouraged by his parents to audition for Julliard, a prestigious music school, Jose believes he isn't good enough to attend. After his audition, he expresses this reluctance to the admissions committee. They don't admit him due to his lack of certainty. d. Morgan overhears a professor predicting the economic recession will prevent entry-level graduates from finding gainful employment. Morgan goes on interviews but doesn't bother preparing, convinced it's a waste of time. Morgan appears unprofessional and is not hired.

A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama

Which of the following is NOT an example of organic solidarity? a. A fast-food employee putting burgers into their buns b. A toll-booth employee collecting toll change c. A Ford Motors employee assembling taillights on an assembly line d. A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama

a community of Amish all working together to build a barn

Which of the following is NOT an example of organic solidarity? a. A fast-food employee putting burgers into their buns b. A toll-booth employee collecting toll change c. A community of Amish all working together to build a barn d. A Ford Motors employee assembling taillights on an assembly line

alienation from religion

Which of the following is NOT one of Marx's four types of alienation? a. Alienation from one's self b. Alienation from the product of one's labor c. Alienation from religion d. Alienation from others

Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive

Which of the following is an example of role conflict? a. Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming the next John Grisham b. Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive c. Alex takes a sabbatical from his job as a professor of Molecular Biology to raise his two young children. d. Krista lands a role on Days of Our Lives and begins receiving fan mail from fans across the country.

Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive.

Which of the following is an example of role strain? a. Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive. b. Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming a famous author. c. Alex takes paternity leave from his job as a professor of Molecular Biology to raise his two young children d. Krista lands a role on the soap opera Days of Our Lives and begins receiving fan mail from fans across the country.

hunter-gatherer societies

depended entirely on existing resources to stay alive; strongest dependence on the environment of various types of preindustrial societies; basic structure of human society 10,000-12,000 years ago, only a few hundred left; nomadic; kinship and tribes

role performance

how a person expresses their role

role strain

if too much is required of a single role, individuals can experience __ __. (ex: duties of a parent)

Emile Durkheim

most associated with functionalism; believed that society was greater than the sum of its parts; stressed the necessary interconnectivity of all of society's elements; individual behavior is different from collective behavior

achieved status

obtained by choice, such as a high school dropout, self-made millionaire, nurse

role conflict

occurs when there are tensions or contradictions between the various roles we play in our lives (ex: a parent who has a full-time career)

roles

patterns of behavior that we recognize in each other that are representative of a person's social status

social construction of reality (Thomas theorem)

people's behavior can be determined by their subjective construction of reality rather than by objective reality (ex: a teenager who is repeatedly given a label--overachiever, player, bum--might live up to the term even though it initially wasn't a part of his character