Sociology Chapter 4 : Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life

According to Ebaugh, which of the following is included in the second stage of role exit? a. A search for alternatives b. Frustration c. The creation of a new identity d. Doubt

a. A search for alternatives

Which of the following occurs when the expectation associated with a role are unclear? a. Role ambiguity b. Role alienation c. Role relationality d. Role expectation

a. Role ambiguity

Which of the following terms refers to the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience? a. Social construction of reality b. Self-fulfilling prophecy c. Definition of the situation d. Intersubjectivity

a. Social construction of reality

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. civil inattention c. the sociological imagination d. false consciousness

a. a self-fulfilling prophecy

According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is a. characterized by interdependence and practical considerations b. found in intimate, primary-group relationships c. found predominantly in preindustrial societies d. characterized by shared values and common social bonds

a. characterized by interdependence and practical considerations

Recent research indicates that women athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of role a. conflict b. expectation c. exit d. distancing

a. conflict

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialization societies is sustained by a. shared dependence established through division of labor b. networks of family and friends c. the power of the elite to create social control d. commonly held values and beliefs

a. shared dependence established through division of labor

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is a. stigma b. alienation c. anomie d. deviance

a. stigma

Which of the following is the sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society? a. Studied nonobservance b. Social interaction c. Symbolic interaction d. Social construction of reality

b. Social interaction

Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information it can be said that Brenda is required to show a. transference b. deference c. inflection d. organic solidarity

b. deference

The term "emotional labor" refers to a. appropriate emotions for a given role or situation b. the display of only certain carefully selected emotions toward the public instead of true feelings c. strategies used to rescue our performance when we experience a potential loss of face d. the transfer of information between people without the use of words

b. the display of only certain carefully selected emotions toward the public instead of true feelings

Which theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people? a. Functionalists b. Symbolic interactionists c. Conflict theorists d. Differential association theorists

c. Conflict theorists

Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society? a. Symbolic interactionists b. Premodern theorists c. Functionalists d. Conflict theorists

c. Functionalists

In the sociological sense, which of the following statements is true of a status? a. It significantly varies over time in terms of the expectations attached to it b. It is conferred at birth rather than assumed voluntarily c. It exists independently of the specific people occupying it d. It can be equated with high levels of prestige

c. It exists independently of the specific people occupying it

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds? a. Organic solidarity b. Collective solidarity c. Mechanical solidarity d. Specialized solidarity

c. Mechanical solidarity

Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies a. were more concerned with changed rather than stability in the social structure of societies b. analyzed interpersonal interaction in societies c. developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies d. focused their work on the economic system of societies

c. developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of a. social associations b. working groups c. social institutions d. informal organizations

c. social institutions

Which of the following terms refers to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention? a. Reserved rejection b. Selective attention c. Passive rudeness d. Civil inattention

d. Civil inattention

Which of the following terms refers to a society in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy? a. Horticultural society b. Agrarian society c. Industrial society d. Postindustrial society

d. Postindustrial society

Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status? a. Value b. Character c. Position d. Role

d. Role

Which of the following occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity? a. Social rejection b. Role distancing c. Role ambiguity d. Role exit

d. Role exit

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as a. presentational analysis b. impression management c. ethnomethodology d. dramaturgical analysis

d. dramaturgical analysis

Our family, close friends, and school- and work-related peer groups are examples of a. status symbols b. secondary groups c. formal organizations d. primary groups

d. primary groups