sociology chapter 7

which of the following refers to a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions?

reference group

in general, we see the ______ as a means to an end; we see the _____ as an end in itself

secondary group, primary group

in what respect are U.S. and Japanese formal organizations distinctly different?

the former stresses individual achievement; the latter stresses collective achievement

which of the following attributes is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?

weak, emotional ties

what is the sociological term coined by irving janis for a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity?

groupthink

what is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

instrumental leadership

what type of leaders downplay their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own?

laissez-faire leaders

what is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students"

a category

which of the following is an evidence of the McDonaldization of society?

all of the above

why did cooley refer to some groups as "primary groups"?

all of the above are correct

which type of leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions and obtaining strict compliance from subordinates?

authoritarian leadership

in the iron law of oligarchy, Robert Michels stated

bureaucracy always means the few rule the many

to a prisoner, a maximum security prison is one example of a

coercive organization

which statement reflects simmel's understanding of the dyad?

dyads are less stable than groups with many members