Sociology Chapter 9 Constructing Gender and Sexuality

Label each category of sexuality according to its appropriate location on the Kinsey Scale of Sexuality.

0 - Exclusively heterosexual 1 - Predominately heterosexual; only incidentally homosexual 2 - Predominately heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual 3 - Equally heterosexual and homosexual 4 - Predominately homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual 5 - Predominately homosexual; only incidentally heterosexual 6 - Exclusively homosexual

Which sociologist conducted work on intersectionality among workers in nail salons?

Miliann Kang

In what year did the first states in the United States begin legalizing same-sex marriages?

2004

At what age do children develop a preference for same-sex playmates?

3

Your textbook describes the Vanatinai society in New Guinea as an example of what?

gender equality

Textbooks often still contain sexist language and gender stereotypes. In the social structure of the school itself, women tend to be concentrated at the lower levels, as teachers and aides, while men tend to occupy upper-management and administrative positions. Of which concept are these alternative forms?

gender role socialization

Symbolic Interactionism

girls and boys are socialized differently and may be encouraged to seek out gender-appropriate training, college majors, and career goals, leading them to enter male- and female-dominated occupations

Identify the following statements as applying to either bots or girls in school.

Boys - They are posted with more challenging questions or tasks and are given more praise for the quality of their work - They receive more attention and instructional time and are more likely to be called on in class. Girls - They tend to each higher grades in elementary school - They are typically credited for hard work rather than intellectual ability

Identify the observed phenomena that call into question the biological binary male/female sex distinction

Correct Answers - Children born with ambiguous genitalia - Women with male secondary sex characteristics Incorrect Answers - Women who enjoy, and are good at, hunting - Men who are sexually attracted to other men

Sociologist Arlie Rothchild has studied how two-parent households handle the division of labor for the many tasks of domestic life. In the context of her studies of gender norms and household labor, what does "second shift" refer to?

It refers to the after-work homemaking chores of a wage-earning wife.

Identify the true and false statements about Talcott Parson's ideas of complementary gender roles

True - The instrumental role is being task oriented a "breadwinner," and an authority figure. The expressive role is providing emotional support and nurturing - Parson's suggest gender segregation serves to uphold the traditional family and its social functions False - The social rewards for filling complementary gender roles are equal

Identify the true and false statements about feminism

True Statement(s) - Feminism can be divided into three waves - Feminism is more than a social movement False Statement(s) - The goals of feminism have always been the same - The second wave of feminism focused on diversity

Gender Nonconforming

a term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles

Transgender

a term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth

Cisgender

a term used when gender identity and/or expressions aligns with the sex assigned at birth

Gender Expression

an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender

By what grade in school are gender norms firmly established

fifth

Which term is used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female?

intersex

Structural Functionalism

women are naturally more nurturing and thus make better nurses and teachers of young children; men are naturally more logical and thus make better lawyers and computer programmers

In ____, sexism is alive and well, as evidenced by a 3,300-word manifesto circulated by a male engineer in August ____. Written in response to ____'s efforts to increase diversity among its heavily white and heavily male workface, the internal memo argued that the unequal representation of women in tech roles is due to supposed ____ differences between men and women.

- Silicon Valley - 2017 - Google - biological

Our society recognizes different sexual orientations based on a ____ gender system. The normative and dominant category of sexuality is ____; the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior found that about 4 percent of all adults identify as ____ while 3 percent of men and 4 percent of women identify as ____. The idea that sexual orientation can have a wide spectrum, posited by ____, has not gained widespread acceptance.

- binary - heterosexuality - homosexual - bisexual - Alfred Kinsey

Sex refers to categories (such as male, female, and intersex) that are assigned to ____ differences. Gender reflects our notions about what is appropriately ____. There is significant debate about gender-____ suggest that notions of gender are socially determined and ____ see gender as immutable.

- biological - masculine or feminine - constructionist - essentialists

Women increasingly outnumber men in college and made up the majority of college graduates by the ____. By 2019, women earned ____ of bachelor's degrees. For LGBTQ individuals, education may be a tougher road than for non-LGBTQ individuals. The 2019 National School Climate Survey found that fully ____ of LGBTQ students reported being verbally harassed, while ____ reported being physically harassed.

- mid-1990s - 57 percent - 81 percent - 34 percent

Place each groundbreaking television series about homosexual or transgender characters in order in which the shows aired from first to last.

- the sitcom Ellen - Will & Grace - Orange is the New Black - I am Cait

What are the major agents of socialization that enforce gender roles?

Correct Answers - the media - schools - families - peers Incorrect Answers - Religion

Match each term to the corresponding example

Discrimination - A woman is paid less than her male coworker for the same job. Hegemonic Masculinity - Car advertisements usually feature men who are heterosexual, economically successful, and physically fit. Toxic Masculinity - In 2014, Elliot Rodger wrote a 140-page manifesto linking himself to the incel movement, before killing six people and injuring fourteen more in Isla Vista, California (near the University of California, Santa Barbara).

What is the name of the sociological view that seeks to explain social phenomena in terms of natural phenomena?

Essentialism

Every society in the world acknowledges only two genders

False

Match each statement about feminism to the wave it is associated.

First Wave - Its key event was a convention held in Seneca Falls, New York. - It was associated with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. - Its main cause was the campaign to win the vote for women, or the suffrage movement Second Wave - It was associated with Betty Friedan - Its key event was the establishment of the National Organization for Women. - Its main causes were equal access to education and employment. Third Wave - Its main cause was globalization - It introduced a focus on intersectionality.

Identify whether or not the following are examples of gendered microaggressions

Gendered Microaggressions - A female physician wearing a stethoscope is mistaken for a nurse - A man refuses to wash the dishes because he claims that is is "women's work." - A customer service agent calls a trans woman "sir" on the phone. Not Gendered Microaggresions - A woman is assumed to be the principal of a school because she wears a pantsuit to work.

Identify whether each of the following is a primary or secondary sex characteristic

Primary - Chromosomes - Prostate - Estrogen Secondary - Breasts - Facial Hair

Identify the reasons why the Covid-19 pandemic impacted women's employment more than men's

Reasons - Women are more likely to be responsible for caregiving - There service sector was hit particularly hard Not Reasons - Past recessions have disproportionately impacted women's employment in a negative way.

Match each theoretical perspective to the corresponding approach to gender inequality.

Structural Functionalism - Sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to perform Symbolic Interactionism - Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, schools, and the media. Conflict Theory - Because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have and more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance

Gender Identity

an individual's self-definition or sense of gender

Conflict Theory

male-dominated occupations generally hold more prestige and are better paid; women may encounter difficulties entering male-dominated occupations, whereas men may more easily succeed in female-dominated occupations