Sociology (Chapter One)

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Childbearing

(Global Map 1-1, pg. 4) A look around the world shows that __________ is not a personal choice. Women living in poor countries have many more children than women in high-income nations.

Social structures

(Structural-functional approach) relatively stable patterns of social behavior

Metaphysical stage

(view of Comte) a transitional phase

Theological stage

(view of Comte) thought was guided by religion

Scientific stage

(view of Comte) using positivism to understand society

enhanced life chances

(why take sociology?) - micro and macro understanding - increase social potentials

more appreciation for diversity

(why take sociology?) - the global village - domestic social marginality

education and liberal arts

(why take sociology?) - well-rounded as a person - social expectations

Gender-conflict approach

*one important type of conflict analysis a point of view that focuses on inequality & conflict b/t males & females *most likely connected to feminism

race-conflict approach

*social-conflict approach a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict b/t people of different racial & ethnic categories

Macro-level orientation

*structural-functional & social-conflict focus on broad social structures that shape society as a WHOLE

Micro-level orientation

*symbolic-interaction focuses on patterns of social interaction in SPECIFIC settings

Theoretical Approaches

*theories are based on these basic images of society that guide thinking & research

components of sociology

- helps us assess the truth of common sense - helps us assess both opportunities and constraints in our lives - empowers us to be active in society - helps us live in diverse world

Four benefits of using the sociological perspective; particular, familiar, society, marginality & crisis

- seeing the general in the p_________ - seeing the strange in the f__________ - seeing s________ in our everyday lives - seeing sociologically: m_______ & c_______

Global Perspective in Sociolgy

- where we live makes a great difference in shaping our lives - thinking globally is a good way to learn more about ourselves - many problems we face in the U.S. are elsewhere, and many times, even worse

Importance of Global Perspective

- where we live makes a great difference in shaping our lives (poor in the south vs. poor in other, smaller countries) - societies throughout the world are increasingly interconnected through technology and economics (terrorist bomb things when we are over there because we have cameras) - many problems we face in the U.S. are more serious elsewhere - thinking globally is a good way to learn more about ourselves **the south has as much (or about as much) as the inner city does in gov't aid

Comte's 3 Stages of Society

1. Theological Stage 2. Metaphysical Stage 3. Scientific Stage

benefits of the sociological perspective

1. helps us assess the truth of common sense 2. helps us assess both opportunities and constraints in our lives 3. empowers us to be active participants in our society 4. helps us live in a diverse world

High-income countries / Middle-income countries / Low-income countries

3 different nations in the world:

Structural-Functional approach, Social-conflict approach,

3 major sociological paradigms: 1) S_________-F______ approach 2) 3)

Social-conflict

A _______-_________ analysis points out that sports are closely linked to social inequality. (Sports and conflict.)

Structural-Functional

A ___________-__________ approach directs attention to the ways sports help society to operate. (The functions of sports.)

The sociological advantage

A background in sociology is also good preparation for the working world. An increasing # of sociologists work in all sorts of applied fields.

Symbolic-interaction approach

A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

theory

A statement of how and why specific facts are related

Laws & policies

Applying the sociological perspective is useful in the way that it: helps guide many of the _____ & policies that shape our lives.

personal growth & expanded awareness

Applying the sociological perspective is useful in the way that it: leads to important _________ growth & expanded __________.

preparation, world

Applying the sociological perspective is useful in the way that it: serves as excellent ________ for the ______ @ work.

The Sociological Perspective

BY PETER BERGER * seeing the general in the particular - sociologists identify general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals * seeing the strange in the familiar - giving up the ideas that human behavior is simply a matter of what people decide to do - understanding that society shapes our lives

Robert Melton (1910-2003)

Introduced 3 concepts related to social function: 1. manifest functions 2. latent functions 3. social dysfunctions

Max Weber, George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman, George Homans, Peter Blau

Key figures in development of symbolic-interaction approach: M___ W_____ G_____ H______ M_____ E________ G_________ G_________ H__________ P_______ B________

Karl Marx, Harriet Martineau, Jane Addams, W.E.B. DuBois

Key figures in the Social-conflict approach: K______ M_____ H________ M_________ J_____ A________ W.___.___ D_______

Seeing Sociology in the News -- "Interest in Military on the Rise."

Laracuente believesmthe military is well-positioned in this environment to meet & exceed recruiting goals -- even as the US continues to fight in Iraq & Afghanistan

Scientific Stage

Physics, chemistry, & sociology

Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life -- Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America

Sociologist Barbara Ehrenreich (2001) took a low-wage job in order to find out more about life for people who hold these jobs.

Theological Stage

The Church in the Middle Ages

Metaphysical Stage

The Enlightenment & the ideas of Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau

society

The Sociological Perspective helps empowers us: to be active participants in our __________.

opportunities & constraints

The Sociological Perspective helps us assess: both ___________ & ___________ in our lives.

common sense

The Sociological Perspective helps us assess: the truth of "_____ _______."

diverse

The Sociological Perspective helps us: to live in a __________ world.

Symbolic-interaction

The ________-_________ paradigm views sports less as a system than as an ongoing process. (Sports as interaction.)

Social Marginality

The greater people's _____ _______, the better able they are to use the sociological perspective. Just as social change encourages sociological thinking.

Stablity

The structural-functional approach has declined in recent decades, in the fact that it focuses on _________, therby ignoring inequalities of social class, race, & gender.

THINKING GLOBALLY - The Global Village: A Social Snapshot of Our World

Think the population breakdown as if the world were a village of 1,000 people

industrial, Europe, political

Three major social changes during the 17th and 18th centuries are important to the development of sociology. 1. The rise of a factory-based _________ economy. 2. The emergence of large, thriving cities in _________. 3. ________ changes, including a rising concern w/ individual liberty & rights. The French Revolution symbolized this dramatic break w/ political & social tradition.

Sociological Imagination

Turning personal problems into public issues

What issues should we study? How should we connect the facts?

Two basic questions that scientists ask: 1) & 2)

Sociologists

_______ have helped shape the public policy.

Emile Durkheim's

_________ ________'s research showed that society affects even our most personal choices

Socialogical Thinking

__________ ____________ can bring about Sociological change.

W.E.B. DuBois

__________ described race as: the major problem facing the US in the 20th century *****READ PAGE 17*****

macro-level orientation

a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole 1) structural-functional approach 2) social-conflict approach

micro-level orientation

a close-up on social interaction in specific situations * symbolic-interaction approach

structural-functional approach

a framework for building that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity & stability

structural-functional approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity & stability

social-conflict approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequaility that generates conflict & change 1) gender-conflict approach 2) race-cinflict approach 3) feminism

social-conflict approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict & change

symbolic-interaction approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions b/t individuals

Social-conflict approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as: an arena of inequality that generates conflict & change *Most sociologists who favor this approach attempt not only to understand society but also reduce social inequality a.) key figures: Karl Marx, Harriet Martineau, Jane Addams, & W.E.B. DuBois b.) gender-conflict approach/feminism c.) W.E.B. DuBois d.) race-conflict approach

Structural-Functional Approach

a framework for building theory that sees society: as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability a.) asserts that our lives are guided by social structures (relatively stable patterns of social behavior) b.) each social sturcture has social functions (consequences, for the operation of society as a whole) c.) Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, and Talcott Pearsons are key figures in this approach d.) Robert Merton introduced 3 concepts: manifest functions, latent functions, and social dysfuncitons

race-conflict approach

a point of view that focuses on inequality & conflict b/t people of different racial & ethnic categories

gender-conflict approach

a point of view that focuses on inequality & conflict between women & men (social-conflict approach)

Positivism

a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere sepculation

stereotype

a simplified description applied to every person in some category

Positivism

a way of understanding based on science

Global Thinking; live, societies, poverty, globally

an important component of the sociological perspective for four reasons: 1) Where we ____ makes a great difference in shaping our lives 2) ______ over the world are increasingly interconnected, making traditional distinctions b/t "us" and "them" less and less revelant 3) Many human problems face in the United States are far more serious elsewhere: ________ 4) Thinking _______ is a good way to learn more about ourselves

social structure

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

social dysfunction

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

theoretical approach

basic image of society that guides thinking & research

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

believed that the major goal of sociology was to understand society as it actually operates. He favored POSITVISM. He was sociology as the product of of a 3-stage historical development.

social functions

consequences, for the operation of society as a whole

social marginality

for example: everyone feels like an outsider from time to time, but in some categories of people, being an outsider- not part of the dominant group -is an everyday experience, encouraging the sociological perspective

social crisis

for example: periods of change or crisis make everyone feel a little off balance, encouraging us to use the sociological perspective

human society

group behavior is primary focus; how groups influence individuals and vice versa

Middle-income countries

have limited industrialized and most people are poor (76 nations)

Low-income countries

have little industrialization and most people are poor (57 nations)

Sociological Perspective

helps us to see the general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals (THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR)

Emile Durkheim

his research showed that the suicide rate was strongly influenced by the extent to which people were socially integrated w/ others

High-income countries

industrialized nations which have the highest overall standard of living (60 nations)

Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons

key figures in the development of the structural-functional approach: A__________ C________ E__________ D___________ T_________ P__________

Latent functions

largely unrecognized and unintended consequences

LESS likely to commit suicide

male Jews and Catholics who were poor and married

MORE likely to commit suicide

male Protestants who were wealthy and unmarried

systematic

scientific behavior that focuses attention on patterns of behavior

Theory

statement of how and why specific facts are related

feminism

support of social equaility for women & men (gender-conflict approach)

Feminism

support of social equality for men & men (does not just apply to women)

sociology

systematic study of human society

social functions

the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole 1) manifest functions 2) latent functions

manifest functions

the recognized & intended consequences of any social pattern

Manifest functions

the recognized and intended consequences of an social pattern

at the "heart of sociology"

the sociological perspective which offers a uuique view of society

Global Perspective

the study of the larger world and our society's place in it

Sociology

the systematic study of human society

latent functions

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

Goal of the Sociological Theory

to explain social behavior in the real world *example SEEING OURSELVES--National Map 1-1 shows suicide rates across the US as they relate to population density (pg 14)

Social dysfunctions

undesirable consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society

Auguste Comte, Karl Marx

well-known political pioneers in sociology


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