Sociology (Everything I Got)
Which of the following is accurate about the process of socialization?
Society shapes the individual, and the individual shapes society.
The Twenty Statements Test asks respondents to make twenty true statements about themselves that begin with the phrase "I am." Why is this test discussed in a chapter about social groups?
It was developed to measure the extent to which we base our identity on membership in groups
false consciousness
Karl Marx believed that most people accept the status quo of society and deny the truths that perpetuate inequality. What is the term that he used to describe this concept?
In the United States of America, a married man who has several mistresses is violating a ________, but if he is married to more than one woman at the same time, he is violating a ________.
More, Law
What do the several cases of children who grew up in extreme social isolation, such as the case of Genie in 1970, suggest?
Most of our metal capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction
It's all too common to see someone driving a car on a busy freeway while cursing and gesturing at another motorist whose poor driving has offended him. Cursing and gesturing are an individual's attempt at:
Negative Sanction
Which of the following is an advantage of using interviews as a research method?
Nonverbal and verbal cue (able to to detect body language) Able to detect sarcasm Able to detect a lie Keep on focus Able to avoid distractions Note- These are ALL ADVANTAGES
her translation of the work of Auguste Comte into English
Of the following options, which was probably Harriet Martineau's most important contribution to the development of sociology as a discipline?
polyandry
One female, several males.
polygyny
One male, several females.
Which of the following groups is a subculture?
Online Gamers
A sociologist wants to study how student-teacher interactions either promote or help reduce gender inequality in the classroom. In order to study this, he becomes a teacher's assistant in an actual classroom to spend time with both students and teachers and see firsthand what is taking place. This is an example of what type of research?
Participant observation
Which of the following research techniques focuses on gaining an insider's perspective of the everyday lives of subjects under investigation, often dispelling stereotypes about the group being investigated?
Participant observation.
Which of the following is an example of someone performing emotional labor at work?
A flight attendant who is having a bad day smiles at passengers and appears cheerful
sociological imagination
According to C. Wright Mills, what is one quality of mind that all great sociologists possess?
proletariat
According to Marx, an individual who makes money exclusively by selling their own labor must be a member of what social group?
difference, interdependence, and individual rights; shared traditions and similar experiences
According to Émile Durkheim, what was the basis for the bonds created through mechanical solidarity in traditional societies?
What does it mean for a sociologist to control for a variable?
All factors except the independent variable are taken into account.
Why would using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party NOT usually qualify as deviance?
It is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions
Why would culture shock be a useful state of mind for a sociologist?
It makes us realize we lack an understanding of our surroundings, so we are able to truly perceive what is right in front of us.
What can an institutional review board do if it has reservations about the safety or ethics of a research project?
It may stop the project from going forward, at least until changes have been made.
Many everyday cultural practices—such as greeting a friend, giving someone flowers, or using the thumbs-up sign—seem like natural ways of acting. Why does having an awareness of how these practices vary across cultures demonstrate a healthy sociological imagination?
It reminds us that everyday interactions are connected to larger social structures.
What is the difference in how sociologists and anthropologists study culture?
Sociologists usually study a society to which they belong.
How could telecommuting increase worker productivity? a. People who work from home tend to work longer hours. b.Telecommuters must usually provide a concrete measure of their accomplishments, not just show up. c. There is no office gossip to distract telecommuters. d. It allows employees to spend less time with their families.
Telecommuters must usually provide a concrete measure of their accomplishments, not just show up.
In many Middle Eastern countries, showing someone the bottom of your foot or shoe is considered very rude, so American military personnel stationed in the Middle East are instructed to keep their feet inside helicopters when flying low. Why is this instruction needed?
The US military is firmly committed to an ethnocentric point of view
The lack of political and economic power experienced by women in many societies.
The conflict perspective would most likely try to study an issue like prostitution by first understanding
What is the primary reason to include a control group in an experiment?
The control group allows you to make comparisons to the experimental group.
Sociologists studying deviance often focus on the most obvious and extreme forms of deviant behavior. What are the consequences of this approach?
The values and norms of the powerful are left unexamined, while the deviance of the poor is scrutinized.
Sometimes survey researchers reject randomness and instead use weighting techniques to construct a sample. How is a weighted sample different from a random one?
The weighted sample more closely resembles the larger population
Which is true of social mobility in a caste system?
There is virtually no chance of social mobility.
How does social class relate to race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today? a.These other variables matter for members of the upper class but not for members of the middle or lower classes. b.These variables matter for members of the lower class but not for members of the upper or middle class. c.These multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live. d.Race and ethnicity are more important than any other factor in determining social class.
These multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live.
Survey researchers often use Likert scales to construct the possible answers when they write closed-ended questions. How do Likert scales allow respondents to answer?
They allow respondents to answer along a continuum from from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree."
According to Robert Merton, which of these statements about manifest functions is true?
They are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.
How do fast-food restaurants rationalize the process of providing food to customers, according to Robin Leidner in Fast Food, Fast Talk?
They develop standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers.
If a researcher has obtained informed consent from all his participants, it means that:
They have all explicitly agreed to participate in the research They all understand the nature of the study and what will be asked of them
How have social networking websites affected social groups?
They help people make the most of both their primary and secondary groups
According to Twine (2011), what changes occur in the lives of white women who have families Black men?
They lose some racial privilege through their relationships with their husbands.
What criticism do third-wave feminists commonly level against the first two waves of feminism?
They marginalized the concerns of women of color, lesbians, and working-class women.
What does it mean if ethnographers are overt about their roles?
They openly admit that they are doing sociological research.
What is an advantage of using interviews as a research method?
They reveal attitudes and beliefs inaccessible by any other means.
symbolic interactionism
Which of the following theories focuses on how our behaviors are dependent on the ways we interpret, make sense of, and define ourselves, others, and social situations?
structural functionalism
Which of the following theories views society as a unit made up of interrelated parts that work together?
symbolic interactionism
Which sociological theory focuses on micro-level interactions?
Karl Marx
Which theorist stated that industrial capitalism is the primary tool for the oppression of the lower social classes?
symbolic interactionism
Which theory about human interaction developed from the groundwork laid by Max Weber's discussion of verstehen (understanding), which emphasizes empathy with individual experiences?
Weberian Theory
Which theory discusses rationalization, or the application of economic logic to all human activity?
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was an activist organization in the 1960s that protested the Vietnam War, racial injustice, and economic exploitation. The organization largely favored direct action and protest, most of which opposed traditional organizing and politics. What could you say that members of SDS were part of based on this information?
a counterculture
A group of young people dancing their hearts out is a normal and even expected sight at a dance club. However, the same group dancing in the same exact way along the side of a highway in the middle of the day would be seen as strange and possibly disruptive. This is because the dance club, unlike the sidewalk, is a(n)
a front
The city of Mumbai, India, has 14,000,000 people, making it the second-largest city in the world, and it handles the majority of India's maritime commerce. These facts help to explain why Mumbai would be called a(n) a. global city. b. agglomeration. c. agrarian area. d. metropolitan statistical area.
a global city
"family" by sociologists
a group of people who have emotional ties and/or biological ties
What must there be for a survey to be considered valid?
a high response rate
Which of the following is best suited to preventing groupthink?
a leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions
Some newspapers, magazines, and other media tend to use gender-inappropriate names or pronouns as well as other language that trans people find insensitive or offensive when describing transgender people. This is an example of
a microaggression.
What metaphor best describes cultures that have embraced multiculturalism and pluralism?
a salad bowl
What metaphor best describes cultures that have embraced multiculturalism or pluralism?
a salad bowl
When a sample provides the same chance of being included to every member of the population, it is known as
a simple random sample
The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police through citizen complaints. Citizens do not usually bother to inform the authorities if they do not think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing can be done. This means that there might be serious bias in the
Uniform Crime Report
When researchers use a social networking site like Facebook to obtain data, they are:
Using existing sources
the ability to understand to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces
What is the social imagination?
the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger forces
What is the sociological imagination?
What is Durkheim's term for a state of normlessness?
anomie
Émile Durkheim's study on suicide found that suicide rates went up when the economy slumped, but they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim's concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates? a. anomie b. mechanical solidarity c. alienation d. organic solidarity
anomie
Expressions given off
are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.
expressions given off
are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.
Individuals who are NOT socialized
are unable to fully develop without contact with others
According to conflict theory, women's contributions to family life are devalued because
as a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status.
A status with which were are born?
ascribed status
Which of the following is a major area of concern within the four analytic frameworks of environmental sociology?
attitudes about the environment
What has most of the sociological literature on deviance traditionally focused on?
crime
What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?
crimes
In the United States, the ________ is made up of legislatures, the police, courts, and prisons.
criminal justice system
When cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar, they are experiencing the phenomenon of
cultural leveling.
The controversy surrounding North Carolina's 2016 HB2 law is an example of which of the following concepts
culture wars
How has union membership changed in recent years? a. Membership has slightly increased. b. It has not changed. c. Membership has greatly increased. d. Membership has steeply declined.
d. Membership has steeply declined.
Social Solidarity
developed by Durkheim. A social glue and how we r connected to each other
A behavior, trait, or belief is considered _______ if it departs from a norm and results in a negative reaction.
deviant
According to Émile Durkheim, industrialized societies function via organic solidarity. What is the basis for organic solidarity? a. religion and tradition b. difference, interdependence, and individual rights c. shared experiences and similar beliefs d. globalization, mass communications, and technology
difference, interdependence, and individual rights
The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called ____________________________________.
differential association theory
The spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one group to another is known as cultural
diffusion.
The values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called
dominant culture.
What have scholars called Erving Goffman's ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance?
dramaturgy
According to Sigmund Freud, the ______ is the realistic and practical part of the mind that works to balance our instinctive and biological drives and the internalized demands of society.
ego
According to Sigmund Freud, the ________ is the realistic and practical part of the mind that works to balance our instinctive and biological drives and the internalized demands of society.
ego
Physical beauty is considered a(n) _______ status.
embodied
A status generated by physical characteristics?
embodied status
One of the most striking contrasts in restaurants is between the demeanor of cooks and that of servers. Servers are paid to be nice, pleasant, and courteous. On the other hand, cooks are usually not required to act this way. The part of a server's job that does not apply to a cook is called
emotional labor
What do sociologists call it when people's jobs require them to manage their feelings as part of their official duties?
emotional labor
In the United States today, very few people marry outside of their own socioeconomic classes, suggesting that there is a high degree of a. polyandry. b. polygamy. c. exogamy. d.endogamy
endogamy
Culture
entire way of living for a group of people
Resocialization is particularly necessary when people are cut off from society and their former identities are stripped away. Which of the following is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?
entry into a total institution
An industry dumps waste in an area adjacent to where members of racial and ethnic minorities reside. What is this practice called? a. NIMBY b. corporate welfare c. resource depletion d. environmental racism
environmental racism
Factories that produce noxious levels of pollution and toxic waste dumps are often located near areas where minorities and the poor reside. Which of the following terms could be used to describe this situation? a. climate justice b. resource environmentalism c. environmental racism d. corporate welfare
environmental racism
What is the name of the subdiscipline that studies the social causes and consequences of environmental problems?
environmental sociology
Sociologists call the awareness of our own and other's class statuses
everyday class consciousness.
A characteristic of primary groups is that they
exhibit high levels of cooperation
What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society?
expressive
What does Karl Marx call it when individuals fail to see the ways in which they are oppressed by the social system in which they live?
false consciousness
understanding family from symbolic interactionism
families are a small unit of society
Which agent of socialization has the most impact in the earliest stages of a child's life?
family
Being born into a lower social class means that an individual will be more likely to a. be healthy due to access to Medicaid. b. complete college due to receiving need-based scholarships. c. feel at risk of being harassed by law enforcement. d. overcome criminal charges due to the assistance of a public defender.
feel at risk of being harassed by law enforcement.
_______________ are socially constructed norms regarding the appropriate feelings and displays of emotions.
feeling rules
Family friends who are referred to as "Aunt" or "Uncle" are examples of a. homogamy. b. fictive kin. c. the Full House effect. d. extended families.
fictive kin
According to Erving Goffman, stigmatized individuals who do not believe they should have to change or conceal their identities to make "normal" people more comfortable have
in-group orientation.
Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would fraudsters and thieves be found?
innovation
What are the two complementary roles that functionalist Talcott Parsons identified within the family?
instrumental and expressive
Globalization
interconnected to the rest of the world through communication (internet)
What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure?
internalization
Intersectionality
intersecting lines of inequality such as class, race, gender, education, income, wealth, ect.
Socialization ....
is a lifelong process
Émile Durkheim suggested that in traditional societies, people were bound through mechanical solidarity. What was the basis of these sorts of bonds? a. a strong ruler who exercised absolute control over the population b. shared traditions and similar experiences c. interdependence and the division of labor d.anomie
shared traditions and similar experiences
individual resistance
skip work, say we are sick, turning our office into more personal area
Symbolic Interactionism
microlevel orientation that is how people interact within their group and how they interact with people and attach meaning
Due to an oil boom, North Dakota has experienced the greatest population increase among all of the states in the United States in the recent past. Which demographic variable explains this? a. migration b. fertility c. life span d. mortality
migration
What type of stigma has: signs of a flawed character?
moral
Before the United States invaded Iraq, about 5.5 people out of every thousand would die each year according to a controversial study published in the British medical journal The Lancet. After the invasion, that number rose to over 13. This study was attempting to measure a. suicide. b. morbidity. c. immigration. d. mortality.
mortality
communism
most extreme form of socialism no private ownership and no class system
understanding family from conflict theory
mother unpaid and father paid gender inequality
Role conflict occurs when an individual has
multiple role
Role conflict occurs when an individual has
multiple roles that are in conflict with each other.
Punishing crime by incarcerating individuals in prisons became common in the _____ century
nineteenth
Which of the following is an example of cultural capital?
not inheriting large sum of money from relative, keeping up with pop culture references
Feminism
off of conflict theory based in gender inequality and conflict theory talks about class inequality and still exists in industrial society
What is a closed-ended question?
one that limits the possible responses
What kind of question usually produces a wide variety of responses by allowing respondents to answer in whatever way seems appropriate to them?
open-ended
understanding family from Postmodern perspective
our social life is diverse, so our family is divers
HIV/AIDS is considered a(n) a. sick role. b. pandemic. c. epidemic. d. rescission.
pandemic
deconstructionism
part of postmodernism ex. Confederate soldier statue being taken down no one was bothered until now bc they are applying postmodernism and deconstructing history
In Great Britain, the government owns the British Broadcasting Corporation, or BBC, which is the world's largest television and radio broadcasting service. This tells you that Great Britain is a. deregulated. b. totally capitalist. c. an example of pure socialism. d. partially socialist.
partially socialist.
Which of the following research techniques focuses on gaining an insider's perspective of the everyday lives of participants under investigation, which often dispels stereotypes about the group being investigated?
participant observation
What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?
peer pressure
As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?
peers
Emilee is thirteen and in middle school. At this time in her life, which agent of socialization is probably the most significant?
peers
Urban density is measured by the number of
people per square mile
Sociological imagination
perspective to see the connection between biography and history. Self and social structures ex. Person depressed and using sociological imagination to see connect to finance, lack of family or friends, or not fitting in society
What type of stigma has: external deformations or mental impairment
physical
A small-scale study carried out to test the feasibility of conducting a study on a larger scale is referred to as a(n)
pilot study
Societies that encourage racial and ethnic diversity have embraced the value of
pluralism.
Martin Luther King Jr. went to jail many times for acts of civil disobedience such as ignoring court orders prohibiting marches and boycotts. Some people, even those who agreed with him, criticized him for disobeying the law. However, most people today view these actions as a form of
positive deviance
What term describes "actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic"?
positive deviance
What type of group provides most of our emotional satisfaction?
primary
Capitalism
private ownership, free market, sale of labor, competition
The criteria used by a social class system to stratify its members include
property, power, and prestige.
What theory suggests that any kind of categorization is outmoded and limiting?
queer theory
Researchers should avoid using double-barreled questions when designing a survey. What are double-barreled questions?
questions that ask about multiple issues
Researchers must avoid negative questions when writing a survey. What are negative question?
questions that ask respondents what they do not think rather than what they do think
What is it called when members of a racial minority group intermarry and have children with members of the dominant group until the races are completely mixed?
racial assimilation
The tendency of research participants to change their behavior in response to being studied is known as
reactivity.
What do sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to the norms and values that people believe should be followed?
real culture
The practice of refusing mortgages for houses in poor and minority neighborhoods is called:
redlining.
What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his or her own accomplishments?
reference group
What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid?
reference groups
exogamy
refers to marriage to someone from a different social group
endogamy
refers to marriage to someone within one's social group (such as race, ethnicity, class, education, religion, region, or nationality).
epidemic
regional outbreak of a disease ex. ebola
When a sociologist argues that their study of a particular group tells us something about a larger group, they are claiming
representativeness
What are the tactics used by workers to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor called?
resistance strategies
A person who leavers their job of twenty year to retire is undergoing
role exit
A person who leaves their job of twenty years to retire is undergoing
role exit
Norms are enforced in everyday settings by
sanctions.
The school of social thought that insists all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions is called
symbolic interactionism.
Which of the following sequences lists norms in the correct order, from the most strictly enforced to the last?
taboos, mores, folkways
When a child can internalize the expectations of other people, they have learned how to
take the role of the particular or significant other.
A _______ consists of group members who share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person.
virtual community
Understanding health and illness from conflict theory
we don't have equal excess to healthcare
According to George Herbert Mead, the dual nature of the self refers to the idea that
we experience the self as both subject and object.
deprivation amplification
when our individual disease risks (based on our heredity and physiology) are amplified by social factors
Understanding health and illness from structural functionalist
when we become sick we exit normal role and go to sick role
pandemic
worldwide epidemic ex. HIV and AIDs (more global)
anomie
Émile Durkheim's study on suicide found that not only did suicide rates increase when the economy slumped, they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim's concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates?
After studying the indigenous peoples of Australia, ________ concluded that any form of religion is united in its definition of what is considered to be ________ and ________. a.Karl Max; manifest functions; latent functions b. Robert Merton; sacred; profane c. Émile Durkheim; sacred; profane d. Talcott Parsons; manifest functions; latent functions
Émile Durkheim; sacred; profane
Economic systems
capitalism, socialism, communism no country in the world has a pure economic system
Which system of social stratification is apartheid an example of?
caste
Emile Durkheim and Anomie
(theory on suicide) anomie is a sense of normlessness ex. (anomie) homeless
_______ was the system of social stratification in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas.
Feudalism
in which century did the Industrial Revolution begin? a. 1600s b. 1700s c. 1800s d. 1900s
1700s
Which of the following is an example of a culture war?
A conflict between groups with different ideals, beliefs, and philosophies.
________ was the system of social stratification in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas.
Feudalism
In 2005, the Northwestern University women's lacrosse team won an NCAA championship and was invited to the White House to receive congratulations from the president. Controversy erupted after the team's visit when the official photograph revealed that several team members were wearing flip-flops. Despite the outcry, the athletes took the criticism in stride by talking about it on TheToday Show and auctioning the offending footwear for charity. What kind of norm did the athletes break by wearing flip-flops to the White House, given the reaction and the team's response?
A folkway
rescission
A remedy whereby a contract is canceled and the parties are returned to the positions they occupied before the contract was made.
paradigm
A set of assumptions, theories, and perspectives that make up a way of understanding social reality is a(n)
Sociology can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior. Given this definition, which of the following levels of social structure best describes what sociologists might examine?
Almost any level- from interactions between two people to large-scale institutions.
acted on her intellectual convictions and applied theory to practical action in the hopes of improving society
Although she made contributions to sociology, Jane Addams is perhaps best remembered for her embrace of praxis, which means that she
food desert
An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain
Which of the following is NOT an example of qualitative data.
Answers to multiple-choice surveys like the census.
Stratification
Arrangement of a society into layers.
In The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Émile Durkheim argued that religion was a powerful source of social solidarity. Why?
Because it reinforces collective bonds and shared moral values
Which of the following is an example of something that would be part of a person's symbolic culture?
Belonging to a political party
How is a counterculture different from a subculture?
Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.
Wright Mills used the term "sociological imagination" to refer to important interconnections between personal troubles and public issues. What would he have said about deprivation amplification? a.Personal troubles cause poor health, so work must be done to more properly address disease rates solely at the personal level. b.Both public issues and personal troubles contribute to poor health, so work must be done at both levels to more properly address disease rates. c.Neither public issues nor personal troubles contribute to poor health, so work done at these levels would not address disease rates any differently. d.Public issues cause poor health, so work must be done to more properly address disease rates solely at the public level.
Both public issues and personal troubles contribute to poor health, so work must be done at both levels to more properly address disease rates.
Which of the following is an example of how teachers treat boys and girls differently in a classroom setting?
Boys are more likely than girls to be punished for misbehaving.
____ are associated with an increase in social atomization.
Cities
_______ are associated with an increase in social atomization.
Cities
How could the Information Revolution affect urbanization? a.Cities might grow because technology makes them even more attractive places to live. b. It could not affect urbanization at all. c.Cities might shrink because people can live anywhere and still work at the same job. d.Cities might shrink because people will spend even more time in direct contact with one another.
Cities might shrink because people can live anywhere and still work at the same job
The Industrial Revolution made cities necessary, as large numbers of people were needed to work in factories. Why have many people found city life to be attractive ever since?
Cities offer a high degree of personal freedom.
Many American colleges and universities require students to take classes on non-Western cultures. Why do these requirements exist?
Colleges tend to value multiculturalism
You want to conduct some sociological research on whether people on social networking sites are less likely to meet in person as a result of their online community participation. What is the next step in the scientific method?
Conduct a literature review.
_______ argues that punishments for rules violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom.
Conflict theory
_____ is one of the categories of urbanites identified by Herbert Gans in his ethnography Urban Villagers.
Cosmopolites
___________ is/are the violation of a norm that has been codified into law.
Crime
In the article "Jihad vs. McWorld," Benjamin R. Barber points out that "in November of 1991 Switzerland's once insular culture boasted best-seller lists featuring Terminator 2 as the #1 movie, Scarlett as the #1 book, and Prince's Diamonds and Pearls as the #1 record album." Many people worry that the prominence of American culture goes beyond the media and represents the wholesale imposition of American values on other cultures, a process called:
Cultural Imperialism
Today it is possible to travel all over the world, especially if you visit major metropolitan areas, without ever having to eat anything but McDonald's food. This is an example of:
Cultural Leveling
_______ refers to the tastes, habits, and expectations that children "inherit" or learn from their parents, which help them achieve material success in life.
Cultural capital
The Japanese observed soldiers playing baseball during the American occupation of Japan after World War II and later adopted it as one of their pastimes. This is an example of
Cultural diffusion
The French social theorist Jean-François Lyotard described contemporary culture in this way: "One listens to reggae, watches a Western, eats McDonald's food for lunch and local cuisine for dinner, and wears Paris perfume in Tokyo and 'retro' clothes in Hong Kong." He was writing about postmodernism, but what concept can help explain this mishmash of activities?
Cultural leveling
According to Georg Simmel, city dwellers relate to one another
in objective and instrumental terms.
_____ is the study of the size, composition, distribution, and change in a human population.
Demography
_______ is the study of the size, composition, distribution, and change in a human population.
Demography
What are the goals of ethnography?
Describe the activities researchers observe and understand the meaning of those activities to participants.
Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?
Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms
What have scholars called Erving Goffman's ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance?
Dramaturgy
organic solidarity
Durkheim discussed how in industrial societies individuals' lives are impacted daily by strangers who provide necessary services such as electricity, water, and food. Which term did he use describe this interdependence?
normlessness or a loss of connections to the social world
Durkheim theorized that the rapidly changing conditions of modern life lead to anomie. What is anomie?
What is one reason imprisonment was such a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century?
Earlier societies did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons
Over 40 million people are estimated to be trapped in some form of modern slavery. Which of the following is true about social stratification under a system of slavery?
Enslaved people occupy the lowest rank in the social hierarchy.
The famous anthropologist Margaret Mead said that the United States of America is the best place to raise a female child. Her assertion is an example of:
Ethnocentrism
Which method of social research might involve shifting between participating in a social situation and being an observer?
Ethnography.
How does the FBI's Uniform Crime Report measure crime?
Every crime reported by over 17,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States is tabulated
Which methodology most closely resembles the scientific method?
Experiments
What is an advantage of replicability in experiments?
Experiments can be performed again and again over time in order to measure change.
Sociologists are making both a social and a moral judgment when they use the term "deviant."
False
Coca-Cola was first marketed in the 1860s as a patent medicine, designed to offer the energy boost of cocaine without the vices of alcohol. The new beverage was invigorating and popular. Today, however, cocaine is not just banned but widely demonized. This is an example of:
Formerly mainstream practices becoming deviant
The art historian and social critic John Berger has argued that the suit is the first "uniform of the powerful" designed for stationary life. However, many people in Western countries wear suits to appear professional or formal. This is why the suit is a classic example of:
Hegemony or leveling
postmodernism
If a sociologist is critical of what they call "grand narratives," which theoretical perspective do they most likely believe in?
Regardless of their various approaches to social phenomena, what are all sociologists trying to do?
Illuminate the connection between the individual and society.
functionalist
In a macro study of education, the ______ perspective would look at the role that schools play in maintaining the solidarity of the social system as a whole, how education provides the young with skills they need later in life, and how it transmits cultural values from one generation to the next, keeping society running smoothly.
Which of the following is an example of a taboo in American society?
Incest- Unwritten rules
Sociologically, what is the difference between a group and a crowd?
Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity and have ongoing social relations.
Social stratification is best defined as:
Inequalities among different groups of people that are part of the structure of society.
Sociologists who conduct interviews can only gather data from a limited number of people because:
Interviews are too time consuming
Why can sociologists who conduct interviews only gather data from a limited number of people?
Interviews are very time-consuming
One of the functions of symbolic culture is that
It enables people to communicate
Which of the following is the most serious critique of structural functionalism?
It focuses on stability, thereby ignoring inequalities of social class, race, and gender.
How has Earth's population changed in the past fifty years? a. It has increased by around 25 percent. b. It peaked around twenty-five years ago and has been shrinking ever since. c. It has nearly tripled. d. It has shrunk slightly.
It has nearly tripled.
How has the Information Revolution changed the nature of work and the economy? a. It has slowed down the process of globalization. b. It has made it less likely that individuals will be able to work from home. c.It has made companies more likely to manufacture and sell goods within a single nation. d. It has shifted the economy toward the production of knowledge and services.
It has shifted the economy toward the production of knowledge and services.
Which of the following is a DISADVANTAGE of using ethnography as a method of social research?
Lack of replicability Degree of representativeness (may not accurately portray the whole group) Biased research process
Many Marxist sociologists assume that large-scale economic structures are the most important factors in people's lives. This assumption is an example of:
Macroanalysis
Which of the following statements best describes the approach taken by Macrosociologists?
Macrosociology directly examines large-scale social structures in order to see how they affect individual lives.
examines large-scale social structures to see how they affect individual lives; examines interactions between individuals and how those interactions reflect larger societal patterns
Macrosociology is an approach that
bureaucracies
Max Weber believed that modern industrialized societies were characterized by which of the following institutions?
the application of economic logic to all aspects of social life
Max Weber believed that society became increasingly rationalized as the Industrial Revolution progressed. How did he define rationalization?
iron cage
Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and TheSpirit of Capitalism discusses the origin of the capitalist system. In this work he addresses how people are trapped by the bureaucratic structure of society; what did he refer to this entrapment as?
What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?
McDonaldization
_______ is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit.
Meritocracy
What did Max Weber mean when he said that modern people are trapped in an "iron cage"?
People are trapped by their industrious way of life of bureaucratic rules.
What does it mean that social networks can influence people through contagion?
People who are connected to social networks are more likely to be affected by them.
Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true?
People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals
Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true?
People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals.
What is one reason that interracial relationships are still relatively uncommon even though anti-miscegenation laws have been struck down?
Powerful cultural stereotypes discourage them.
What explanation does conflict theory have for prejudice and discrimination today?
Prejudice and discrimination are the result of a struggle for scarce resources.
_____ are where much of our socialization occurs.
Primary groups
Socialism
Public schools, weekends, ect.
What is the relationship between race and class, according to sociologists such as Michael Omi and Howard Winant?
Race is not a side effect of class; rather, it permeates every aspect of daily life.
______ is a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another.
Racism
_________ is a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another.
Racism
When an employee is promoted instead of more deserving co-workers because he has a special relationship with his boss, this is an example of:
Real Culture
_______ refers to the set of behaviors expected of someone because of their status.
Role
A paradigm shift is a major break in the assumptions that are used to understand the world. For social scientists, what causes a paradigm shift?
Scientific revolution*
A famous social scientist tells you that the most important task in her research was to move from "total bewilderment" to "finding her feet" with the people she was studying. What can you say about this researcher?
She's a qualitative researcher.
_______ is a system of stratification commonly used in modern capitalist societies.
Social class
What school of social theory believes that society is a stable system of structures, each of which contributes to the equilibrium of the whole?
Structural functionalism.
a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society
Structural functionalist theory is concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure?
It is always important to ask clear and unambiguous questions regardless of the method you use. Why is it especially important to avoid confusion when conducting surveys?
Survey researchers are usually not present to clarify misunderstandings.
Meaning is negotiated through the interaction with others
Symbolic interactionism argues that people act toward others based on the meaning they assign to a situation. According to this perspective, how does meaning arise?
According to symbolic interactionism, what is the relationship between the self and society?
Symbolic interactionists take a micro view of society, examining the beliefs and assumptions people bring to their everyday interactions in order to find the causes or explanations for deviance.
If you possess a sociological imagination and someone asks you to study unemployment rates in a city of fifty million people were fifteen million are unemployed, where should you start?
The economic and political structures of the society.
When Elton Mayo did his now-classic experiment on worker productivity, he found that he could increase productivity by changing variables in a work environment, but also that changing back variables increased productivity. What did he conclude was the true cause of the increase in productivity?
The effect of being studied
When it comes to understanding everyday life, one of the weaknesses of being an everyday actor is that you:
The every day actor makes assumptions and glosses over many things that the social analyst strives to understand systematically.
How has the Information Revolution changed the nature of work? a. Productivity has declined. b. Employee compensation has greatly increased. c.Employees are less easily distracted by outside influences since they can remain working on the Internet. d.The importance of the physical space in which work is done has been greatly diminished.
The importance of the physical space in which work is done has been greatly diminished.
What did sociologist Charles Cooley argue was taking place in the mind of the individual when he developed the concept of the looking-glass self?
The individual is seeing herself reflected back from others
What does social identity theory suggest about teamwork?
The most efficient teams are made up of members with a strong shared social identity.
Ethnographers using participant observation must always be aware of reflexivity, which occurs because:
The presence of ethnographers may alter the behavior of the people they are observing.
Why must ethnographers using participant observation always be aware of reflexivity?
The presence of ethnographers may alter the behavior of the people they are observing.
Although many people believe that expectations for personal space (usually about eighteen inches for Americans) are innate, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than we are. This helps demonstrate that people's expectations for personal space are:
Very difficult to measure accurately
Which of the following is an advantage of using ethnography to study social life?
Way of studying groups that are overlooked by other methods Challenge our taken-for-granted notions about groups we thought we knew Reshape stereotypes we hold about others and on which social policy is based Much pioneering methodological innovation comes from ethnography lately
Which of the following is a step in Charles Cooley's model of the looking-glass self?
We think about how we look from another's perspective.
A conflict theorist would assert the following about class and society:
Wealth and privilege are concentrated among a small group of capitalists who exploit workers.
conflict between social groups
What did Karl Marx state is the catalyst for social change?
The self is shaped by society, but society is also shaped by the self.
What is the relationship between the self and society according to symbolic interactionism?
structural functionalism
What sociological theory discusses how a stable system of structures contribute to the equilibrium of society as a whole?
According to Karl Marx, how is class consciousness, or revolutionary consciousness, developed?
When people realized the system was rigged. As a result, people sabotaged factories.
Auguste Comte
Which early social theorist sought to bring the scientific method to the discipline of sociology?
In terms of job leads and social networks, how are men's networks different from women's?
Women are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more women than men
In the opening pages of The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan wrote about a problem that "lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women." What was this problem?
Women experienced dissatisfaction with and were limited by traditional gender roles.
Your roommate
You and your roommate are arguing over the reason she does not have enough money to pay the rent this month. You tell her she can't budget her money and that she has a spending problem. She tells you that everyone she knows who commutes to work is having money problems because the cost of gas has gone up, and also, due to the bad economy, her workplace has stopped giving raises. Which one of you is using the sociological imagination?
symbolic interactionism
You examine how people make meaning on the micro level. For example, you study how the clothing and jewelry people wear indicates to others how much wealth they have. Which theoretical perspective are you drawing from?
Capitalism
_______ is the economic system that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.
Structural functionalist theory is concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure? a. any aspect of society that generates conflict or change b. an informal agreement between people over a wide geographical area c. a class hierarchy d.a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society
a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society
The term "master status" is defined as a
a status that seems to override all other statuses a person may possess.
polygamy
a system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time
Conflict Theory
a theoretical framework that sees our society as conflicting groups with conflict over resources
Structural Functionalism
a theoretical framework that shows our society is made of different parts that must work in harmony to create social order and stability ex. Relying on school to let moms go to work, hospitals for the sick to get treatment
An association of workers who organize to improve their economic statues and working conditions is called
a union.
A(n) ________ status is earned.
achieved
A status we earn?
achieved status
medicalization examples
adhd, depression, alcoholism
Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered
agents of socialization.
Environmental racism occurs when
an environmental policy or practice negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities as a result of their race.
Environmental racism occurs when a. people believe that humans are exempt from natural ecological limits. b. environmental groups avoid hiring or recruiting members of racial minorities. c.an environmental policy or practice negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities as a result of their race. d.people use violent or criminal methods to achieve their goals of protecting the environment.
an environmental policy or practice negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities as a result of their race.
According to Robert Putnam, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate?
an increase in anomie and decline in collective bonds
Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of
an individual's personal front.
collective resistance
bargaining for improved quality
organic social solidarity
basis is individual right and interconnectedness and division of labor. Interdependent on each other (specializations)
Before we can experience role-taking emotions, we must
be able to see things from another person's point of view.
Gender role socialization begins
before birth
If a researcher allows their own values and opinions to affect their analysis, they are guilty of
bias
Nature is to nurture as ____________ is to _________
biology; environment
Babies become aware of their own gender
by age two.
Poverty can be defined in either relative or absolute terms. How is poverty defined according to relative deprivation?
by comparing the poor with more affluent members of society
If changing one variable seems to lead to a change in another variable, this shows _____ but does not necessarily prove _____.
correlation; causation
According to Karl Marx, how is class consciousness, or revolutionary consciousness, developed? a.by the lower classes recognizing how society works and challenging those in power b. by a eurocentric party leading a violent revolution c. through a religious awakening d. by achieving perfect industrial production so that most workers are unemployed
by the lower classes recognizing how society works and challenging those in power
mechanical social solidarity
can be found in agricultural or traditional society ex. Farming the basis is shared tradition and religion
What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder?
coercive power
A high school teacher enjoys using profanity and does so often, but never at school because they know they would get in trouble. What is this kind of conformity called?
compliance
According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the engine of social change? a. conflict between social groups b. exploration beyond the boundaries of a given society c. development of technology d. shared moral values
conflict between social groups
John is the CEO of a large bank who is charged with fraud. John pays $13 billion to settle the case, and he does not go to jail. Andy is arrested for stealing money out of a parked car. Andy spends a month in jail while waiting for his trial because he is unable to pay his bail or bond. John and Andy exemplify the perspective of
conflict theorists like Richard Quinney
Which theory suggests crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power?
conflict theory
Why are punishments distributed unequally?
conflict theory
Understanding family from Structural Functionalist
consist of father that's work is paid mothers whose work is unpaid and with one kid to socialize child
Sociologists who believe that notions of gender are socially determined are
constructionists.
What is becoming less and less frequent, according to sociologists, as people spend more time on Facebook and less time having coffee with friends?
copresence (face-to-face interactions)
Postmodernists are interested in ________, or taking apart and examining stories and theories. a. dramaturgy b. antitheses c. praxis d. deconstruction
deconstruction
Corporations with decision-making, production, and distribution operations spread all over the world are characteristic of
deep integration.
In 2005 the Northwestern University women's lacrosse team won an NCAA championship and was invited to the White House to receive congratulations from the president. Controversy erupted after their visit, when the official photograph revealed that several team members were wearing flip-flops. Despite the outcry, the athletes took the criticism in stride, talking about it on The Today Show and auctioning the offending footwear for charity. Given the reaction and the team's response, what kind of norm did the athletes break by wearing flip-flops to the White House?
folkway
Which of the following best represents the ranking of different types of norms from least to most powerful or morally significant?
folkways, mores, taboos
If conducting research, what steps must you take to follow the scientific method? Identify them in the correct order in which you should do them.
form a hypothesis, define variables, choose research method, collect data
According to the Uniform Crime Report, murder is MOST likely committed by a __________________________.
friend or relative
In the dramaturgical perspective, what do we call the region in which we deliver our public performances?
frontstage
According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, playing organized games is important for an older child's development of the self because
game playing involves learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions.
A person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as
gender identity.
Members of a(n) _______ interact with one another and think of themselves as belonging together.
group
What do sociologist call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?
group dynamics
What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?
group dynamics
The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that
groups have great power to induce conformity.
___________ have a sense of common identity while ___________ do not.
groups; crowds
What are group members engaging in when they withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus?
groupthink
What term describes the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership?
homogamy
In what aspects of stigma are symbolic interactionists interested?
how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis
What does the concept of the looking-glass self help explain?
how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgements of us
the belief that humans will find ways to overcome any problems posed by pollution and waste is consistent with what attitude? a. the modern environmental movement b. the Malthusian theorem c. human exceptionalism d. conservation
human exceptionalism
According to Sigmund Freud, the mind's ______ is composed of biological drives and is the source of psychic energy.
id
When babies are born, their biological needs are all they know. When they are hungry, they want food, and when something hurts, they cry. According to Freud, the part of the baby's brain fueling this is the
id
Oftentimes, a larger number of people claim that they voted in their recent local elections than the number that actually did vote. This is perhaps because more people believed that they should have voted. This belief is an example of
ideal culture
Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impression others have of us. What did Goffman call this process?
impression management
Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us. What did Goffman call this process?
impression management
propinquity
is the tendency to marry or have relationships with people in close geographic proximity
According to George Herbert Mead, a sense of self begins to develop simultaneously with the acquisition of?
language skills
anti-miscegenation laws
laws making it illegal to marry someone of a different race
sweatshops
less then standard wage and long hours, child labor
What effect did the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 have on unions?
limits on strikes and boycotts
"family" US Census Bureau
living in the same household
Researchers usually transcribe responses after they conduct a series of interviews. The transcription process is fairly time-consuming, but it is valuable, in part, because it allows researchers to
look for patterns in their data.
unions
memberships have declined and cant collectively bargain because of lack
Milwaukee has over 500,000 inhabitants. What type of city is this according to demographers? a. megacity b. metropolitan statistical area (MSA) c. metropolis d. global city
metropolis
Which term describes the slights, insults, and misperceptions directed at members of a minority group that play out in everyday interactions?
microaggressions
According to C. Wright Mills, what one quality of mind do all great sociologists possess? a. praxis b. sociological imagination c. open-mindedness d. attention to detail
social imagination
What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society?
social inequality
What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?
social influence
Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon, has a rule that if a team cannot be fed by two pizzas, the team is too large. The "two pizza" rule tries to counteract
social loafing
The managers of a company realized that as they hired more employees each one tended to do less work and their entire organization became less efficient. If they consulted a sociologist they would most likely say that the cause of this was
social loafing
Which of the following phenomena is a reason that group efficiency declines as groups increase in size?
social loafing
The managers of a company realized that as they hired more employees each one tended to do less work and their entire organization became less efficient. If they consulted a sociologist they would most likely say that the cause of this was
social loafing.
What do sociologists call the webs of direct and indirect ties that connect individuals to others who may influence them?
social networks
Pierre Bourdieu studied ______, which is the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time.
social reproduction
Which term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?
social stratification
Connections between individuals are known as
social ties.
When sociologists refer to an act as deviant, they are making a _________ judgment, not a ___________ judgment.
social; moral
The process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and beliefs of their group and thereby become functioning members is known as
socialization
When a child learns and internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of a social group, this process is called
socialization
The process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and beliefs of their social group and thereby become functioning members is known as
socialization.
good health is
socially defined
Regarding gender, structural functionalists generally believe that
some social roles are better suited to one gender than the other.
According to Erving Goffman, when one is labeled a deviant and experience stigma, what does that individual acquire?
spoiled identity
Right before Carly took a standardized mathematics exam, she was reminded that many people believe women are inherently less capable of mathematical reasoning than men. She began to worry that she would not do well on the exam and thereby confirm these beliefs about women. The stress and anxiety this caused diminished her performance and she scored poorly on the exam. Which concept does this story exemplify
stereotype threat
Jewish Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans were not permitted to purchase houses in the suburb of Lakewood, California, when it was first built in 1950. However, the developers reversed this policy within a few years and started selling homes to families regardless of religious faith or ethnicity. What does this tell us about stigma?
stigmatized identities change over time
Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance happens. To what sort of strain does the theory's name refer?
strain between socially approved goals and the means of achieving them
Death and illness in a population are bad for the productivity of the system and are destabilizing forces. Which theory takes this approach to medicine? a. the sick role b. structural functionalism c. conflict theory d. symbolic interactionism
structural functionalism
How does deviance clarify norms and expectations?
structural functionalism
Many people are optimistic that the many lost jobs in the United States in the recession of the late 2000s will be replaced with others. However, even if the optimists are right, the shift in the economy may permanently alter the class status of many. This is due to the fact that the jobs being lost are largely in manufacturing and new jobs are often in information technology. This suggests that the newly unemployed will have trouble competing for newly created jobs. If this is the case, what is it called? a. intragenerational mobility b. structural mobility c. absolute deprivation d. intergenerational mobility
structural mobility
What do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole?
structural mobility
Sociologists observe society by a. comparing the past and present, with a focus on the past. b.studying society as if it were a concrete object, in the same way a geologist studies rocks. c.studying the relationship between individuals and society, specializing in internal states of mind. d.studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one another.
studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one another.
What are displays of ethnic identity that only occur on special occasions?
symbolic ethnicity
How do certain acts come to be defined as deviant?
symbolic interactionism
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, some people placed signs with crudely painted skeletons holding cell phones near roadways, usually facing freeway ramps. These signs indicated disapproval of using cell phones while driving, a practice some states have now made illegal. As a result of these laws:
talking on a cell phone when driving is taboo.
A goal of socialization is to
teach norms, values, and beliefs.
What racial issue does functionalism help to explain?
the assimilation of European ethnic groups into larger society
According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games?
the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole
Why would a sociologist categorize an urban area as a "global city"?
the city has global impact as a center of economic, political, and social power
What does the nature vs. nurture debate help us understand?
the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning
In sociological terms, reliability refers to
the consistency of a question or measurement tool.
Oscar Lewis was the first to suggest that the poor develop a way of life with fundamentally different values and goals because they are excluded from mainstream social life. Consequently, they are much less likely to join the middle class. This way of life is usually called
the culture of poverty.
Sociologists define the self as
the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people.
When conducting experiments, how is the experimental group different from the control group?
the experimental group is administered the independent variable, while the control group is not.
Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring lifelong impact on the individual?
the family
The phenomenon of women being more likely than men to live in poverty is called
the feminization of poverty.
The fact that schools teach children to obey authority would be considered a part of?
the hidden curriculum
Which part of the mind of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be most fully developed?
the id
According to Sigmund Freud's theoretical perspective, the parts of the mind are
the id, ego, and superego.
A researcher must identify a target population before engaging in sampling. What is the target population?
the larger group of people about whom they wish to generalize
A sociologist who examines how cities are organized or the migration of human populations is studying a. environmental justice. b. renewable resources. c. the new ecological paradigm. d. environmental attitudes.
the new ecological paradigm
If a researcher has obtained informed consent from all his participants, it means that
the participants understand the nature of the research and are participating freely.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, MOST environmental activism was focused on a. grassroots activism to involve individual community members. b. lowering the ecological footprints of both individuals and society as a whole. c. environmental justice. d. the protection and conservation of wilderness.
the protection and conservation of wilderness.
What is it called when nations compete to attract transnational corporations by undercutting their citizens' wages or offering tax incentives?
the race to the bottom
Kenneth Gergen coined the term "________" to describe the type of self that results from exposure to more points of view and sources of information.
the saturated self
The standard procedure for acquiring and verifying empirical knowledge, as well as building and testing a body of scientific theory that helps explain and predict different aspects of our world, is known as
the scientific method.
What is the movement called that encourages people to work less, consume less, and generally "downshift" their lifestyles?
the simplicity movement
Which part of the mind would Freud have described as being like a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt?
the superego
Modern economies require constant growth, and with that growth comes an ever-increasing need for resources called
the treadmill of production.
In what would a symbolic interactionist studying the family be MOST interested? a.the way increasing divorce rates are making it harder for families to function and to socialize children b. the diminished role the family plays in teaching children important skills c.the way gift giving within an extended family makes some bonds more important than others d.the inequalities associated with men's negligible role in raising and caring for infants
the way gift giving within an extended family makes some bonds more important than others
Postmodernism
theoretical framework by 3 French sociologist our social world is diverse and there is no universal truths and there is no right or wrong
Respondents are often more comfortable addressing sensitive subjects on surveys than in other research contexts because
they can answer in private and are usually assured anonymity.
Why might a sociologist not classify people who drive Mazda Miatas as a group?
they do not have ongoing social relations
Ethnographers are covert about their roles if
they observe and record data without letting anyone know they are doing research.
Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true?
they tend to be based on specific roles or activities
Ethnocentric people tend to view other cultures as abnormal because
they use their own culture as a standard of judgement.
Why might teenagers shoplift, according to Jack Katz's Seductions of Crime?
they want the thrill of getting away with breaking the rules
According to conflict theory, how does the nuclear family facilitate exploitation? a. through a sexual division of labor within the home b. through the use of nannies and domestic workers c. by exploiting the working class whose products it consumes d. by making geographic mobility possible
through a sexual division of labor within the home
In which sort of institution are individuals' identities systematically stripped away in an effort to create a new one that is strongly rooted in a particular group's membership?
total institution
According to Max Weber's typology of power, what type of authority does a king wield?
traditional authority
Understanding health and illness from symbolic interactionism
treatment depends on culture
What type of stigma has: membership in a discredited or oppressed group?
tribal
McDonaldization is a term used to describe the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and its effects. True or false?
true
There are times when deviance is considered positive. True or false?
true
How does the U.S. Census Bureau define "family"? a. people who share a household b.two or more individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption who share a household c. people who are emotionally or materially interdependent d. parents living with minor children
two or more individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption who share a household
The primary goal of comparative and historical research methods is to
understand relationships between parts of society in various regions and time periods.
Ethnography's main goal is to
understand the meanings people attach to their activities.
cultural relativism
understanding other cultures and respecting
ethnocentrism
using your own culture to evaluate another culture
What sort of social mobility often results from losing a job?
vertical
Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?
violations of social norms
A _____ consists of group members who share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person.
virtual community