sociology exam 1

T/F Symbolic interaction is considered to be a micro-theoretical perspective because it allows sociologists to see the big picture.

false

T/F W.E.B. Du Bois is best known for his research on mental health.

false

Sociology is a _____ _____, a scientific discipline that studies how society works

social science

Who was the first scholar to use the term sociology?

Auguste Comte

The person who developed the concept of the sociological imagination was ______. Karl Marx Auguste Comte Emile Durkheim C. Wright Mills

C. Wright Mills

______ ______ developed the concept of the sociological imagination to describe how our individual lives relate to social force

C. Wright Mills

Which question is most directly related to social order and cohesion? -Where do citizens have the most opportunities? -How do different parts of society work together? -Why does income inequality exist? -How does the media impact body image?

How do different parts of society work together?

What is the difference between a survey and an interview? A survey asks questions, an interview is more conversational. With surveys, researchers go out and collect the data themselves, while interviews are usually conducted by a surrogate. Interviews allow for more in-depth responses than surveys do. Surveys are done one-on-one, interviews are conducted with multiple people.

Interviews allow for more in-depth responses than surveys do.

Which statement is true about the sociological eye? It helps people view situations at a surface level. Those who use it are overly sensitive. It enables people to see what others may not notice. It can't be taught.

It enables people to see what others may not notice.

Suppose the findings from several sociological studies consistently deviate from the current theoretical explanation of the topic. What should be done? The new findings should be discarded. The new findings should be accepted as fact. The current theory should be adjusted. The current theory should be ignored.

The current theory should be adjusted.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which situation(s) represent(s) the structural functionalist concept of a manifest function? The education system teaches and socializes children. Governments create laws and public policy. The health-care industry addresses medical needs. Families support the economy when they purchase goods.

The education system teaches and socializes children. Governments create laws and public policy. The health-care industry addresses medical needs.

1. What are the 2 core commitments of sociology?

The first core commitment of sociology is to use the sociological eye to observe social patterns. The second requires noticing patterns of injustice and taking action to challenge those patterns

Which statement best describes the structural functionalist perspective? Modern societies consist of separate parts that work in isolation. Individuals strive to achieve personal goals and for their own interests. The parts of society are interdependent and work together for the good of the whole. People must adhere to a stringent role in society in order to find success.

The parts of society are interdependent and work together for the good of the whole.

What was the main benefit of communism, according to Marx? there would be more extremes in income distribution. citizens would be able to demand higher wages from the bourgeoisie. all citizens would be equal. society would dominate other societies economically.

all citizens would be equal.

in an experiment on the impact of praise on performance, Dr. Jones divides the class into two groups to conduct a simple task. He praises one group profusely, and the other group receives no praise. The group with no praise is the ______ group. experimental secondary primary control

control

The sociological imagination was originally developed to _____ determine which social issues are most severe help create more empathy for the disenfranchised understand different cultures around the world describe how individual lives relate to social forces

describe how individual lives relate to social forces

Toni was a developer who built homes at the top of a hill so owners would have a good view, but the runoff from the properties flooded the homes below. This negative consequence of Toni's decision is called a ______. deviance crime latency dysfunction

dysfunction

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these apply to the work of Jane Addams? founded the settlement house movement cofounded the NAACP lived and worked in low income, urban neighborhoods was discriminated against because of her race

founded the settlement house movement cofounded the NAACP lived and worked in low income, urban neighborhoods

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What would be advantages for the workers when society moved into socialism? free public schools for children compensation for injured workers equality in taxation only adults would work in factories

free public schools for children only adults would work in factories

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Having a sociological perspective is beneficial in a democratic society because it ______. encourages people to support policies that best protect their own self-interests gives consumers of media the ability to discern good information from fake news helps people to better understand how society works allows people to notice social patterns which better informs voting decisions

gives consumers of media the ability to discern good information from fake news helps people to better understand how society works allows people to notice social patterns which better informs voting decisions

_____ _____ are statements, backed by evidence, used to describe groups of people or things in overall terms, with the understanding that there can always be exceptions.

good generalizations

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which idea(s) would a symbolic interactionist be interested in studying? how individuals develop a sense of self how people present themselves to others how meaning is constructed and shared within a group how families play a function in society

how individuals develop a sense of self how people present themselves to others how families play a function in society

_______ ______ are paradigms, or ways of viewing the world. They help us make sense of the social patterns we observe, and they determine the questions we ask.

theoretical perspectives

T/F Sociologists' explanations for various social patterns within society are ______. models theories hypotheses philosophies

theories

What is the need that sociology developed from? to understand the workings of the mind to prevent society from destroying itself to help people take a larger role in the welfare of others to understand and address social issues

to understand and address social issues

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Sociologists follow guidelines to ensure their work is ______. transparent indisputable exclusive replicable

transparent indisputable exclusive replicable

According to Goffman, we use presentation of self skills to shape how others see us.

true

Marx felt that if his writing could make workers see their exploitation, they would move to ______ consciousness. real false true enlightened

true

T/F Jae-Seong is a sociologist who does research on how a local increase in crime is affecting a particular community's lifestyle decisions. When he is finished, his theory will be based on generalizations.

true, Sociologists are in the business of creating useful theories based on good generalizations.

T/F Theoretical perspectives help to determine the questions we ask about social patterns we observe.

true, theories help us make sense of social patterns we observe, and different theories have different foci and ask different questions about the social world.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. To adhere to Randall Collins's core commitments of sociology, sociologists should be sure to ______. collaborate with other professionals to determine the absolute truth conduct as many studies as possible to better understand the human condition use the sociological eye to observe social patterns notice patterns of injustice and take action to challenge those patterns

use the sociological eye to observe social patterns notice patterns of injustice and take action to challenge those patterns

______ are groups of theories that have much in common.

Theoretical perspectives

"Fake news" became a larger issue during ______. the 2008 housing crisis the Arab Spring events the 2016 U.S. presidential election the Tiananmen Square uprising

the 2016 U.S. presidential election

what did C. Wright Mills argue you need in order to understand the life of an individual?

Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both

When you strengthen your sociological eye and your associated sociological perspective, what does this allow you to do

Noticing these patterns can make you more aware of how your larger society works. Once you have this awareness, you can then take steps to change these patterns

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which statement(s) is/are an example of a good generalization? Men have problems controlling their tempers. People with education tend to have higher incomes than those who are uneducated. Irish people drink too much. Europeans tend to know more languages than Americans.

People with education tend to have higher incomes than those who are uneducated. Europeans tend to know more languages than Americans.

why is the individualist perspective flawed?

Some people have fewer hurdles and more opportunities in life than others.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which statement(s) best reflects the view of a conflict theorist? The "haves" oppress the "have nots" in order to maintain their elevated status. Resources and rewards are unevenly distributed among the various groups in society. Anybody can find success if they pull themselves up by their bootstraps. Government should eliminate social welfare programs because they are unneeded.

The "haves" oppress the "have nots" in order to maintain their elevated status. Resources and rewards are unevenly distributed among the various groups in society.

Tomas had trouble finding people to include in his study, so he asked for volunteers and promised to pay them each five dollars. What is wrong with this approach? The volunteers may be biased or differ from the general population. He should have just asked for volunteers and not paid them. He may get too many responses and have to choose. He should have paid them more to get more committed subjects

The volunteers may be biased or differ from the general population.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which statement(s) can be used to characterize good generalizations? They are typically based on personal experience. They are made with the understanding that there can be exceptions. They lump groups in inflexible categories. They are statements backed by evidence.

They are made with the understanding that there can be exceptions. They are statements backed by evidence.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to Marx, why did the working proletariat choose not to fight against capitalism? They lived in a state of true consciousness. They labored in alienation separated from their creations. They lived in a state of false consciousness. They possessed the idea of species being.

They labored in alienation separated from their creations. They lived in a state of false consciousness

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which question could best be answered through a sociological study? Why do celebrities become popular? What social inequalities are created by environmental racism? How many people voted in the last presidential election? What are the best tactics for passing legislation?

What social inequalities are created by environmental racism?

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Society influences us in many ways. Which of these most demonstrate this? What we notice How we think What we believe to be true How we perform academically

What we notice How we think What we believe to be true

T/F All of the restaurants in Suzanne's community pay below the federal minimum wage. They justify it by saying that the waitperson gets tips. If Suzanne wants to have the most impact on this issue in her community and maybe even her state, she will address it on an individual level.

false

T/F Devah Pager's research on how having a criminal record affected applicants' job prospects found that Whites with a criminal record got called back for interviews at about the same rate as Blacks without a criminal record.

false

T/F Individuals do not influence the society in which they live, but they are influenced by society

false

T/F Social constructionists believe that it is more important to study individual people, like the poor, than to study the idea of poverty.

false

T/F Sociological skills are most important for social workers and aren't as beneficial in other careers.

false

T/F Sociology is a social science because it focuses on how society works for individuals.

false

T/F To demonstrate causation, the effect must precede the cause.

false

T/F Because many of Marx's changes were social ones, he is called a social determinist.

false, All of the stages of social change are economic ones, so Marx is often called an economic determinist.

T/F A sociologist conducting a study on how low-income, minority teenagers fulfill their role as students is working at the macro level of analysis.

false, If a sociologist were to study the educational institution as a whole, they would be working at the macro level of analysis. This sociologist is working at the micro level of analysis, because they are examining how teenagers fulfill the particular role of the student.

T/F Marx theorized that all citizens would be equal and able to fulfill their species being under socialism.

false, Marx believed that citizens would be able to fulfill their species being under another system. See Karl Marx and Communism for more information.

T/F Structural functionalism views society as a collection of individuals, rather than as a whole in and of itself.

false, Sociologists who espouse the structural functionalist perspective focus more on social institutions than individuals. It looks at society as a whole, not at the individuals within it.

T/F Scott notices that the women in his office tend to contribute fewer ideas than men do during meetings. He concludes that this is because women lack innovation. This is an example of a good generalization.

false, To make a general conclusion that "women lack innovation" is harmful and is considered a stereotype.

An individualistic perspective is helpful when using the sociological eye or the sociological imagination to solve issues.

false, Viewing things from a sociological standpoint entails considering how issues impact society rather than just yourself. An individualistic view hinders this ability.

T/F Theories are beneficial because they help us to see all aspects of society more clearly

false, While theories are certainly beneficial in helping us see some aspects of society more clearly, they can also obscure other areas.

Erving Goffman was a sociologist who believed ______. race is a socially constructed concept it isn't possible to receive direct information about how others think or feel order and harmony are the most important function of a society in life, we are all actors in a play

in life, we are all actors in a play

Symbolic interactionism is unlike social problems and social change in that it ______. is a theoretical concept has its root in psychology is a microlevel theoretical perspective is a macrolevel theoretical perspective

is a microlevel theoretical perspective

Paulo is a full-time student who is struggling to pay for his classes. Which action could he take that would demonstrate a strong sociological imagination? work a part-time job in order to have extra spending money for leisure open another line of credit to purchase textbooks lobby the government to decrease education costs for everyone apply for more student loans to pay for some coursework

lobby the government to decrease education costs for everyone

According to Émile Durkheim, smaller, preindustrial societies operated with ______ solidarity, because most people did similar types of labor and had similar beliefs. mechanical common organic cohesive

mechanical- Durkheim determined that people in preindustrial societies who worked similar jobs and had similar beliefs operated with mechanical solidarity.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which area(s) would most likely be researched by a sociologist? organizations animal reproduction rates recovery after a heart attack social interaction relationships

organizations social interaction relationships

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What events led many to believe that science could shape society in the 19th century? people challenged monarchies the Crusades people challenged the dominance of religion the Industrial Revolution

people challenged monarchies people challenged the dominance of religion the Industrial Revolution

Researchers use samples of a ______ as respondents in a study. general theme representative subject population narrow group

population

Parents and siblings are members of a child's ______, and they shape a child's sense of self. original peer group primary group social foundations secondary group

primary group

The objective of the first large-scale, empirical sociological research conducted in the United States was to ______. understand the impact of social services analyze the causes of income inequality refute racist beliefs about African Americans challenge traditional gender roles

refute racist beliefs about African Americans

Research measurements must produce the same results each time. In other words, they must be ______. valid reliable generalizable representative

reliable

Veronique is observing people in a bar and recording data on their behaviors. What is Veronique doing? forming a hypothesis an experiment research exploring a theory

research

The first step in the scientific method is to decide what to study. In other words, to determine the ______. hypothesis theory research questions research design

research questions

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which challenges do sociologists help us to better understand and address? sexism economic inequality national debt environmental racism

sexism economic inequality environmental racism

Samuel is a sociologist who believes every society creates norms and values it finds meaningful, but also that different groups of people have access to different rewards. To which perspective do Samuel's beliefs best align? conflict theory social constructionism symbolic interaction structural functionalism

social constructionism

Good generalizations, unlike stereotypes, are based on social ______ ______

social scientific research

Which term best describes how socially constructed culture becomes learned and internalized? immersion acculturation involvement socialization

socialization

Society determines what is "reasonable" because it is ______. a product of its institutions controlled by elites socially constructed based on interactions

socially constructed

What is the duality at the heart of the discipline of sociology

society influences us in myriad ways—how we think, what we notice, what we believe to be true, how we see ourselves, and so on. But it is simultaneously vital to realize that we help shape the society in which we live.

A _____ ____ enables you to see what others may not notice. It allows you to peer beneath the surface of a situation and discern social patterns

sociological eye

______ ______- the ability to connect what is happening in your own life and in the lives of other individuals to social patterns in the larger society.

sociological imagination

What key aspects of sociology make it a social science?

sociologists follow rules to make sure our research is transparent and replicable and that others can confirm or refute our findings.

_____ is the scientific study of society, including how individuals both shape and are shaped by society.

sociology

Barbara is a wife, a nurse, a daughter, and a citizen. These are all ______ that Barbara occupies. institutions ranks roles statuses

statuses

______ are predetermined ideas about particular groups of people (e.g., all Irish are drunks, all Asians are good at math) based on hearsay or personal experience and held regardless of contrary evidence

stereotypes

Researchers might use Microsoft Excel or SPSS to analyze the data from ______. participant observation interviews surveys ethnographic studies

surveys

How can having research skills make you a better consumer of information about political candidates? It allows you to eliminate candidates that are not in your party. It helps you know what to do with the research put out by campaigns. It allows you to conduct your own research on political candidates. You will know which commercials to watch and which ones not to

t helps you know what to do with the research put out by campaigns.

T/F A media firm produced a new program called "The Debaters" for the purpose of informing viewers of different points of view. The program led to fierce division among viewers, with some viewers launching hateful attacks and threats at those they disagreed with. This unintended negative consequence can be considered a dysfunction.

true

T/F According to structural functionalists, latent functions usually link to a second institution, building social harmony.

true

T/F All scientific researchers use the scientific method of research.

true

T/F As a feminist, Maxwell recognizes that men have more access to resources and social power than women do, so he often speaks out against unjust situations. Maxwell's views align with the conflict perspective.

true

T/F Carina, a 12-year-old student, is developing a better idea of her identity. She envisions how she appears to others, reacts to feedback others give to her, and integrates these components to develop a sense of self. This exemplifies the looking glass self theory.

true

T/F Conflict theorists study how power differentials arise between the haves and have-nots in society.

true

T/F If researchers obtain different data, they will need to change their generalizations for them to still be valid.

true

T/F The norms created within a small group can help construct sets of roles and key aspects of how society operates.

true

T/F The work of Jane Addams helped to create child labor laws, a juvenile court system, safer conditions for workers, and mandatory schooling for children.

true

T/F if you cannot use a random sample, you may use a nonrandom sample.

true

T/F Kara works on a team at a marketing firm. During meetings, she notices that men tend to interrupt women more than women interrupt men. Kara determines this behavior to be a form of gender bias. Kara's perception in this situation exemplifies the sociological eye.

true, Kara is noticing gender bias in the workplace, which is something her coworkers might be unaware of.

News sources matter. Which of these will help you tell real news apart from other kinds of information? asking your friends getting news from one trusted source using the scientific research process taking a media course

using the scientific research process