Sociology Exam 1

An example of_______ is the importance most Americans place on certain freedoms, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion.:

collective conscience

Theorist Ralf Dahrendorf describes two basic sides to society: conflict and:

consensus

According to Erving Goffman, the Vietnam War protestors would be considered ______ as they realized their power to create change and affect the entire society

dangerous giants

Sociologist Peter Berger developed the concept of _______________ to describe the task of looking A beneath and beyond facades to identify important underlying factors that have enormous effects on human behavior.

debunking

In the United States, manufacturing has ______ since the middle of the 20th century, signaling a move out of the ______ age.:

decreased; industrial

Digital/ Information Age

defined as the time period starting in the 1970s with the introduction of the personal computer with subsequent technology introduced providing the ability to transfer information freely and quickly.

Robert Merton called social structures that have negative consequences _______.:

dysfunctions

Hypotheses are:

educated guesses

Social Structure

enduring, relatively stable patterns of social behavior

Auguste Comte

founder of sociology

Karl Marx believed that over time the situation of capitalism would:

get worse until the inequality gap led to workers overthrowing the system

One of the four defining characteristics of McDonaldization is predictability. What does this predictability refer to?

he ability to predict one's experience across different settings.

The postindustrial age began around the middle of the 20th century but transitioned into the ______ at the beginning of the 21st century.

information age

Netnography

is an online research method originating in ethnography which is applied to understanding social interaction in contemporary digital communications contexts.

Anomie

lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group.

Macro

macro refers to large scale processes

According to Émile Durkheim, early forms of society were held together by ____, in which people were B connected because they performed similar types of work and shared similar beliefs and values.:

mechanical solidarity

Durkheim described traditional societies as primarily having:

mechanical solidarity

In his theory of violence, contemporary sociologist Randall Collins includes both individuals who must have skills to carry out violent interactions and the materials and resources that an organization must equip themselves with in order to carry out violence. His theory includes both ______ and ______ components.:

micro; macro

According to Dahrendorf, authority resides in ______ not _______.:

positions; specific individuals

Starting in the 1950s, developed countries with capitalist economies began to shift from ______ to ______.:

production; consumption

Durkheim studied suicide by focusing on:

rates of suicide

Max Weber analyzed capitalism, but his real interest was in the increase of:

rationalization

social construction of reality

refers to how each individual "sees" the world around them

Sociologists are interested in the development of a new "______" economy, where businesses such as Uber, Airbnb.com, and others are a growing model for providing services using technology.:

sharing

Proponents of the feminist theory focus on how ideas pertaining to gender have been ________, rather A than _______.:

socially constructed; biologically determined

Which type of sampling is used to ensure representation of each group in the final sample?

stratified sample

Agency

the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.

McDonaldization is a concept that describes ______.:

the creation of rational systems that can guide mass production

The growth of the service sector and white-collar work in the mid-20th century gave rise to what age?

the postindustrial age

Globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Ethnography

the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.

Sociology

the scientific study of social life

Mutuality

the sharing of a feeling, action, or relationship between two or more parties.

Post Industrial Age

the stage of society's development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy. ... The economy undergoes a transition from the production of goods to the provision of services.

The degree to which a question gets an accurate response is, in sociology, called:

validity

Sociological theory emerged during the ____________ century in Europe:

19th

class consciousness

A belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups

Rational Choice Theory

A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.

C Wright Mills

A practice to see the linkage between private troubles and public issues

______ is the ability of the individual to have the capacity to influence the shape of society and culture.:

Agency

Capatilism

An economic system in which the means of producing wealth is privately owned.

Dangerous Giant

An individual who has agency, or the potential to disrupt and destroy the structures in which one finds himself or herself.

The Power Elite was written by ______.

C. Wright Mills

Power Elite

C. Wright Mills' term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions

_______ is a term which refers to awareness the proletariat has about the features of capitalism and their B relationship to one other as well as to the capitalists.:

Class Consciousness

____________ sees society as held together by power and coercion:

Conflict theory

Double Consciousness

Double consciousness describes the individual sensation of feeling as though your identity is divided into several parts, making it difficult or impossible to have one unified identity.

Which theorist developed the idea of "double consciousness"?

Du Bois

Which theorist focused on the idea of "anomie"?

Durkheim

mechanical solidarity

Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks

The four components of McDonaldization are:

Efficiency, control, predictability, calculability

T/F All sociologists agree that social research should be/can be value free:

F

T/F Sociologically speaking "ideal types" (Weber, 1949) are those that are considered to be the most desirable by most people in a specific society:

F

_______ sees society as being made up of several organs or social structures. These social structures are often referred to as social institutions:

Functionalism

______________ is best-known for her sociological works that pertained to women and feminism:

Harriet Martineau

Ideal Types (Max Weber)

It is not meant to refer to perfect things, moral ideals nor to statistical averages but rather to stress certain elements common to most cases of the given phenomenon.

Who created the false & class conciseness theory

Karl Marx

______ focused on the exploitation of workers in capitalist systems.:

Karl Marx

______ studied workers in capitalistic economic systems.:

Karl Marx

Manifest Function

Manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern,

Latent Function

Manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern, while latent functions are those unrecognized and unintended consequences.

Which of these theorists developed a scientific and general theory and also is well known for his/her women-centered sociology?

Martineau

Micro

Micro refers to small-scale, individual or small group interactions

organic solidarity

Organic solidarity is social unity based on a division of labor that results in people depending on each other; it contrasts with mechanical solidarity. It explains what binds technologically advanced, industrialized societies together.

Qualitative data

Qualitative data is information about qualities; information that can't actually be measured. Some examples of qualitative data are the softness of your skin, the grace with which you run, and the color of your eyes.

Quantative data

Quantitative data is information about quantities; that is, information that can be measured and written down with numbers. Some examples of quantitative data are your height, your shoe size, and the length of your fingernails.

The three IRB principles

Respect for persons. Beneficence. Justice.

Durkheim is the author of one of the most famous research studies in the history of sociology, titled ______.:

Suicide

T/F Secondary data analysis very often involves statistical analysis of government surveys and census data

T

T/F Sociologists are much more interested in generalizing about society than are historians:

T

T/F Sociology is not united around a single paradigm

T

T/F The research by Devah Pager found that black men without criminal records received job callbacks at about the same level as white men with criminal records:

T

T/F the scientific method developed gradually & research is absolutely central to sociology

T

The ability to replicate research is a hallmark of any science:

T

The emergence of sociological thinking was affected by

The Industrial Revolution, the French Revolution, The Women's Rights Movement

Max Weber's best-known piece of work is entitled:

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Which theorist was crucial to the focus of sociology on race?

W.E.B. Du Bois

Which theorist had the most negative view of human beings?

Weber

Who theorized the religious beliefs were a causal factor in the development of Capitalism?

Weber

Collective consciousness

a fundamental sociological concept that refers to the set of shared beliefs, ideas, attitudes, and knowledge that are common to a social group or society.

Structuralism

a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity.

content analysis

a research technique used to make replicable and valid inferences by interpreting and coding textual material.

organic solidarity

a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

false consciousness

a way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation.

Secondary Data Analysis

analysis of data that was collected by someone else for another primary purpose.

Émile Durkheim was concerned with macro-level phenomena such as the health care system, which he B referred to as ___________.:

anomie