Sociology Exam 1

The first African Americans--as the cargo of a Dutch ship--arrived in the British colonies in Virginia in ______.

1619

Prejudice is to discrimination as:

Thinking is too doing.

In what year was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded?

1909

1. The triple melting pot refers to which three religious denominations?

Catholic, Protestant, Jewish

Which of the following best illustrates the term "enclave minority"?

Chinatown, located in San Francisco Cal.

A good example of structural pluralism would be...

Christian churches on Sunday morning

1. According to Marxist theory, the two main social classes are the individual and the institution.

False

1. The election of President Barack Obama proves that prejudice, skin color, and group membership have become irrelevant in our society.

False

Contract laborers who are obligated to serve a master for a specific number of years are called ______.

Indentured servants.

According to the Noel Hypothesis, the three features of the contact situation that, when combined, result in inequality between groups are ______.

ethnocentrism, competition, differential in power.

Some research suggests prejudice is declining in the U.S. What suggests it might have evolved?

Modern racism

According to the textbook, a person who does not discriminate, but is prejudiced is a(n) ______.

Time Bigot

In U.S. immigration law, quotas for each origin country were established in what year?

1924

By 1930, 90% of African American women were employed in which of the following occupational categories?

Agriculture and Domestic Service

Which minority group was not created during the preindustrial era?

Asian Pacific Islanders.

. ______ is when two formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merger together socially

Assimilation

The Great Migration was not only a movement of African Americans away from the south but also ______.

Away from equality and toward institutional discrimination.

According to the Blauner Hypothesis, the two types of initial relationships identified are ______

Colonization and immigration.

The one common factor that seems to account for the origin of all prejudice is :

Competition between groups.

1. Physical differences among people are used to not only identify minority-group membership but also to ______.

Control access to privilege

By 1890, the population of Native Americans in the continental United States ______.

Decreased by about 75%

The unequal treatment of a group or individual based on his or her group membership is:

Discrimination

Literacy tests, poll taxes, and property requirements were methods of ______ in southern Black communities.

Disenfranchisement

Human capital theorists believe that the greater investment in ____, the higher the person's chances of success.

Education, personal values, skills

Affective and cognitive are two dimensions of perception.

False

Historical documents indicate that slavery in the United States was inevitable.

False

Human capital theory is consistent with the values of Chinese culture

False

Many Native American and Amish communities in the United States are considered "enclave minorities."

False

Modern racism believes that discrimination is a serious problem in society today, and calls for affirmative action programs to counteract its unfair effects

False

Recent data indicate that the majority of hate crimes were motivated by religious beliefs.

False

Robert Blauner's hypothesis suggests that assimilation and integration into the dominant society are much easier for colonized groups than for immigrant groups

False

Robert Park believed that assimilation should occur within a 10-year period

False

The Noel hypothesis is the single most important factor in the development of dominant--minority relations, and it will have long-term consequences

False

The decline in manufacturing and the expansion of the service and information-based sectors marked the agrarian era of subsistence technology

False

Wealthy nations of Western Europe are less likely than the United States to receive large numbers of immigrants

False

1. As the economy has changed, so have dominant-minority relations. In today's fluid competitive system which of the following is most likely to occur?

Formal and legal barriers to job competition are largely eliminated.

Some theorists believe that the "traditional" perspectives on assimilation do not apply, and that the experiences of contemporary immigrant groups will differ greatly from those of European immigrants. This type of assimilation is called ______ assimilation

Fragmented

What was the result of Nat Turner's 1831 attempt to lead slaves to freedom?

Greater oppression and control by the dominate groups.

Which theory considers success to be a direct result of individual efforts, personal values and skills, and education

Human Capitol Theory

1. Prejudice refers to ______ beliefs and behaviors, while ideological racism refers to ______ beliefs and behaviors.

Individual: Societal

1. The two most important defining characteristics of minority groups are ______.

Inequality and visibility

Robert Park theorized that assimilation is ______ in a democratic and industrial society

Inevitable

A southern church that supported Jim Crow laws is an example of ______.

Institutional Racism

When entire groups are treated unfairly and unequally in the institutions of the larger society, this is called:

Institutional discrimination

According to the equal status contact hypothesis, all of the following are necessary conditions to reduce prejudice except _____

Intergroup

According to the equal status contact hypothesis, all of the following are necessary conditions to reduce prejudice except ______.

Intergroup

Which theory considers success to be a direct result of individual efforts, personal values and skills, and education?

Irish, Italian and Polish immigrants

Herber Blumer says prejudice___.

Is activated when groups feel that they are threatened by groups they see as beneath them.

The system of race relations that replaced slavery in the South was de jure segregation, which is also sometimes called the ______ system

Jim Crow.

Paternalistic relationships are found in ______ societies.

Labor intensive

1. According to biological findings, skin color is derived from an adaptation to equatorial ecologies because of the pigment ______.

Melanin

According to ______, movement from acculturation to integration is the crucial step in the assimilation process.

Milton Gordon

The "Robber's Cave" experiment on competition and prejudice was conducted by ______.

Muzafer Sherif

In the Southwest, it was only in ______ that Mexican Americans retained some measure of political power and economic clout into the 20th century.

New Mexico

1. Gender equality is the highest in which of the following regions?

North America and Western Europe

Affective and cognitive are two dimensions of ______.

Predujice

1. Max Weber theorized about the following three stratification systems, economic inequality, power, and ______.

Pristege

Recent data indicate that the majority of hate crimes were motivated by ______.

Race

1. Which of the following is decreasing in the United States?

Rates of non-Hispanics, White Americans

The period from 1865 to the 1880s when the federal government enforced racial freedom in the South is known as ______.

Reconstruction

A major differentiating factor in the experiences of the European immigrant groups was ______

Religion

A person who blames minority groups and affirmative action for the fact that he or she cannot find a job could be engaging in ______.

Scapegoating

The tendency to see only what one wants to see is known as ______.

Selective perception

A group that wishes to break all ties with the larger society is called ______

Sepratists

In the 1930s, Lapiere's experiences traveling around the United States with a Chinese couple provided evidence to suggest that prejudice is ______.

Situational

Which of the following is NOT one of the defining characteristics of a minority group?

Small Group Size

1. The historical, social, and political processes by which certain concepts (such as race) are created and maintained are known as ______.

Social Construction

The process of physical, psychological, and social development by which a person learns his or her culture is called ______.

Socialization

Birds of passage is synonymous with the term...

Sojourners

Which term most accurately describes the African American experience during the era of southern segregation and migration to the North?

Structural Pluralism

Which of the following best describes the practice of sharecropping?

System of farming where a tenant worked the land in exchange for a share of profits from an owner who supplied living space and food.

Which experiment illustrated the connection between group competition and prejudice?

The Robbers Cave Experiment

Which of the following illustrates Marcus Hansen's principle of third generation investment?

The granddaughter of an Italian immigrant who attends mass to reconnect with her heritage.

1. According to the definition of minority groups, all of the following are defining characteristics of minority groups except ______.

The members of the group experience substantial dominance and privilege in society.

Segmented assimilation refers to the ______

Theory that assimilation today has multiple outcomes ranging from integration to exclusion.

1. A belief system that asserts the inferiority of a group is known as racism.

True

1. Ethnic minority groups are identified primarily by cultural characteristics, such as language or religion.

True

1. Most immigrant women come to the United States to work.

True

According to the text, institutional discrimination can be obvious or subtle

True

An example of "acculturation" would be an immigrant from India changing his or her eating habits from curry and rice to "American foods" such as hamburgers and French fries

True

De jure segregation and Jim Crow system mean the same thing

True

European immigration, American industrialization, and the rise to global prominence occurred simultaneously.

True

It is difficult to determine whether hate crimes are increasing or decreasing because not all hate crimes are reported.

True

NAFTA changed the economic landscape of North America

True

One common factor that seems to account for the origins of all prejudice is competition between groups.

True

One of the major underlying causes of the mass immigration of Europeans to the United States in the early 1800s was the Industrial Revolution.

True

One of the most infamous systems of racial segregation--called Apartheid--was constructed in South Africa

True

Research shows that different variables can affect the scapegoating process. For instance, if people feel personally threatened by something such as divorce, they are more likely to scapegoat than if they feel threatened by something communal such as a tornado

True

The Noel Hypothesis states that if two or more groups come together in a contact situation characterized by ethnocentrism, competition and a differential in power, then some form of racial or ethnic stratification will occur

True

The movement of African Americans to the North benefited White immigrants in those areas by making them less undesirable by contrast

True

You work at the local bank as a loan processor. Although you believe that whites and Purple Americans should be treated equally, your boss demands that you turn down any loans requested by Purple Americans. According to your instructor you are an:

Unprejudiced Discrimination

For Native American and Mexican American women, the results of contact with Anglo culture were ______.

Varied; their status relative to men sometimes rose, although always in the context of conquest and colonization.

According to the text, dominant-minority relations change as the political climate changes.

false

Stereotypes are defined as ______.

generalizations about groups of people that are exaggerated, overly simplistic, and resistant to disproof.

All of the following are true of ethnocentrism except it ______.

is a historical construct that's been declining since WW2

Pluralism is defined as ______.

situation in which groups have separate identities, cultures, and organizational structures.

Gender is best thought of as an

social construction

1. Which term is sometime used instead of the term "minority group"?

subordinate group