Sociology - Exam 1
Sigmund Freud, Charles Cooley, and George Herbert Mead all contributed to the study of the self.
True
Sociologists claim that culture is the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on in the world around us.
True
What is a simple random sample?
a sample that provides the same chance of being included to every member of the population
What is the sociological imagination?
the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces
Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family.
False
Secondary groups cannot be geographically dispersed.
False
What is an advantage of using interviews as a research method?
They reveal attitudes and beliefs inaccessible by any other means.
Émile Durkheim worried that individuals would feel less connected to groups in an increasingly fragmented modern world, which would lead to
anomie or normlessness.
Research that focuses on one's own thoughts, feelings, and experiences is known as
autoethnography.
Mark Granovetter has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information you already have. This is why he believed that, when looking for employment, it is advantageous to have
casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks.
Macrosociology is an approach that
examines large-scale social structures to see how they affect individual lives.
Differential association theory is associated with structural functionalism.
false
A characteristic of primary groups is that they
involve a strong sense of belonging.
Survey research tends to produce quantitative data. One key advantage of this kind of data is that it
is easy to transmit to the public
The definition of "culture"
is the entire way of life of a group of people, and it acts as a lens through which we view the world.
One of the functions of symbolic culture is that
it enables people to communicate.
Sociology can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior from ________ to ________.
large-scale institutions; individual interactions
Socialization is the
lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.
What is a closed-ended question?
one that limits the possible responses
Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?
violations of social norms
An example of something that would be part of the material culture of an individual or society would be
weapons of war
What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis propose?
Language can structure our perception of reality
How do sociologists define positive deviance?
actions initially considered deviant, but later deemed appropriate
What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
an official measure of crime in the United States
A behavior, trait, or belief is considered deviant if it
departs from a norm and results in a negative reaction.
Informal norms are different from formal norms, in that
informal norms are implied and unwritten.
Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would gangsters and con artists be found?
innovation
Which of the following is an example of a total institution?
prison
What does the nature vs. nurture debate help us understand?
the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning
The scientific method involves
the procedure for acquiring and collecting scientific data.
What is a key difference between anthropology and sociology?
Anthropology largely concentrates on traditional, small, or indigenous cultures, whereas sociology is interested in societies at all levels of development.
How is a counterculture different from a subculture?
Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.
Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule?
Boys don't cry.
Sociologically, what is the difference between a group and a crowd?
Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity and have ongoing social relations.
What is a weakness of the sociological approach?
It attempts to grasp things that everyday actors understand implicitly.
What is the danger of too much group cohesion?
It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.
Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true?
People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals.
What is the difference in how sociologists and anthropologists study culture?
Sociologists usually study a society to which they belong.
What makes sociology exceptional among the social sciences?
Sociology encompasses a huge intellectual territory, making it more comprehensive
What does social identity theory suggest about teamwork?
The most efficient teams are made up of members with a strong shared social identity.
Which of the following is an example of resocialization?
a woman learning basic living skills after a car accident
How is culture transmitted and internalized?
We learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally
What must there be for a survey to be considered valid?
a high response rate
A paradigm is
a set of assumptions, theories, and perspectives that makes up a way of understanding social reality.
A pilot study is
a smaller study used to investigate the feasibility of a larger one.
How do sociologists observe society?
by studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one another
Which theory suggests that crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power?
conflict theory
What has most of the sociological literature on deviance traditionally focused on?
crime
What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?
crimes
Microsociology is an approach that
examines interactions between individuals and how those interactions reflect larger societal patterns.
Regarding stigma, symbolic interactionists are interested in
how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis.
Role conflict occurs when an individual has
multiple roles that are in conflict with each other.
Many sociologists have worried that the modern economy demands both geographic and occupational mobility, which, in turn, means that bureaucratic organizations have become the norm. What sort of groups might become weaker or strained if people have to move frequently throughout their lives for work?
primary groups
Researchers should avoid using double-barreled questions when designing a survey. What are double-barreled questions?
questions that ask about multiple issues
Norms are enforced in everyday settings by
sanctions.
The term "master status" is defined as a
status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses.
Which social theory focuses on micro-level interactions?
symbolic interactionism
Sociologists define the self as
the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people.
A goal of socialization is
to teach norms, values, and beliefs.
Ethnography's main goal is
to understand the meanings people attach to their activities.