Sociology Exam 2

B

A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. A. position B. role C. character D. value

A

A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great admiration. These detectives could be considered: A. A reference group B. A focus group C. A triad D. An out-group

B

A component of a formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency: A. A dyad B. A bureaucracy C. An aggregate D. A status set

B

A domestic abuse counselor fails to listen to an injured woman because the woman has no valid proof of U.S. citizenship. This is an example of A. Trained incapacity B. Goal displacement C. Hierarchy of authority D. Goal multiplication

A

A dozen inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone in the group is missing. The __________ style of leadership would be most effective in this situation. A. authoritarian B. laissez-faire C. cooperative D. democratic

A

A football coach who always plays the "tough guy" role in the presence of the players on his team feels comfortable showing emotional frailties when he is at home. This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called __________ behavior. A. back stage B. front stage C. interior stage D. exterior stage

D

A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________. A. role ambiguity B. role inconsistency C. role exiting D. role distancing

C

A group composed of three members is termed a(n) __________. A. dyad B. accommodation C. triad D. affiliation

A

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of: A. Goal displacement B. Informal structure C. Trained incapacity D. Work culture

B

A kindergartner, nervous because he is about to attend his first day of school, receives advice from his older sister (who is in the sixth grade) about how to act. This is an example of __________. A. acculturation B. socialization C. self-representation D. assimilation

B

A person's gender is the most significant predictor of whether that person will join a mainstream normative organization. A. True B. False

D

A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(n): A. Horticultural society B. Slash-and-burn farming society C. Agrarian society D. Hunting-and-gathering society

A

According to ethnomethodologists, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. A. True B. False

C

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing _________. A. role incompatibility B. role conflict C. role strain D. role reversal

B

Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness, see the world _______. A. As a non-trustworthy and abusive place B. As a safe and comfortable place C. With suspicion and fear D. As a hostile place

A

During which life stage does one's focus tend to shift from the physical and active dimensions of self toward the social and psychological aspect? A. between early and late childhood B. between infancy and early childhood C. in late adulthood D. in middle age

A

People are most likely to feel empathy towards members of their in-group, but not towards members of their out-group, even when groups are assigned arbitrarily. A. True B. False

A

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ to characterize a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability. A. Gemeinschaft B. verstehen C. Gesellschaft D. bourgeoisie

A

For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role. A. role performance B. symbolic performance C. status expectation D. role expectation

D

From a ________ perspective, schools are responsible for teaching students to be productive members of society. A. Symbolic interactionist B. Post-modern C. Conflict D. Functionalist

A

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered: A. Front stage B. Back stage C. Ethnomethodological D. Exterior stage

B

Only secondary groups have leaders; primary groups do not. A. True B. False

D

Our family and close friends are examples of A. Status symbols B. Secondary groups C. Formal organizations D. Primary groups

D

Our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups are examples of A. Status symbols B. Secondary groups C. Formal organizations D. Primary groups

C

Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes A. strengthening existing hierarchical structures. B. greater responsibility for organizational leaders. C. a greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches. D. putting the needs of the organization above competing responsibilities.

B

Pastoral societies are based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food. A. True B. False

D

People do not voluntarily become members of ________ organizations. A. Totalitarian B. Normative C. Utilitarian D. Coercive

B

Piaget believed that in each stage of human development (from birth through adolescence), children's activities are governed by their __________. A. individual psyches B. perception of the world around them C. interactions with others D. socialization

D

Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of __________ organizations. A. utilitarian B. coercive C. totalitarian D. normative

C

Psychologist Carol Gilligan concluded that women and men often have divergent views on_____________________ . A. social class B. religion C. morality D. education

B

Resocialization is always involuntary. A. True B. False

B

Role conflict and role strain are essentially the same thing. A. True B. False

A

Schools have become more important socialization instruments as the number of one-parent families and families in which both parents work outside the home has increased. A. True B. False

C

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of ______ groups. A. Acting B. Primary C. Secondary D. Informal

C

Social structure consists of all of these, except __________. A. groups and organizations B. status and roles C. values D. institutions

B

Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________. A. were both more concerned with change than with stability B. developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies C. analyzed interpersonal interaction D. were interested in the economic system of a society

B

Sociologists are in agreement that virtual communities—that is, online communities of various types—fit the sociological definition of a community. A. True B. False

A

Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They are an example of a(n) __________. A. primary group B. aggregate C. formal organization D. secondary group

A

The "grapevine" spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, which tend to be slow and unresponsive. Within a bureaucracy, the "grapevine" is an example of __________. A. informal structure B. impersonality C. hierarchy of authority D. rules and regulations

A

The difficulty that arises when the same social positions imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as: A. Role strain B. Role exit C. Status displacement D. Role conflict

B

The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________. A. status symbol B. role C. social status D. status conflict

B

The impersonality and focus on technical ability within bureaucracies make them resistant to inequality based on race, gender, and class. A. True B. False

C

The least amount of interaction between members occurs in a(n) __________. A. social group B. formal organization C. category D. aggregate

B

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called A. ethnomethodology. B. dramaturgical analysis. C. impression management. D. face-saving behavior.

B

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called A. ethnomethodology. B. dramaturgical analysis. C. impression management. D. face-saving behavior.

A

Today, the vast majority of American teenagers use the Internet every day. A. True B. False

D

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of A. Cultural capital B. Social capital C. Conspicuous consumption D. Status symbols

A

What do most men consider to be their master status? A. occupation B. husband C. father D. educational status

B

Which definition describes the term emotional labor? A. Appropriate emotions for a given role or situation B. The display of only certain carefully selected emotions towards the public, instead of true feelings C. Strategies used to rescue our performance when we experience a potential loss of face D. The transfer of information between people without the use of words

C

In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied __________ volts. A. 175 B. 225 C. 300 D. 450

B

Institutional change is easy to achieve A. True B. False

B

The ______ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies. A. Peer group B. Family C. Media D. School

B

The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed _______. A. Autocracy B. Oligarchy C. The power elite D. Bureaucracy

D

Women with blue eyes, people who wear contact lenses, people over 7 feet tall, and college men who belong to a fraternity are each an example of a(n) __________. A. formal organization B. social group C. aggregate D. category

B

A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence. A. secondary group B. social group C. category D. aggregate

A

A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(n): A. Postindustrial society B. Preindustrial society C. Industrial society

C

A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal. A. accommodation B. dyad C. coalition D. affiliation

C

A(n) __________ is one in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy. A. industrial society B. agrarian society C. postindustrial society D. horticultural and pastoral society

B

According to Freud, "It's wrong to steal" is an expression of the ___________. A. Id B. Superego C. Libido D. Ego

C

According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, the key weakness of Lawrence Kohlberg's model was that it ________. A. Overemphasized the subconscious mind B. Ignored key social psychological insights C. Was based on male respondents D. Underestimated human potential for immorality

A

Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and pool their notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them a(n) __________. A. secondary group B. primary group C. formal group D. informal group

D

In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that__________________. A. secondary and primary groups are always mutually exclusive B. all secondary groups are approximately the same size C. primary and secondary groups are equally likely to be specialized, but in different ways D. people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group

A

In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________. A. subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one-third (33 percent) of the time B. subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants over one-half (50 percent) of the time C. subjects stood by their own answers and were not influenced by the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants D. subjects always chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants

C

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, by the _____________ stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract though and understand places, things, and events they have never seen. They can think about the future and evaluate different options or courses of action. A. Preoperational B. Sensorimotor C. Formal operational D. Concrete operation

B

In regard to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________. A. Milgram's findings have never been supported by later research B. this research raises some questions concerning research ethics C. despite problems, many of the research subjects found the experiment interesting and agreed to participate in future research on the same topic D. Milgram's subjects knew about the nature of the study but agreed to participate anyway

A

It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group. A. True B. False

A

Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity. A. Irving Janis B. Robert Merton C. Stanley Milgram D. Solomon Asch

A

Some symbolic interactionist theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience. A. social construction of reality B. self-fulfilling prophecy C. definition of the situation D. organic solidarity

C

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________. A. is relatively uncommon B. occurs only in totalitarian situations C. may be more common than most people would like to believe D. takes place only in the presence of charismatic leadership

B

The tendency for a bureaucracy to be ruled by the few is termed A. hierarchy of authority. B. iron law of oligarchy. C. the "top-down" approach. D. authoritarian leadership.

B

The term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority A. Cohesion B. Obedience C. Symbolic response D. Learning

C

The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________. A. personal others B. generalized others C. significant others D. formal others

B

The text points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions______________________. A. are less likely to exist in contemporary societies than in traditional ones B. may encourage social cohesion among group members C. serve to prevent classism, racism, sexism, and ageism D. discourage feelings of group superiority

C

Which of the following is an example of a formal organization? A. The people in a New York City subway car B. A community college basketball team C. The General Motors Corporation D. All of these answers are correct

B

Which of these is an example of a coalition? A. a couple with a new baby, increasing the size of the family B. teachers in a school district who work together to demand better wages C. a married couple or domestic partnership of two people D. friends going out to dinner together

D

Which of these is an example of a utilitarian organization? A. parent-teacher organization B. social movement organization C. prison D. high school

B

Which of these is not true about postindustrial society? A. There has been an information explosion. B. Production of goods within the society is mechanized. C. Knowledge becomes a commodity. D. Most people work in service or information-related occupations.

D

Which of these is the best illustration of the characterization of roles as relational? A. It is not clear at what age children should no longer be expected to depend upon their parents for economic support. B. One's role performance may not fit the role expectations for any particular status. C. In times of rapid social change, the roles for various positions become somewhat unclear. D. In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student

D

Which of these sociologists applied ideal type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to study bureaucracies? A. Irving Janis B. Karl Marx C. Solomon Asch D. Max Weber

A

Which of these statements about social networks is false? A. Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes. B. Social networks link individuals to others. C. Social networks function differently for members of different categories of people. D. Social networks include members of primary groups and secondary groups.

D

Which sociological perspective emphasizes how societies literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct? A. Labeling perspective B. Conflict perspective C. Symbolic interactionist perspective D. Functionalist perspective

D

Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast-food restaurant)? A. symbolic interactionists B. conflict theorists C. functionalists D. postmodern theorists

C

__________ leadership is goal- or task-oriented. A. Transitional B. Expressive C. Instrumental D. Relational

B

__________ size refers to the number of potential members a group has. A. Hypothetical B. Relative C. Absolute D. Dyadic

C

__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination. A. Functionalist B. Differential association C. Conflict D. Symbolic interactionist

D

A teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class. As part of the preparation, the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater. This is an example of _______. A. The dramaturgical approach B. Role taking C. Social promotion D. Socialization

C

A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school basketball team, reads articles about the best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This is an example of A. resocialization. B. occupational socialization. C. anticipatory socialization. D. reciprocal socialization.

C

A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common. A. social group B. category C. aggregate D. primary group

A

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity. A. ingroup B. outgroup C. secondary group D. reference group

C

According to Freud, a well-adjusted individual successfully manages the opposing forces of the __________ and the __________. A. id; ego B. psychic impulse; ego C. id; superego D. ego; superego

D

According to Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. Which of the following is NOT one of the states? A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Libido

B

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the _____ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others. A. Subconscious B. Looking-Glass self C. Process of role taking D. Significant other

A

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view. A. role-taking B. role-playing C. role-making D. role conflict

C

According to sociologists Langhout and Mitchell, __________ results in minority children being punished disproportionately in schools. A. social devaluation B. racial socialization C. a hidden curriculum D. the formal education system

B

According to sociologists Langhout and Mitchell, the __________ results in minority children being punished disproportionately in schools. A. authoritarian agenda B. hidden curriculum C. discipline scenario D. media program

A

From a sociological perspective, we cannot form a sense of self or personal identity without intense social contact with others. A. True B. False

C

George Herbert Mead breaks down the development of the self into three stages. Which of these is not one of them? A. play B. preparatory C. conventional D. game

B

Impression management is equally important, regardless of the nature of the social interaction and the status of the participants. A. True B. False

D

In a series of laboratory experiments, psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to demonstrate __________. A. that human development occurs in three stages that reflect different levels of the personality B. how conflicts that coincide with major changes in a person's social environment can be resolved in a positive manner C. that cognitive development occurs in stages that are significantly different for human and nonhuman primates D. the effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species

C

In which type of group is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group? A. Triad B. Formal organization C. Dyad D. Secondary group

D

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which explores how people's ability to think and process information changes over time. A. psychosocial development B. psychoanalysis C. symbolic interactionism D. cognitive development

A

Rachelle and Luis really want a new sports utility vehicle, but have recently had their first child. Luis says to Rachelle that the car will have to wait until sometime when they have more resources. His attitude is an illustration of the __________. A. ego B. libido C. superego D. id

D

Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work. Which is his achieved status? A. Male B. African American C. Brother D. Student

A

Secondary groups are more specialized than primary ones. A. True B. False

B

Social networks function equally well for members of all social classes. A. True B. False

A

Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. This statement reflects the________________ perspective on socialization and society. A. functionalist B. conflict theory C. postmodern D. symbolic interactionist

C

Sociologist __________ coined the terms ingroup and outgroup to describe people's feelings toward members of their own and other groups. A. Georg Simmel B. Solomon Asch C. William Graham Sumner D. Charles H. Cooley

A

Some symbolic interactionist theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience. A. social construction of reality B. self-fulfilling prophecy C. definition of the situation D. organic solidarity

B

Studies in gerontology and the sociology of medicine find that most adults may be categorized according to their age, health status, and lifestyle. A. True B. False

D

The "I" is the __________ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person. A. neutral B. imaginary C. objective D. subjective

C

The "me" is the __________ element of the self, which is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual's awareness of those demands. A. subjective B. neutral C. objective D. imaginary

A

The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that_____________________________. A. socialization is essential for normal human development B. even negative abusive socialization will help an individual achieve her potential C. the negative effects of social isolation can be overcome with the proper treatment D. the most neglected children can still be said to have been socialized

D

The discovery of feral children is important because they show the relevance of: A. Twin studies in sociology and psychology B. The sensorimotor stage of development C. The consistency of the developmental processes D. Social interaction in human development

B

The expectations attached to any particular status depend on the person who occupies it at that time. A. True B. False

A

The family is the most important agent of socialization in all societies. A. True B. False

D

The first step in an involuntary resocialization process is known as __________, in which individuals are stripped of their former selves through practices such as being denied privacy and being assigned institutional clothing. A. social devaluation B. a rite of passage C. social isolation D. a degradation ceremony

D

The functionalist perspective primarily maintains that families A. are an important source of secondary socialization. B. are strongly influenced by social inequalities. C. reaffirm and reproduce existing class structures. D. are essential for the procreation and socialization of children.

B

The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on A. relationships. B. division of labor. C. a flat organizational structure. D. employment based on personal reputation

B

The most frequent form of child maltreatment is sexual abuse. A. True B. False

C

The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society are known as A. social influences. B. a generalized other. C. agents of socialization. D. the content of socialization.

A

The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise is termed A. groupthink. B. rationality. C. goal displacement. D. conformity.

B

The process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and previous experience. It may be voluntary or involuntary. A. Social re-evaluation B. Re-socialization C. Value clarification D. Social devaluation

D

The socialization process: A. Ends after childhood B. Is attributable solely to biological influences C. Is completed following a rite of passage D. Continues throughout the life course

B

The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is A. studied nonobservance. B. social interaction. C. symbolic interaction. D. structural functionalism

D

The term that may be used inclusively to refer to television, radio, movies, Internet, Twitter, Facebook, and video games is __________. A. new technologies B. cyberspace C. social media D. media

A

Theorists using a __________ perspective emphasize that families are important for society because they are the primary source for the procreation and socialization of children. A. functionalist B. conflict C. symbolic interactionist D. postmodern

A

Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________. A. gender socialization B. sexual development C. developmental psychology D. cultural acquisition

C

What is this person's Master Status? A. Father B. Caucasian C. Homeless D. Male

D

What sets peer groups apart from families and schools as agents of socialization? A. Peer groups often encourage children to reject cultural norms. B. Peer groups are the most influential agents of socialization for children. C. Peer groups involve less pressure to conform than do families and schools. D. Peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority.

C

What term do sociologist use to refer to an earned social status? A. Ascribed status B. Earned status C. Achieved status D. Structural status

D

When Malcolm X's eighth grade teacher ignored Malcolm's academic and social successes and dismissed his desired career goal of lawyer and instead suggested, he became a carpenter, the teacher was viewing Malcolm's race as a(n): A. Assigned status B. Ascribed status C. Achieved status D. Master status

C

When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles. A. role strain B. role performance C. role conflict D. role ambiguity

B

When a child experiences extreme neglect during their early years, it is easy to catch up on social development and language learning later in life. A. True B. False

D

Which category is NOT included in sociologist Amitai Etzioni's classification of formal organizations? A. Normative B. Coercive C. Utilitarian D. Bureaucratic

B

Which definition describes the term emotional labor? A. Appropriate emotions for a given role or situation B. The display of only certain carefully selected emotions towards the public, instead of true feelings C. Strategies used to rescue our performance when we experience a potential loss of face D. The transfer of information between people without the use of words

D

Which is an example of child neglect? A. A parent slaps her child across the face for spilling a cup of juice. B. A parent washes her child's mouth out with soap for cursing. C. A parent grounds his child for one week for missing curfew. D. A parent fails to provide three meals per day for his child.

B

Which is not an essential element of social structure? A. Institutions B. Values C. Groups and Organizations D. Statuses and Roles

A

Which of the below is considered a "total institution"? A. A mental hospital B. A high school C. A girl scout troop D. The New York Yankees

B

Which of the following is an example of a social institution? A. A children's playgroup B. The U.S. Government C. The members of a stamp collection society D. A group of passengers on an inner-city bus

D

Which of these is not a step in the process of the looking-glass self? A. We develop a self-concept based on our perception of the attitudes of others. B. We imagine how others judge the personality and appearance we present. C. We imagine how our personality and appearance look to others. D. We evaluate the attitudes that we perceive from others in terms of their correctness.

B

Which of these is not an example of a rite of passage? A. a wedding B. a weekly religious service C. an annual dinner honoring all retiring employees D. a quinceañera

A

Which of these is not characteristic of industrial society? A. relationships based primarily on ascribed status B. large populations living in or near cities C. mechanized production of virtually all possessions D. a person is defined largely by his or her occupation

B

Which of these is the best example of a secondary group? A. a group of best friends B. a sociology class C. a parent and child D. the people working together in the same department

D

Which of these is the correct sequence of psychologist Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A. concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational, and sensorimotor B. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, and concrete operational C. preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, and sensorimotor D. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

D

Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists? A. What is the economic structure of society? B. How does a society maintain order and stability? C. Who benefits from the structure of social institutions? D. How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

A

Which statement about racial socialization is false? A. Racial attitudes must be taught intentionally using direct messages. B. Ethnic values and attitudes begin to solidify within children as early as age 4. C. The most important aspects of racial identity are learned within one's family. D. Racial socialization involves modeling behavior wherein a child imitates the behavior of a parent or other caregiver.

A

Why is socialization so important for human beings? A. Achieving full human potential requires interaction with others. B. Socialization allows people to challenge societal norms and assert their individualism. C. Socialization helps people overcome the biological instincts that drive human behavior. D. The content of socialization is the same across cultures and is what unites all societies.

D

With regard to gender socialization, among African American families, A. children are taught more traditional gender roles. B. children learn to see certain qualities as either strictly male or female. C. children are taught that only males hold positions of leadership in the community. D. children often have "othermothers" who play an important role in their socialization.

B

__________ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior. A. Genetic analysis B. Sociobiology C. Psychophysiology D. Cybernation

B

__________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society. A. Functionalist B. Conflict C. Symbolic interaction D. Postmodern

B

An inmate enters prison and is stripped of her clothing and advised that from this point on she will referred to only by number. This is an example of: A. Anticipatory socialization B. A degradation ceremony C. A rite of passage D. Ascription

C

Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(n) A. Out-group B. Dyad C. In-group D. Triad

B

As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________. A. What meanings do various symbols have for different groups of people? B. What holds societies together? C. What is the experience of women and others with lower status in society? D. Who benefits from the structure of society?

D

At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms. A. microlevel B. metalevel C. mesolevel D. macrolevel

B

Biological inheritance is more important than social interaction in establishing an individual's human nature. A. True B. False

D

Carol's mom asks her to come over for dinner, but Carol has 3 chapters to read for tomorrow's test. Carol is experiencing: A. Role strain B. Status displacement C. Role exit D. Role conflict

D

Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing __________. A. role ambiguity B. role performance C. role alienation D. role conflict

C

From a contemporary __________ perspective, children are active and creative agents, not just passive recipients of the socialization process. From this view, children construct their own peer culture by borrowing from adult culture. A. conflict B. postmodernist C. symbolic interactionist D. functionalist

C

A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs. A. Social group B. Formal organization C. Social institution D. Social script

C

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position. A. Role B. Social Group C. Status D. Stigma

C

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of A. impersonality. B. trained incapacity. C. goal displacement. D. bureaucratic alienation.

C

A set of expectations for people who occupy a social position or status: A. Culture B. Social interactions C. Social roles D. Social behaviors

C

A situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity is known as A. Role distancing B. Role conflict C. Role exit D. Role strain

A

A social status one is born with: A. Ascribed status B. Achieved status C. Birth status D. Structural status