sociology exam 2

Incapacitation

depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detaining the offender in prison

Conflict theory

emphasizes the role of power struggles between different groups in shaping society.

Functionalism

is the doctrine that what makes something a thought, desire, pain (or any other type of mental state) depends not on its internal constitution, but solely on its function, or the role it plays, in the cognitive system of which it is a part.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

is when a prediction comes true because you knew about it already.

Id

is a part of the unconscious that contains all the urges and impulses

Taboos

is an activity or behavior that is forbidden, prohibited or otherwise outside of what is considered acceptable in society

crowds probably won't stay connected while people in a group would.

Difference between crowds and groups

any behavior that infringes on a norm

Norm Violations

internalization

Strongest Type of Conformity

compliance, identification, and internalization

Types of Conformity

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Primary deviance is the initial act. Secondary deviance is a deviant identity or career. Tertiary deviance is when you reject the bad connotation of deviance and see it as good.

Types of Deviance

Primary groups are the people closest to us. Secondary groups are less intimate and usually temporary

Types of Groups

Deviance

a behavior, belief, trait, or other characteristics that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction.

Groups

a collection of two or more people who share some attribute, identify and interact with one another.

Counterculture

a culture with values and morals that run counter to those of established society.

retribution

a repayment; a deserved punishment

Culture Shock

a sense of disorientation that occurs when entering a radically new social or cultural environment.

Crowd

a temporary gathering of people in a public place.

Symbolic Interactionism

a theoretical perspective in sociology that addresses the manner in which society is created and maintained through face-to-face, repeated, meaningful interactions among individuals.

Differential Association

a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.

Uniform Crime Report

an official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies

Material Culture

any physical object we give social meaning. Things like buildings and art.

Nature versus Nurture Debate

ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits

Stigma

physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction.

Passing

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to

Rehabilitation

process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization

Detterence

punishment used to discouraged crime

Culture

the entire way of life of a group of people that acts as a lens through which one views the world and that is passed from one generation to the next.

Superego

the ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego operates.

Peer Pressure

the influence of a group or individual on another person to alter their behaviour so they become accepted by a peer group.

Assimilation

the process by which the characteristics of members of immigrant groups and host societies come to resemble one another

Socialization

the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group.

Conformity

the process whereby people change their beliefs, attitudes, actions, or perceptions to more closely match those held by groups to which they belong or want to belong or by groups whose approval they desire.

Looking-Glass Self

the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them

Cultural Diffusion

the spreading out and merging of pieces from different cultures.

Conflict

the struggle for agency or power in society

In-Group Orientation

they reject the standards that cause them to be "deviant" and may propose new standards that value their identities

Values

what the group believe is right or wrong. Morals.

Compliance

when an individual changes his or her behavior in response to an explicit or implicit request made by another person

Ethnocentrism

when someone uses their own culture as the standard to judge others.

Goffman's Ideology (Expressions)

a person equates to an actor on the stage

Socializing Agents

family, peers, coaches, teachers. a combination of social groups and social institutions that provide the first experiences of socialization.

Norms

something that is usual, typical, standard, or expected

Ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.