sociology-Exam 2

Theories of social class pertaining to conflict theory...

Karl Marx believed there were the capitalists and the workers.

What is gender?

an individual's self-definition or sense of gender.

What is conflict theory pertaining to gender?

conflict theorists believe men have historically had access to most of society's material resources and privileges, so it is in their best interest to try and maintain their dominant position.

What is identification?

conformity to establish or maintain relationship with a person or group.

________ is a system of stratification commonly used in modern capitalist societies.

social class

what is gender socialization (media)

stereotypical roles between sexes are very high.

What is the motherhood penalty?

working women earn less than child-free men/women as well as working fathers

What is intersectionality?

identifies how different categories of inequality intersect.

What is color-blind racism?

ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment.

What is peer pressure?

influence from members of one's peer group on individual attitudes and behaviors.

What is mysogyny?

ingrained prejudice against women

What are the basic principles of social stratification?

it's hierarchical, it's systematic, it persists over generations, and is maintained through beliefs that members of society widely share.

What is stereotyping?

judging others based on preconceived generalizations about groups or categories of people.

What are the secondary groups?

larger and less personal and are usually organized around a specific activity or task.

Corporal punishments like branding or amputation, commonly used in colonial America, were designed to

mark the offender.

What is compliance?

mildest form, actions gain reward or avoid punishment.

What are ritualists?

not interested in society's goals but do accept the means of achieving them.

What are group dynamics?

patterns of interaction between groups and individuals which includes ways groups form and fall apart, and influence members.

what is gender socialization (family)

primary source of socialization

The criteria used by a social class system to stratify its members include...

property, power, and prestige (according to Weber)

What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge their own accomplishments?

reference group

What is reverse racism?

claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race and therefore experience social disadvantages.

What is social mobility?

climbing up the social ladder

What are microaggressions?

consists of everyday verbal and nonverbal communications that are denigrating or dismissive.

what is the study of crime?

violation of norm that has been codified into law.

What is cultural appropriation?

when cultures adopt an idea or knowledge from another culture to use for their own benefit

Sociologists define a minority group as a group

with members who are denied access to power and resources.

________ argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom.

Conflict theory

What is conflict theory and how it pertains to deviance?

Deviance is a result of this; in order for the powerful to maintain their power they marginalize and criminalize the people who threaten it.

T or F: Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family.

False.

What is McDonaldization?

George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization.

Deviance can be considered relative because whether or not a behavior is considered deviant depends upon the historical, cultural, and situational context in which it occurs.

True

Race is based on real or perceived biological differences, while ethnicity speaks to a shared ancestry or cultural heritage.

True.

What are the systems of stratification?

slavery, caste system, social class

What is ethnicity?

socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor.

What are stereotype threats?

something bad that leads to negative outcomes, ex: girls are bad at math.

What are stereotype promises?

something good that leads to positive outcomes, ex: Asians will always be doctors.

What are the 6 characteristics of bureaucracy that Max Weber coined...

specialization, tech competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and written formal response.

What are retreatists?

they do not accept the goals or the means of achieving them.

What are primary groups?

they involve more face-to-face interaction and cooperation and the deposit feelings of belonging.

What are hate crimes?

they occur when criminals specifically target victims based on demographic characteristics. This typically increases the punishment associated with any other crime such as assault.

What is a bureaucracy?

this is a type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently.

Who came up with instrumental and expression role?

Talcott Parsons

What is gender expression?

behavioral manifestation of gender identity

What are the types of conformity?

Compliance Identification Internalization

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?

Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

Theories of social class pertaining to symbolic interactionism...

Erving Goffman states how our social class is seen through what we wear, how we talk, music, and how we act.

There have been many societies throughout history with no social stratification.

False

Cultural appropriation benefits the minority group by taking that group's symbols and turning them into a commodity for profit.

False.

Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family.

False.

What are in-groups vs out-groups?

In groups are groups that people identify with and feels loyalty towards and out groups are groups that people feel opposition towards.

Sociologically, what is the difference between a group and a crowd?

Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity and have ongoing social relations.

How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination?

Institutional discrimination is more systemic and widespread.

Most Americans claim they are...

Middle Class

What is structural strain theory?

Robert Merton argues that deviance occurs when a society doesn't give all members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals.

The school of social thought that insists all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions is called...

Symbolic Interactionalism

Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true?

They tend to be based on specific roles or activities.

What is social control theory?

Travis Hirschi developed this to explain crimes; strong social bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance.

What is deviance?

a behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group.

What is a group?

a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other.

What is an aggregate?

a crowd is an example of this; a collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations.

What is sexual orientation?

a person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or asexual.

What is racism?

a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group.

What is a minority?

a social constructed category that systematically denied access to power and resources that are available to the dominant group.

What is a reference group?

a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions

What is race?

a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.

What is differential association theory?

a symbolic interactionist perspective developed by Edwin Sutherland states that we learn deviance from interacting with deviant peers.

What are innovators?

accept the goals of society but look for new, innovative ways of achieving these goals.

What are conformists?

accept the goals of the society and the means of achieving these goals.

What is labeling theory?

developed by Howard Becker stating that deviance is caused by external judgments that change a person's self-concept and the way in which others respond to that person.

What is individual discrimination?

discrimination carried out by one person against another.

What is homophobia?

dislike of or prejudice against homosexual people.

What are rebels?

do not accept the goals or achieving them so they create their own goals using new means.

What is the difference between equality and equity?

equality is when everyone gets the same thing and equity is the access to the same opportunities as another.

What is functionalism pertaining to gender?

functionalists believe that there are social roles better suited to one gender than the other and that societies are more stable when certain tasks are done by appropriate sex.

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or national group is called

genocide

Theories of social class pertaining to structural functionalism...

greater reward necessary for work that requires more training or skill.

What is institutional discrimination?

systematic discrimination carried out by social institutions that affects all members of a group who come into contact with.

what is gender socialization (schools)

teachers treat boys and girls differently which teaches the kids certain expectations of them.

What is a crowd?

temporary gathering of people in a public place. These individuals do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact.

What is white nationalism?

the belief that the nation should reflect a white identity

What is functionalism?

the idea that Durkheim says deviance serves positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting social cohesion.

What is "Doing Gender"?

the idea that gender, rather than being an innate quality of individuals, is a psychologically ingrained social construct that actively surfaces in everyday human interaction.

What is group cohesion?

the sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong.

What is Internalization?

the strongest type of conformity; an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them his or her own

What is groupthink?

the tendency of very cohesive groups to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement.

What is social learning theory?

the theory that we kids learn behaviors and meanings through social interaction and internalizes these expectations.

What is the feminization of poverty?

an economic trend that women are more likely than men to live in poverty due to gendered gap in wages.

What is sex?

an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories- male or female

What is race consciousness?

awareness of the importance of race in our everyday lives and in our dealings with social interactions.

What is the difference between instrumental role and expression role?

instrumental role means men are more suited as an authority figure and material support while expression role means women are more suited for the emotional support and nurturing role.

What is interactionalism pertaining to gender?

interactionists emphasize how the concept of gender is socially constructed, maintained, and reproduced in our everyday lives.

What is symbolic interactionalism and how does it pertain to deviance?

interpersonal relationships and everyday interactions influence meanings and understandings of deviance.

A characteristic of primary groups is that they

involve a strong sense of belonging.

What is white privilege?

involves unearned advantages for dominant group members.

What we should know about race...

it is not based on biology, racial categories can change over time, and they never have firm boundaries.