Sociology Exam over Lessons 5 & 7.

______ refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry (perceived or real) and cultural differences which become effective or active in certain contexts.

Ethnicity

Which of the following is an accurate statement about rape?

Most rapes are committed by men against women.

Caste systems like the one in India require that individuals marry within their social group. This is referred to as

endogamy

Ida studies the economic landscape of Bolivia. Her research has led her to believe that Bolivia will fail to develop until it abandons its traditional culture and instead focuses on productive investment. What theory or set of theories best describes her view?

modernization theory

According to your textbook, most hunger is the result of

natural and social forces.

As the industrial economy rapidly expanded, why was it impossible for work skills to be passed on directly from parents to children?

occupations became more specialized

When a minority member experiences a microaggression, they

often respond with silence, though they experience the interaction as an insult.

Among the categories listed below, which group would sociologists predict is the most likely to get married at least once in their lifetime?

people born before 1980

Religion has the function of uniting a society by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values. This is most closely connected to the work of

Émile Durkheim.

What does Max Weber mean by a "pariah group"?

a negative-status group that suffers from loss of social opportunity

Sociologists define religion as

a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, incorporating symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices.

Which of the following statements best describes the daily lives of !Kung of the Kalahari Desert?

!Kung men engage in child care.

A 1985 study by Murray Straus and his colleagues found that _____ percent of married people reported at least one incident of intimate partner violence at some point in their marriage.

28

Today, _____ of the population ages fifteen and older in the least-developed countries are illiterate.

37 %

According to your textbook, in 2017 the ratio of women's to men's earnings among full-time, year-round workers was

82%

About what percent of American adults in their mid-fifties are or have previously been married?

90 %

In 2013, ______ of Americans eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds supported interracial marriage.

96 percent

Industrial development in the North of the United States, combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South, produced a progressive movement of _______ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century.

African Americans

Which statement about Theodor Adorno's research would Adorno most agree with?

Authoritarianism is a characteristic of personality and reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of the motherhood penalty?

Bernette is a dentist and mother of two who gets paid less than her childless female counterpart.

Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. Which group has the highest rate of hypertension?

Black men and women

Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries?

Countries base racial and ethnic categorization on different traits, including skin color, cultural group membership, regional origin, and religion.

Which of the following findings, if discovered, would lend support for the religious economy perspective?

Countries that contain a greater number of religions represented among its population also have populations with a higher average religiosity.

As described in the introduction to this chapter, Haiti ranks near the bottom of the 2015 United Nations Human Development Index. If sociologist suggests that Haiti's lack of economic development and world status is due to historic exploitation by France and Spain, with which theory is this thinking most closely aligned?

Dependency Theory

As an example of the progress humanity has made, your roommate Sandra notes that the average income in the world has gone up over the past few decades. What evidence might a sociologist give to contradict her?

Despite a rise in average global income, there is still huge inequality between people in high-income nations and the rest of the world.

Which group is MOST likely to vote for Trump?

Evangelical Protestants

A _____ is a group in which the individuals are related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption and form an economic unit in which the adult members are responsible for the upbringing of children.

Family

Amir has two biological brothers that he grew up with. His two brothers are members of his

Family of orientation.

Which statement best describes the functionalist perspective on gender?

Gender differences contribute to social stability and integration.

What is a reason why many sociologists argued that Kozol's book Fire in the Ashes provides an inaccurate and incomplete view of educational inequality?

He had no systematic way in which he chose the schools he studied, which allowed for selection bias.

The owner of a small but thriving software company decides to sell her business and devote herself to meditation and spiritual awakening. According to Weber's theory of religion and commerce, which religious tradition does this decision represent?

Hinduism

How have residency patterns changed in low-income countries?

Hundreds of millions of people are moving into huge, densely populated cities.Hundreds of millions of people are moving into huge, densely populated cities.

The mover a person gets from a wage,salary, or investment is _____; the assets an individual owns are ____.

Income; wealth

which type of society would Talcott Parson consider the conventional family most suitable for?

Industrial

Which event in an example of religious nationalism?

Iran's Islamic Revolution

Which of the following is an example of downward mobility?

Jane, who was raised in a middle-class professional household and now works as a clerk in a grocery store full time

According to the textbook, which answer best explains why women are so often the target of sexual violence?

Many men believe that they are entitled to have sexual access if they already know the women.

How does the "marriageable men hypothesis" explain rates of marriage among African Americans?

Marriage rates among blacks are relatively low, even after a nonmarital birth, because black men are less likely to earn a living wage.

How would a sociologist explain the recent economic advances of the East Asian emerging economies?

Most were part of colonial situations that imposed many hardships but also helped pave the way for economic growth.

In 2016, a New York family court guaranteed married lesbian couples the right to participate in second-parent adoptions. What does this mean?

One parent adopts a child and the partner applies to be second or co-parent.

Of the choices listed, which is a commonwealth of the United States?

Puerto Rico

For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism?

Racist views distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans became central to European racist attitudes.

____ is one of the oldest human institutions.

Religion

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of female members in its national legislature?

Rwanda

Pepe believes that we need to consider forces beyond natural disasters and other natural forces when we talk about global inequality. Which answer BEST explains why he might feel this way?

Social forces also play a factor in large groups of people going without food.

Are Hispanics white or nonwhite?

Some Hispanics are white and some Hispanics are nonwhite.

Of the following individuals, who most likely does the most housework?

Tanya, a married woman with four children.

How would a sociologist explain the existence of gender inequality in modern society?

The activities of men and women are valued differently by society.

What is a trend that is occurring in the Catholic Church?

The percent of Catholics in the United States that are Hispanic is growing.

Wealth and income are both important determinants of social class. Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between wealth and income in the United States?

The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth.

What is one shortcoming of all four theories (market-oriented, dependency, world-systems, and global commodity chains) of global inequality?

The theories underemphasize the role of women in economic development.

According to the textbook, how active are members of the lower class in politics?

They do not participate in politics, and they seldom vote.

Why might dependency theorists criticize modernization theory?

They would point out that traditional societies are typically low income because of a history of colonialism and oppression.

Why did Max Weber believe Christianity contained possibilities for social change that Eastern religions did not?

Weber believed the religions of the East cultivated an attitude of passivity or acceptance within the believer, whereas Christianity demanded a constant struggle against sin and so could stimulate revolt against the existing order.

A white person tells an Asian American person that they "speak good English." This interaction best illustrates which of the following statements?

Whites sometimes assume that the Asian American person they are speaking to is an immigrant.

Which of the following statements regarding gender and work is most accurate?

Women tend to hold different jobs than men, and typically work in women-dominated fields.

Some critics argue that women are not fit to be in leadership positions because of their gender. Which perspective are these critics exemplifying?

biological essentialism

Family poverty, lack of education, and traditional indifference among some people often leads to

child labor.

Kheim was born a male and identifies as a male. Kheim would be considered

cisgender.

As of 2018, a majority of the world's population lived in

cities

According to William Sewell and Robert Hauser, the key factor behind occupational status is

educational and career aspirations.

Scholars believe that ______ has encouraged a shift to class-based systems in countries such as India that have been traditionally caste-based systems.

globalization

According to the textbook, members of the lower class today

have household income typically lower than $20,000.

The higher fertility rates experienced by low-income countries are partially explained by the fact low-income countries

have more agricultural than industrial economies, making children important sources of labor.

Dr. Ramirez is a sociology professor, and while he makes much less money than doctors and lawyers, he is viewed as having relatively high prestige because of

his education.

Working-class children are most likely to do which of the following after graduating from high school?

immediately start working

Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty and raised by a single mother, yet today she is one of the richest women in America. According to the textbook, the social position we are born into affects our life chances, but our class position is also

in some part achieved.

Primary schools began to be built in Europe and the United States

in the nineteenth century.

When sociologists examine how far an individual moves up or down the socioeconomic scale in his or her lifetime, they are studying

intragenerational mobility.

The United States has a level of functional literacy that

lags behind most other industrial countries.

According to your textbook, which type of country has seen the fastest growth in population?

low-income countries

Child labor most commonly occurs in

low-income countries.

Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminal than native-born Americans. He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants. Steve's attitude is an example of

prejudice.

In Connie's family, bowls are just routine, everyday parts of life. Émile Durkheim would refer to these objects as

profane.

Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as

racism.

According to your textbook, over the past fifty years women's participation in the paid labor force has

risen continuously.

Émile Durkheim defined religion in terms of a distinction between the _____ and the _____.

sacred; profane

Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. Immigrants in this example can be considered a

scapegoat.

Karen made an unwanted sexual advance on her date Sarah, persisting even though it was clear that Sarah was resistant. How would sociologists characterize this interaction?

sexual harassment

A stratification system in which certain people are owned as property is known as

slavery.

From the findings of Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson's research, we can conclude that

students who are expected to perform well tend to live up to their teachers' expectations.

Alienation can be described as

the human tendency to attribute our own culturally created values and norms to divine forces or gods because we do not understand our own history.

One conclusion we can draw from recent research on online dating is that

users tend to show the greatest interest in those of their same ethnic background.

Who is more likely to be child free?

white women