Sociology Final
Symbolic Interactionists' view of deviance is considered ______ and _______ with the focus on the ______.
relativistic; subjective; actor
____________ is the theoretical perspective that examines how individuals and groups interact, focusing on the creation of personal identity through day-to-day interactions with others.
Symbolic interactionism
_____________poverty refers to a lack of food, clean water, and shelter to a degree that death can be a possibility; _________________ poverty is defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society.
Absolute; relative
the systems of social stratification are:
Age, race, sex/gender, and SES
the means of social stratification are:
Age, race/ethnicity, gender/sex, SES, sexual orientation, and physical ablebodiedness
_______ is a state where norms are confused, unclear or not present. It refers to a breakdown of social norms or a condition where norms no longer control the activities of members of a society. It is also referred to as ____________.
Anomie; normlessness
_____________ is considered the founder or "father" of sociology.
Auguste Comte
__________, a symbolic interactionist, wrote, "Society is an interweaving and interworking of mental selves. I imagine your mind and especially what your mind thinks about my mind, and what your mind things about what my mind thinks about your mind... Cooley called this process, in which individuals use others like mirrors, and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction as ________.
Charles Cooley; the Looking Glass Self
__________ is a process whereby individuals ignore each other to an appropriate degree although noticing that the other is present.
Civil inattention
Karl Marx, a proponent of ____________ perspective of sociology, was concerned with the ongoing struggle between classes and, in particular, the effects of social class exploitation and the resulting differential access to wealth, power and prestige.
Conflict
Anthony and Penny have recently arrived in China to begin a one-year internship at a university. They are both expressing feelings of confusion and disorientation. They could be experiencing _____________
Culture shock
Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea are examples of _______________ in the past few decades.
Emerging economies
According to Wallerstein, production in Core nations relies more on machinery than on human labor is _______________. These nations tend to be ____________, yet most people who live in them are not.
relatively skilled and high payed; wealthy
Labeling theory, a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance, posits that deviance and conformity result ________
not from what people do but from how others respond to those actions.
In stage ___ of the demographic transition theory, families often had 12-13 children because there was little economic cost in raising them., children were considered to be an economic boost, and less than ½ of them would live to adulthood. During this stage there are __ birth rates and __ death rates.
one, high, high
The term "white flight" brings to minds issues surrounding racial conflict and tension within America's cities. What is frequently overlooked are the ways the federal government facilitated, and in fact subsidized, the exodus of whites from central cities. One such subsidy was the federal government's guarantee of mortgages for home ownership. The practice of ___________ emerged from the system used to determine areas ineligible for loans.
redlining
What is health disparity?
refers to a higher burden of illness, injury, disability or mortality experienced by one population group relative to another
_____: Refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world.
Global stratification
________ refers to the fact that socio-economic resources are strongly linked to health, where those with higher levels of education, income, and assets are less likely than their disadvantaged counterparts to suffer from heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and early onset dementia
Health care disparity
Sociology of the body is a field that focuses on:
How are bodies affected by social influences
______ Societies follow migrating herds, use seasonal plants as food/medicine, and live in groups 25-50.
Hunter gathers
There are six types of human societies that exist, or have existed within all of human history, they are:
Hunter-gathers, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial, and post industrial
In stage three of the Demographic Transition Theory, there are lower birth rates. This is due to:
Increase mobilization, better access to contraception, and an increase in the statuses and education of women
One of __________'s contributions to sociology was the introduction of a process by which an outside observer of a culture relates to an indigenous population on _______________________. This process is called________.
Max Weber; that population's own terms rather than interpreting that population by the observer's own culture; verstehen
W.E.B. Dubois founded the _________and was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University.
NAACP
A college instructor was lecturing in class about how different groups in a society are affected by social stratification, and, in this incident, how race and sex were used to determine where an individual within a group would have as a starting point in the race for "society goals". When the instructor pointed to the furthest possible starting point from the finish line, a male student in the class whispered to another student, "Muslim terrorist" and then laughed. How would you determine the actions of this student?
PD
In the Robert Denton, Jr., article, "Language, Symbols and Media", the reader is introduced to the work of Alex Schmid and Janny deGraaf who present arguments that "terrorists' acts of violence are really acts of communication... and should be viewed as 'violent language'." What are three results the terrorists are hoping to achieve with their "communication"?
Produce fear in the society targeted, disrupt normal everyday life for the people and promote their organization with propaganda.
______________ is a scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity, although may involve a violation of a norm.
Range of tolerance
while health and health care disparities are commonly viewed through the lens of race, and ethnicity, they occur across many dimensions including:
SES, age, location, gender, disability status, and sexual orientation
The ____________ is a systematic, organized series of steps that ensure maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem or concept.
Scientific method
____________ work is the dominant form of employment in the post industrial economy
Service
What are the social processes that lead to large numbers of people being marginalized in a society? The idea of _____ refers to new sources of inequality. It is a broader concept than that of the underclass.
Social inequality
______ is a ranking process which not only reflects social differences but also creates and manifests those differences by socializing individuals/groups into a structure of inequality
Social stratification
Structural Functionalism is based around three key concepts. Two of those concepts are:
Social structures exist because they serve a function; if they fail to serve those functions, they will cease to exist.
_________ is defined as the people who live in a specific geographic territory and share elements of a common culture while _______ is the social heritage of a people, including learned sets of beliefs, values, norms and material goods shard by group members.
Society; culture
Emile Durkheim is most closely associated with the ___________ theoretical perspective of sociology and Max Weber is most closely associated with the ___________ theoretical perspective of sociology.
Structural Functionalist; Symbolic Interactionism
A_______ view of healthcare is that good health and effective medical care are essential for the smooth functioning society. Patients must be willing to perform the "sick role" in order to be perceived al legitimately ill and to be exempt from their normal obligations.
Structural Functionalists
______________ is the theoretical perspective that examines how individuals and groups interact, focusing on the creation of personal identity through day-to-day interaction with others.
Structural functionalism
The first college level course in Sociology was taught at __________________.
The University of Chicago
According to Robert E. Denton, Jr., in 'Language, Symbols and Media," what were three ways that U.S. society was changed when President Bush referred to the terrorist attacks as "war"?
Unified the citizens behind a known cause/enemy, silenced critics of the administration, and produced increases in military recruitments.
The _____class is made up of approximately 1% of the nations population but this group wields disproportionate power in business, politics, and religious organizations
Upper, Upper class (elite)
Immanuel Wallerstein proffered a breakdown of the nation states based on levels and means of production. One of the major advantages of the _____ is its portrayal of the global economy as a dynamic system.
Worlds Systems Theory
Complementary and alternative medicine encompasses ____________________________
a diverse set of approaches and therapies for treating illness and promoting well-being that generally fall outside of standard medical practices and are not taught in medical schools
Robert Merton, borrowing heavily from Emile Durkheim's work on anomie, devised what he termed as strain theory. Merton argued that the real problem is not created by a sudden social change but, rather, by ______________________.
a social structure that holds the same goals to all its members without giving them equal means to achieve those goals
Structural Functionalists see deviance as being ____ and _____. They believe the focus is always on the ___.
absolute; objective; act
If sociology can be defined as both a systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior, what level of social structure might sociologists examine?
almost any level, from interactions between two people to large-scale institutions
In the medical model, deviance is seen as ___________________________________.
analogous to illness and uses terminology typically associated with disease
29. Emile Durkheim explains ______________ as a state where people have lost their sense of purpose or direction, often during a time of profound social change, and cannot depend on their social structures to dictate their actions
anomie
In the 1960s, Harvard professor, Timothy Leary, famously advised everyone to "turn on, tune in, and drop out," and, although he insisted that it meant more, most people assumed he was telling them to "get stoned and abandon all constructive activity." How would Robert Merton's structural strain theory classify someone who took this advice?
as a conformist
An/A ___________ status is one that is assigned to a person by society while an/a _________ status is one that is earned through the personal efforts or achievements ascribed; achieved
ascribed; achieved
Cesare Lombroso posited that much criminality was the result of _________, which is a package of genetic traits that distinguished violent and habitual criminals from the normal population.
atavism
The concept of sociological imagination involves the intersection of________, _________ and ________; and, was coined by _________.
biography; history; the times in which we live; C. Wright mills
The set of principles underpinning Western medical systems and practices is referred to as the ______________ model of health.
biomedical
Irving L. Janis labeled one phenomenon of group decision making as "group think". It is a process by which members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus. Groupthink may _______________________________________________.
change organizational boundaries by changing a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules
_______is an economic and political system in which powerful nations dominate and exploit weaker ones in trade and other relations. Beginning in the 1950s, this system began to be dismantled
colonialism
In terms of global inequality, dependency theory is, sociologically, viewed under the ______ perspective
conflict
Strain Theory, by Robert Merton, posits that there are five adaptive typologies individuals can use. They are:
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion
The Dorothy and W.I. Thomas Theorem states:
if a situation is defined as real, the consequences are of that definition are quite real, whether the definition is accurate or not.
Health care disparity is defined as_______
differences between groups in health coverage, access to care and quality of care.
There are five institutions functioning, in some form, within all human societies. They are:
economics, family, religion, government and education
In completing an assignment for his sociology class, Alex inferred that the social customs of the indigenous populations of Africa and Asia were inferior to the cultural values of his own society. Alex is exhibiting a/an _____________________ point of view.
ethnocentric
Identify the independent variable in the following: does exposure to TV violence increase aggression in children?
exposure to TV violence
_________ can be defined as an economic trend showing that women and children are disproportionately more likely than men to live in poverty.
feminization of poverty
Social Classes are:
fluid , partially achieved, economically based, large scale and impersonal
Conflict Theory is a sociological perspective which:
focuses on social class exploitation between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat with emphasis on unequal distribution
With over 90% of US media in the hands of 5-6 major corporations, one loss that can be experienced by society is the lack of a ______________.
fourth estate
The following lists three of the six ____________________ in order to survive and thrive: all societies must organize the activities of their members in order to obtain the basic goods and services for survival; protect their members from internal/external harm; and, replace members lost because of death or emigration are three of the six.
functional imperatives of societies
________ is the manner in which a person outwardly represents their gender, regardless of the physical characteristics that might typically define them as male or female
gender expression
The increased economic, political, and social connectedness between nations of the world is_____.
globalization
the components of the definition of social stratification are:
hierarchy, inequality, power, purpose, system, ideology, and some win some, some lose some.
A ____________ is a society which is no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but based instead on the production of knowledge. Its emergence has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and have made new advances in computing, entertainment and telecommunications parts of their lives.
industrial economy
Research ethics requires sociologists to disclose their identity as researchers to obtain ________________ from subjects by making their participation voluntary and based on a full understanding of possible risks and benefits that we will not reveal the true identities of subjects.
informed consent
Social exclusion can take a number of forms. Two of those forms can be:
isolated rural communities cut off from many services and inner-city neighborhoods marked by high crime rates
The estate (feudal) system of social stratification is based on _____________ while the caste system is based on _______________
land ownership; religious beliefs
____________ is/are the cornerstone of all known human societies.
language
Functionalists posit that deviance can create positive social change. Two ways in which this can occur are:
lead to innovation and social change and reaffirm norms if deviant acts are punished.
The ___ class includes the largest percentage of the national population and the income level ranges from 30-75K$. This group is also considered overworked and overspent.
lower middle class
Structural Functionalism views the purposes of social structures as having either ________ functions, the anticipated of intended consequences, or ___________ functions, the unintended or unrecognized consequences.
manifest; latent
Howard Becker posits that an individual's adaptation and internalization of a deviant label can lead the individual to see deviance as her/his ________.
master status
Folkways, mores and law are three subcategories of _______________.
norms
In scientific research, _______ refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results and ________ refers to the degree to which a measure of scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.
reliability; validity
Edwin Lemert posited that ___________ deviance is the adoption and internalization of societal labels based on application of social and/or legal sanctions.
secondary
According to the worlds system theory, in _____________ nations production is based on a mixture of intermediate levels of machinery and human labor.
semi-peripheral
Race as construed in the United States is based on __________ and is considered to be _______________________.
skin color; DNA based
Conflict perspective looks at deviance in terms of _________________.
social inequality and power
In ______ of the Demographic Transition Theory, death rates fall because of the improvement in food supply and sanitation that increase life spans and reduce disease
stage 2
Secondary deviance marks the start of what Erving Goffman called a deviant career, which results in the acquisition of a ____________.
status
In postindustrial societies, some nations are facing _____ fertility rates due to an aging population and lack of immigration
sub-replacement
"Health and illness for the individual are social constructions: Physical and mental conditions have little or no objective reality, but instead are considered health or ill only if they are defined as such by society", is a statement that reflects the ____views of healthcare.
symbolic Interactionism
Community policing is just one strategy that falls under a larger set of strategies that criminologists call __________.
target hardening
British sociologist, Harriet Martineau, compared ____________________________while American sociologist, ____________, was concerned with issues of poverty and homelessness in Chicago, founding the Hull House.
the positions of women to that of American slaves in society; Jane Addams
A random sample is a sample in which every member of an entire population being studied has ________________.
the same chance of being selected
Sociology is _______________________________________________________________.
the systematic and scientific study of individuals (interactions), social groups and society
A wide spread belief about the poor is that most do not have jobs. This is not true. Statistics highlight that many poor people in the USA are engaged in the labor market. They are referred to as _____.
the working poor
During the Age of Enlightenment (Age of Reason), western European culture shifted from a ___________ basis of thought to a ______ one. The center of knowledge and learning changed from the _______ to the _______.
theological/scientific; church/university
Dependency Theory: Maintains that rich industrialized nations keep poor countries from advancing through various dependency relationships. Three of the most important forms of dependency are__,____, and ____.
trade, industrial, investment
As the industrial revolution spread from Western Europe to the United States, three processes were set in place. They are ____________,_______________ and ____________________.
traditional religious views, secular views and loss of social interaction
blue and pink collared jobs are those that __________________ and _______________.
typically pay low wages; involve manual or low-skill labor
Comte penned Positive Philosophy which was the first systematic sociological approach to the study of society. He emphasized "Positivism" which included the concepts of: ________________
use of observation, comparisons, experimentation and looking at history to analyze society.
Deviance is defined sociologically as _______________________.
violation of cultural norms
