Sociology Final (ALL TESTS)

52. ________ is the manner in which a person outwardly represents their gender, regardless of the physical characteristics that might typically define them as male or female a) gender roles b) gender identity c) sexuality d) gender expression e) gender

d) gender expression

22. _____________ is considered the founder or "father" of sociology. a) Auguste Comte b) Emile Durkheim c) Lester Ward d) George H. Meade e) Max Weber

a) Auguste Comte

34. __________, a symbolic interactionist, wrote, "Society is an interweaving and interworking of mental selves. I imagine your mind and especially what your mind thinks about my mind, and what your mind things about what my mind thinks about your mind... The author called this process, in which individuals use others like mirrors, and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction, ________. a) Charles Cooley; the Looking Glass Self b) Erving Goffman; dramaturgy c) Max Weber; Verstehen d) Robert Denton, Jr.; Strain Theory e) C. Wright Mills; Sociological Imagination

a) Charles Cooley; the Looking Glass Self

55. _____ is the study of the size, distribution and composition of populations. a) Demography b) Dependency c) Conurbation d) Carrying capacity e) Doubling time

a) Demography

15. ____________: racial discrimination in environmental policy-making, enforcement of sanctions and laws, targeting of hazardous waste sites in racially minority communities to a disproportionate degree as when compared to location of dumping grounds and waste sites in other areas. a) Environmental racism b) Institutional racism c) Personal racism d) Gendered racism e) Assimilated racism

a) Environmental racism

22. ________________ refers to the change of a population from health conditions primarily involving infectious disease to health conditions primarily involving chronic disease. a) Epidemiological transition b) Sociological Imagination c) Stage 3 of demographic transition d) Institutional constructionism

a) Epidemiological transition

57. ______is a movement and an ideology that promotes equality for women & men politically, socially and economically. a) Feminism b) Womanism c) Religiosity d) Creationism e) Cisgenderism

a) Feminism

41. Although doctors in _________ earn less than their counterparts in the United States, medical school is free and malpractice insurance is about 10% comparted to USA rates. a) Germany b) Austria c) Canada d) Great Britain e) Japan

a) Germany

30. _______________: refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world. a) Global Stratification b) Global Terrorism c) Globalization d) International Transformation e) World Systems Theory

a) Global Stratification

_______________: refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world. a) Global Stratification b) Global Terrorism c) Globalization d) International Transformation e) World Systems Theory

a) Global Stratification

49. ______ termed religion "the opiate of the masses". a) Karl Marx b) Karl Rove c) Kris Kringle d) Emile Durkheim e) Max Weber

a) Karl Marx

63. The __________ effect occurs when teachers who expect students to succeed and excel are motivated to work with the students to ensure that they do. a) Pygmalion effect b) hidden curriculum c) latent functions d) Strong Social Constructionist e) Durkheim

a) Pygmalion effect

Structural Functionalism is based around three key concepts. Two of those concepts are: a) Society is viewed as a system - a collection of interdependent parts, with a tendency toward equilibrium; and, Social structures exist because they serve a function (to meet a functional imperative). b) Social structures exist because they serve a function and the social class exploitation between the haves and have nots is functional c) Institutions promote inequality and disproportionate access to the means of acquiring wealth, power and prestige. d) Indigenous populations exist as culturally different groups and an ethnocentric view is the best one to apply. e) Normlessness occurs when individuals cannot depend on their institutions to tell them what to do in their daily lives and leads individuals toward greater rates of suicide.

a) Society is viewed as a system - a collection of interdependent parts, with a tendency toward equilibrium; and, Social structures exist because they serve a function (to meet a functional imperative).

60. _________________ view education as serving both the manifest and latent functions of an institution, which include cultural transmission, socialization and integration. a) Structural functionalists b) Feminists c) Unemployed coffee baristas d) Conflict theorists e) Former US presidents

a) Structural functionalists

51. ______________ is the theoretical perspective that examines how individuals and groups interact, focusing on the creation of personal identity through day-to-day interaction with others. a) Symbolic Interactionism b) Feminism c) Conflict d) Structural functionalism e) Looking Glass Self

a) Symbolic Interactionism

A wide-spread belief about the poor is that most do not have jobs. This is not true. Statistics highlight that many poor people in the USA are engaged in the labor market. They are referred to as _________. a) the working poor b) traditional workers c) entrepreneurs d) uneducated e) the middle class

a) the working poor

11. According to Robert E. Denton, Jr., in 'Language, Symbols and Media," what were three ways that U.S. society was changed when President Bush referred to the terrorist attacks as "war"? a) Unified the citizens behind a known cause/enemy, silenced critics of the administration, and produced increases in military recruitments. b) Used photographs (such as the "falling man") to stimulate support for the new war, allowed political parties to continue to fight for political ideologies rather than serve the country and lent a new view of terrorism. c) Promoted human communication, gave our allies a clear choice of helping or not helping, and allowed the U.S. to pursue a known enemy. d) Involved militia groups in defending the country, raised awareness of gun laws and treated some law-abiding citizens as outcasts.

a) Unified the citizens behind a known cause/enemy, silenced critics of the administration, and produced increases in military recruitments.

Structural Functionalists see deviance as being ____ and _____. They believe the focus is always on the ___. a) absolute; objective; act b) gendered; sexually defined; status of individuals c) ethnocentric; prejudicial; outcome d) relative; subjective; actor e) unlimited; undefined; media

a) absolute; objective; act

30. If sociology can be defined as both a systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior, what level of social structure might sociologists examine? a) almost any level, from interactions between two people to large-scale institutions b) only small groups c) large scale social structure that involve entire societies d) mass culture and large institutions e) relations between individuals

a) almost any level, from interactions between two people to large-scale institutions

3. An/A ___________ status is one that is assigned to a person by society while an/a _________ status is one that is earned through the personal efforts or achievements of the individual. a) ascribed; achieved b) acquired; assertive c) achieved, ascribed d) assertive; acquired e) essential; illustrative

a) ascribed; achieved

32. Sociologists Boden and Molotch argue that there is no substitute for face-to-face interaction. They argue further that humans have a true need for personal interaction, which they call the __________ because situations of co-presence provide much richer information about how other people think and feel and their level of sincerity. a) compulsion of proximity b) social capital c) Thomas Theorem d) civil inattention e) verstehen

a) compulsion of proximity

47. There are five institutions functioning, in some form, within all human societies. They are: a) family, education, religion, government and economics. b) family, media, multi-culturalism, education and government c) religion, education, folkways, laws and mores d) economics, inequality, discrimination, prejudice and stereotypes e) conflict, symbolic interactionism, structural functionalism, globalism and society

a) family, education, religion, government and economics.

8. With over 96% of US media in the hands of 5-7 major corporations, one loss that can be experienced by society is the lack of a ______________. a) fourth estate b) feminist ideology c) verstehen d) anomie e) self-fulfilling prophecy

a) fourth estate

19. __________ can be defined as acknowledging ones' sense of being masculine or feminine both or neither, the internal identity may or may not be expressed outwardly and not correspond to one's physical characteristics. a) gender identity b) gender expression c) gender roles d) genocide e) gender

a) gender identity

The increased economic, political and social connectedness between nations of the world is ____________. a) globalization b) global stratification c) global destabilization d) exponential global population growth e) sociological imagination

a) globalization

71. A one-dimensional view of power is one where ___________________________________________________. a) group A has superior resources over group B and wins open conflicts b) group A refuses to consider any issues raised by group B as relevant c) group A doesn't consider group B to be an opponent or worthy of notice d) group A cedes power to group B without open conflict e) group A and group B have equal status and open conflicts end in a draw

a) group A has superior resources over group B and wins open conflicts

The estate (feudal) system of social stratification is based on ___ while the caste system is based on _______. a) land ownership; religious beliefs b) economics; economics c) presumed ownership of another human; religious beliefs d) job occupation; land ownership

a) land ownership; religious beliefs

A social class system reflects cultural beliefs of ________________, wherein the amount of education required and the salary earned work in combination as a determinant of class a) occupational prestige b) ascribed status c) ethnocentrism d) systems of social integration e) means of social stratification

a) occupational prestige

25. To the extent that men have more power (everything is normed on the male) than women in politics, the economy and the family, the gender system is called _________. a) patriarchy b) modernity c) patrilineal d) conspiracy e) matrilineal

a) patriarchy

Edwin Lemert posited that ___________ deviance is the adoption and internalization of societal labels based on application of social and/or legal sanctions. a) secondary b) primary c) reasonable d) marginal e) detrimental

a) secondary

3. Race as construed in the United States is based on __________ and is considered to be _______________________. a) skin color; socially constructed b) biological differences; based on biology c) ethnic differences; based on country of origin d) skin color; DNA based e) social beliefs; biologically determined

a) skin color; socially constructed

What are the social processes that lead to large numbers of people being marginalized in a society? The idea of __________ refers to new sources of inequality. It is a broader concept than that of the underclass. a) social exclusion b) social inequality c) social determinism d) social Darwinism e) social capital

a) social exclusion

In postindustrial societies, some nations are facing ______ fertility rates due to an aging population and lack of immigration. a) sub-replacement b) rising c) post-coital d) rapidly expanding e) consistent

a) sub-replacement

________ is defined the ability to think, act and make choices independently. a) Verstehen b) Agency c) Strain d) Anomie e) Objectification

b) Agency

58. __________ refers to the idea that all human behavior is innate and stands in contrast to the notion that human behavior is determined by culture or other social forces. a) Sociological imagination b) Biological determinism c) Social stratification d) Biometrics e) Biological constraints

b) Biological determinism

64. ___________ is the institutionalized process of systematically teaching certain cognitive skills and knowledge, and transmitting them from one generation to the next. a) Manifest functions b) Education c) Anomie d) Religion e) Verstehen

b) Education

51. Recognizing the social origin of religion, Structural Functionalist theorists, __________, argue that religion acted as a source of solidarity and identification for the individuals within a society. a) Auguste Comte b) Emile Durkheim c) Jane Adams d) Charles Cooley e) Karl Marx

b) Emile Durkheim

26. ____________________ can be defined as the over-emphasis on sex in all forms of media, and the continuing pattern of over-sexualized images of girls, woman and, now, men. This over-emphasis on what is sexy has been extended into markets for children. a) Sexuality b) Hypersexualization c) Sensuality d) Gender Expression e) Hyperthyroidism

b) Hypersexualization

40. A sociologist wanted to examine if there was any correlation between the region of the United States wherein an individual lived and the number of individuals who owned guns. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable? a) Region of the country b) Political affiliation c) Gun ownership d) Religiosity e) Age of gun owners

c) Gun ownership

14. In the Robert Denton, Jr., article, "Language, Symbols and Media", the reader is introduced to the work of Alex Schmid and Janny deGraaf who present arguments that "terrorists' acts of violence are really acts of communication... and should be viewed as 'violent language'." What are three results the terrorists are hoping to achieve with their "communication"? a) Create symbols for a society, experience the rush of a media blitz and recruit new members. b) Produce fear in the society targeted, disrupt normal everyday life for the people and promote their organization with propaganda. c) Use fear based on sexual orientation to diminish a society from within, stop media coverage of their actions and find new delivery systems for 'dirty bombs'. d) Enlist the aid of malcontents within the society being terrorized, communicate their displeasure to the world at large and attempt to start a world war situation. e) Language is the basis for better human communication and international cooperation.

b) Produce fear in the society targeted, disrupt normal everyday life for the people and promote their organization with propaganda.

54. _______ research methods uses large surveys, questionnaires, secondary research and reporting data primarily in numerical form. a) Positivism b) Quantitative c) Case studies d) Qualitative e) Relativism

b) Quantitative

61. While health and health care disparities are commonly viewed through the lens of race and ethnicity, they occur across many dimensions, including: a) conflict, structural functionalism and symbolic interactionism. b) SES, age, location, gender, disability status and sexual orientation. c) fraudulent claims in VA, Medicaid, Medicare and Social Security claims. d) social class, occupational prestige, ascribed and achieved statuses. e) Biosocial and Constructionist views of gender which demonstrate how sex/gender can be the focus of plans to ease the burdens of health and health care disparities.

b) SES, age, location, gender, disability status and sexual orientation.

_______ work is the dominant form of employment in the postindustrial economy. a) Self-employment b) Service c) Pastoral d) Industrial e) Agricultural

b) Service

39. Structural Functionalism is based around three key concepts. Two of those concepts are: a) Individuals agree to the socially accepted means to achieve societal goals and legitimate means to meet those goals. b) Social structures exist because they serve a function; if they fail to serve those functions, they will cease to exist. c) Institutions promote inequality and disproportionate access to the means of acquiring wealth, power and prestige. d) Indigenous populations exist as culturally different groups and an ethnocentric view is the best one to apply. e) Normlessness occurs when individuals cannot depend on their institutions to tell them what to do in their daily lives.

b) Social structures exist because they serve a function; if they fail to serve those functions, they will cease to exist.

28. _________ is defined as the people who live in a specific geographic territory and share elements of a common culture while _______ is the social heritage of a people, including learned sets of beliefs, values, norms and material goods shard by group members. a) Culture; society b) Society; culture c) Verstehen; anomie d) Anomie; verstehen e) The Thomas Theorem; Sociological Imagination

b) Society; culture

In _______ of the Demographic Transition theory, death rates fall because of improvement in food supply and sanitation that increase life spans and reduce disease. a) Stage 1 b) Stage 2 c) Stage 3 d) Stage 4 e) the Broadway stage

b) Stage 2

Robert Merton, borrowing heavily from Emile Durkheim's work on anomie, devised what he termed as strain theory. Merton argued that the real problem is not created by a sudden social change but, rather, by ______________________. a) allowing social norms to change without consequence to individuals or groups b) a social structure that holds the same goals to all its members without giving them equal means to achieve those goals c) individual responses to perceptions of what others think about an individual d) social conflict and the pressure on socioeconomic status and occupational prestige e) a social structure that creates differential statuses based on race, sex and gender

b) a social structure that holds the same goals to all its members without giving them equal means to achieve those goals

The means of social stratification are: a) conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. b) age, race/ethnicity, gender/sex, SES, sexual orientation, and physical ablebodiedness. c) cooperation, conflict, competition, sexual identity and age. d) day-to-day interactions, broader social structures, inequalities within institutions and sexual socialization e) hierarchy, inequality, purpose, power, system and outcomes.

b) age, race/ethnicity, gender/sex, SES, sexual orientation, and physical ablebodiedness.

12. Although social behavior is guided to some extent by forces such as roles, norms and shared expectations, individuals also have _______, or the ability to act, think and make choices independently. a) attribution b) agency c) affiliation d) anomie

b) agency

Emile Durkheim explains _______ as a state where people have lost their sense of purpose or direction, often during a time of profound social change, and cannot depend on their social structures to dictate their actions. a) verstehen b) anomie c) conflict d) diaspora e) womanism

b) anomie

7. A theory proposing that even small acts of crime disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe is referred to as ________________. a) correlation coefficient b) broken window c) compulsion of proximity d) target hardening e) diaspora

b) broken window

Strain Theory, by Robert Merton, posits that there are five adaptive typologies individuals can use. They are: a) innovation, ritualism, feminism, conflict and cooperation b) conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion c) conformity, certainty, cooperation, conflict and rebellion d) objective, absolute, relative, subjective and ethnocentric e) atavism, phrenology, demonology, verstehen and cultural relativism

b) conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion

40. C. Wright Mills, in the Power Elite, argues that during the course of the 20th century a process of institutional centralization occurred in the _______, _______, and _________. a) industry, education, religion b) economy(industries), politics (government), military c) education, social movements, internal conflicts d) peace movements, wars, social movements e) economy, peace movements, sociological theory

b) economy(industries), politics (government), military

21. Irving L. Janis labeled one phenomenon of group decision making as "group think". It is a process by which members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus. Groupthink may _______________________________________________. a) alter direct and indirect connections that link a person or a group with other people or groups b) embarrass potential dissenters into conforming and may also produce a shift in perceptions so that alternative possibilities are ruled out without being seriously considered. c) change organizational boundaries by changing a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules d) affect the levels of social solidarity through both organic and mechanical means e) result in a change of governmental priorities

b) embarrass potential dissenters into conforming and may also produce a shift in perceptions so that alternative possibilities are ruled out without being seriously considered.

57. The following lists three of the six ____________________ in order to survive and thrive: all societies must organize the activities of their members in order to obtain the basic goods and services for survival; protect their members from internal/external harm; and, replace members lost because of death or emigration are three of the six. a) Social imperatives b) functional imperatives of societies c) patter of little feet d) paradigms of sociology e) fundamental patterns of social interaction

b) functional imperatives of societies

13. A Third Dimensional (face) example of the powerlessness of group B versus group A is when _______________. a) group B rises up as a group to overcome group A's inherent advantages b) group B begins to believe in group A's ideas even when it is not in the best interests of group B c) group B opposes all of the social changes proposed by group A d) group B never opposes the ideas of group A e) group B refuses to come to the bargaining table

b) group B begins to believe in group A's ideas even when it is not in the best interests of group B

50. Sociologists have discovered that black and white children of the same age and birth weight, whose parents have the same education, occupation and income, whose mothers were the same age when they had their first child, who have the same number of children's books in their homes, and who were equally likely to receive support from the U.S. government's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, obtained statistically similar scores on their reading and number tests. However, the unfortunate reality is that black and white children are not equally likely to share these measures of life chances. Racial differences in educational achievement can be explained by ____________________. Racial differences in achievement are due to ______________________. a) institutional inequalities; gaps in cultural knowledge b) historical and current systems of racial inequality, including neighborhood, families, schools and peer groups; social inequalities rather than to genetic differences c) prejudice and discrimination; fewer books in the schools d) lack of interest in education; ethnic differences

b) historical and current systems of racial inequality, including neighborhood, families, schools and peer groups; social inequalities rather than to genetic differences

A ____________ is a society which is no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but based instead on the production of knowledge. Its emergence has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and have made new advances in computing, entertainment and telecommunications parts of their lives. a) industrial economy b) knowledge economy c) contingency economy d) family based economy e) pastoral economy

b) knowledge economy

10. Assimilation is a process in which minority groups ____________________________________________. a) cooperate while still retaining their distinctive identities and lifestyles b) lose their distinctive identities and conform to cultural patterns of dominant groups c) have culturally defined meanings assigned to their lifestyle choices d) oversimplified ideas about a group or a social category e) are intentionally segregated because of their ethnicity

b) lose their distinctive identities and conform to cultural patterns of dominant groups

35. Structural Functionalism views the purposes of social structures as having either ________ functions, the anticipated of intended consequences, or ___________ functions, the unintended or unrecognized consequences. a) ascribed status; achieved status b) manifest; latent c) anomie; verstehen d) dysfunctions; dramaturgy e) mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity

b) manifest; latent

Structural Functionalism views the purposes of social structures as having either ________ functions, the anticipated of intended consequences, or ___________ functions, the unintended or unrecognized consequences. a) ascribed status; achieved status b) manifest; latent c) anomie; verstehen d) dysfunctions; dramaturgy e) mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity

b) manifest; latent

Folkways, mores and law are three subcategories of _______________. a) functions b) norms c) statuses d) categories e) values

b) norms

8. A conflict theory view of racial prejudice and discrimination and its intended harm is the exploitation theory wherein: a) sexual orientation and gender identification become the means of refusing jobs and social inclusion to parts of society. b) racism keeps members of subordinate groups in low-paying jobs, supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool cheap labor, which then restricts the wages of all members of the working class. c) stereotypes reinforce existing beliefs and limit the opportunities for other groups in society. d) globalization adds to the pressure for the under classes to find gainful employment with decent salaries. e) stability in institutions provides the best mechanisms for continuance of power in the hands of the current dominant group.

b) racism keeps members of subordinate groups in low-paying jobs, supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool cheap labor, which then restricts the wages of all members of the working class.

___________ posited that criminal behavior is learned in the same way as all other behaviors and is learned within most personal and intimate relationships. These relationships are viewed through the lenses of _____, ______, ______ and _________. a) Emile Durkheim; social bonds, social stratification, systems of social stratification and means of social stratification b) Edwin Lemert; primary, secondary, duration and intensity c) Edwin Sutherland; frequency, priority, duration and intensity d) Donald Cressey; social capital, social reproduction, socialization and cultural capital

c) Edwin Sutherland; frequency, priority, duration and intensity

24. A conflict theory view of racial prejudice and discrimination, and its intended harm, is the exploitation theory wherein: a) sexual orientation and gender identification become the means of refusing jobs and social inclusion to parts of society. b) racism keeps members of subordinate groups in low-paying jobs, supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor, which then restricts the wages of all members of the working class. c) stereotypes reinforce existing beliefs and limit the opportunities for other groups in society. d) globalization adds to the pressure for the under classes to find gainful employment with decent salaries. e) stability in institutions provides the best mechanisms for continuance of power in the hands of the current dominant group.

b) racism keeps members of subordinate groups in low-paying jobs, supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor, which then restricts the wages of all members of the working class.

2. The term "white flight" brings to minds issues surrounding racial conflict and tension within America's cities. What is frequently overlooked are the ways the federal government facilitated, and in fact subsidized, the exodus of whites from central cities. One such subsidy was the federal government's guarantee of mortgages for home ownership. The practice of ___________ emerged from the system used to determine areas ineligible for loans. a) urban sprawl b) redlining c) gerrymandering d) resource mobilization e) minority entrenchment

b) redlining

59. _________ is a two-way process by which we shape our social world through our individual actions and by which we ae reshape by society. a) socialization b) structuration c) anomie d) ethnomethodology e) globalization

b) structuration

44. The conflict perspective does not view schools as responsible for creating social inequality; rather, it views the educational institution as a reflection and perpetuation of ___________________________. a) the need for creation of an individual perspective of self b) the hierarchal system outside of the schools and within the society. c) a means of control of sexual developments and normative social behavior d) cultural transmission from one generation to the next e) nationalism, patriotism and basic American values

b) the hierarchal system outside of the schools and within the society.

19. Social capital is: a) the social processes through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a district sense of self. b) the social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influences. c) the basis of self-consciousness in human individuals per symbolic interactionism. d) socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status. e) the outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic social and political life of the society in which they live.

b) the social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influences.

18. Sociology is _______________________________________________________________. a) an elemental process of social groups and society b) the systematic and scientific study of individuals (interactions), social groups and society c) a method of interpreting the social forces in the world around us. d) historically and culturally significant e) a basic humanities requirement for many colleges and universities

b) the systematic and scientific study of individuals (interactions), social groups and society

33. _____is a state where norms are confused, unclear or not present. Refers to a breakdown of social norms or a condition where norms no longer control the activities of members of a society. a) Sociology; ethnocentrism b) Organic solidarity; socialization c) Anomie; normlessness d) Achieved status; norms e) Verstehen; cultural relativity

c) Anomie; normlessness

_______ is a state where norms are confused, unclear or not present. It refers to a breakdown of social norms or a condition where norms no longer control the activities of members of a society. It is also referred to as ____________. a) Sociology; ethnocentrism b) Organic solidarity; socialization c) Anomie; normlessness d) Achieved status; norms e) Verstehen; cultural relativity

c) Anomie; normlessness

45. The Pentagon Papers, released in 1971, are an example of _________ form of influence. a) Interest Groups b) Conflict Theory c) Censorship d) Legal-Rational e) Authoritarian

c) Censorship

31. The ___________ age cohort is the fastest growing age bracket in the United States and that there will be one million people in this group by 2050. a) Ancient b) Baby-boomer c) Centenarian d) Middle-Class e) Septuagenarian

c) Centenarian

18. __________ is an economic and political system in which powerful nations dominate and exploit weaker ones in trade and other relations. Beginning in the 1950s, this system began to be dismantled. a) Globalization b) World Systems Theory c) Colonialism d) Environmental Racism e) Redlining

c) Colonialism

__________can be defined as an economic trend showing that women and children are disproportionately more likely than men to live in poverty. a) Plain bad luck b) Absolute poverty c) Feminization of poverty d) Feudal system e) Relative poverty

c) Feminization of poverty

There are six types of human societies that exist, or have existed, within all of human history. They are: a) Hand tooled, partially machine tooled, machine tooled, human powered, machine powered and postindustrial. b) Horticultural, pastoral, industrial, postindustrial, technological and service industries. c) Hunter-gatherers, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial and postindustrial. d) Core, semi-peripheral, peripheral, agricultural, industrial and postindustrial. e) Hunter-gatherers, indigenous populations, tribal peoples, rural communes, urbanites and post-urbanites.

c) Hunter-gatherers, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial and postindustrial.

__________________. This product contributes to the popular belief that most people can be divided into two neat and distinct categories: deviants and conformists. a) Powerful elites buy out of deviant labels b) The fourth estate is missing. c) Media sells sensationalism d) Anomie emphasizes the strain between goals and means e) Political parties are themselves deviant

c) Media sells sensationalism

27. ________ is the ability to realize one's will even against the resistance and opposition of others. a) Prestige b) Influence c) Power d) Charisma e) Authority

c) Power

______________ is a scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity, although may involve a violation of a norm. a) Range of motion b) Verstehen c) Range of tolerance d) Sensationalism e) Self- efficacy

c) Range of tolerance

23. _____ refers to biological distinction between females and males, while _____refers to the socially constructed understanding of what constitutes masculinity and femininity. a) Achieved; ascribed b) Gender; sex c) Sex; gender d) Manifest; latent e) Transgender; cisgender

c) Sex; gender

29. Emile Durkheim is most closely associated with the ___________ theoretical perspective of sociology and Max Weber is most closely associated with the ___________ theoretical perspective of sociology. a) Symbolic Interactionism; Feminism b) Conflict; Structural Functionalism c) Structural Functionalist; Symbolic Interactionism d) Theological; Conflict e) Feminism; Symbolic Interactionism

c) Structural Functionalist; Symbolic Interactionism

53. _______ created a "smart card" that provides medical records, prescription information, bill for the service and provide payment resulting in substantially reduced administrative costs. a) Mexico b) USA c) Taiwan d) Great Britain e) Canada

c) Taiwan

48. In class lecture, your instructor stated that one of the following questions is a "better" question because is unbiased. That question is: a) Why is it important to study sociology? b) When is it necessary to apply sociological theory to the understanding of social groups? c) Why study sociology? d) Why use a sociological imagination? e) How do sociology and psychology intersect in the explanation of individual behavior?

c) Why study sociology?

In the 1960s, Harvard professor, Timothy Leary, famously advised everyone to "turn on, tune in, and drop out," and, although he insisted that it meant more, most people assumed he was telling them to "get stoned and abandon all constructive activity." How would Robert Merton's structural strain theory classify someone who took this advice? a) as a member of a counterculture b) as a conformist c) as a retreatist d) as an innovator e) as a rebel

c) as a retreatist

35. The __________ defines diseases objectively, in accordance with the presence of recognized symptoms, and holds that the health body can be restored through scientifically based medical treatment. a) alternative therapy model of health b) complementary model of health c) biomedical model of health d) strong social constructionist view of health care e) pharmaceutical model of health

c) biomedical model of health

Sociologist, Devah Pager, showed the long-term consequences of prison on the lives of felons. Working with identical pairs of applicants in terms of education, job experience, interpersonal style, each applicant applied for the same job. The pairs were racially different, one white, one black. On some of the applications, both the white and black applicant checked the box indicating a criminal record. One of the results was: a) educational prestige was of most importance to the employer. b) work history prior to incarceration was most important for black applicants c) blacks with no criminal history fared no better than did whites with a felony conviction. d) whites with criminal records received no job offers.

c) blacks with no criminal history fared no better than did whites with a felony conviction.

55. Anthony and Penny have recently arrived in China to begin a one-year internship at a university. They are both expressing feelings of confusion and disorientation. They could be experiencing _____________ a) cultural idealism b) counterculture c) culture shock d) culture lag e) cultural relativism

c) culture shock

25. In completing an assignment for his sociology class, Alex inferred that the social customs of the indigenous populations of Africa and Asia were inferior to the cultural values of his own society. Alex is exhibiting a/an _____________________ point of view. a) anthropomorphic b) symbolism c) ethnocentric d) culturally relativistic e) Afrocentric

c) ethnocentric

48. The legal-rational form of authority is based on __________________________________. a) habit and custom b) unique personal qualities of an individual c) explicit rules, regulations, and procedures d) possession of specialized knowledge e) prestige of the individual

c) explicit rules, regulations, and procedures

26. Research ethics requires sociologists to disclose their identity as researchers to obtain ________________ from subjects by making their participation voluntary and based on a full understanding of possible risks and benefits that we will not reveal the true identities of subjects. a) conflicts of interest b) creative license c) informed consent d) theoretical traditions e) competence

c) informed consent

12. A/An ________ group is any organization which attempts to influence elected officials to consider its aims when deciding on legislation. a) charismatic b) corporate capitalistic c) interest/lobbyist d) expertise e) transnational

c) interest/lobbyist

36. Prejudice operates mainly through the use of stereotyping. Stereotype(s) is/are ______________. a) a reward system for the dominant group in order to continue the social stratification of minority groups b) humorous attempts to level the playing field between the dominant group and minorities. c) oversimplified ideas about a group or a social category; generalization or assumptions about the characteristics of a group or an individual d) an ethnic or racial slur intended to display the "less than" characteristics of a minority group. e) the disenfranchisement of individuals or groups based on the media construed images of members of those groups

c) oversimplified ideas about a group or a social category; generalization or assumptions about the characteristics of a group or an individual

31. In scientific research, _______ refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results and ________ refers to the degree to which a measure of scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study. a) validity; reliability b) variable; sample c) reliability; validity d) predictability; measurability e) quantitative; qualitative

c) reliability; validity

Considered a process whereby societies have structural continuity over time is called ___________. It is considered an important pathway through which _______ transmit or produce values or norms. a) social constraint; schools b) social status; religions c) social reproduction; families d) social stratification; societies e) sociobiology; sexual awareness

c) social reproduction; families

Secondary deviance marks the start of what Erving Goffman called a deviant career, which results in the acquisition of a ____________. a) social bond b) non-conformity label c) stigma d) norm e) status

c) stigma

44. In describing the iron law of oligarchy, Michels argued that: a) this process can alter direct and indirect connections that link a person or a group with other people or groups b) no members of an organization matter; nor do they own the material resources with which they work c) the flow of power toward the top is simply an inevitable part of an increasingly bureaucratized world and refers to the loss of power felt by many in large-scale organizations. d) human resource management is a style wherein the organization fosters the idea that a company's work forces is vital to tis economic effectiveness.

c) the flow of power toward the top is simply an inevitable part of an increasingly bureaucratized world and refers to the loss of power felt by many in large-scale organizations.

6. British sociologist, Harriet Martineau, compared ____________________________while American sociologist, ____________, was concerned with issues of poverty and homelessness in Chicago, founding the Hull House. a) symbolism and functionalism; George Herbert Mead b) social standings of wealthy industrialist and those of royalty; Charles Cooley c) the positions of women to that of American slaves in society; Jane Addams d) issues of women's rights and sought relief for problems of population, health and birth control; Margaret Sanger e) 1st women's movement goals to those of 2nd women's movement activities; Gloria Steinem

c) the positions of women to that of American slaves in society; Jane Addams

45. A random sample is a one in which every member of an entire population being studied has _________. a) been selected from a larger population b) shown to be a carefully formulated statement that can be either verified or discarded c) the same chance of being selected d) mixed up measures and scales e) at least four independent variables

c) the same chance of being selected

16. Sexual Orientation (Sexual Identity) refers to ______________________________________________. a) the social and cultural expectations associated with a person's sex b) an umbrella term for someone whose self-identity challenges traditional societal definitions of female and male c) the sex of the people an individual tends to be emotionally, physically and sexually attracted to d) socially constructed views of femininity and masculinity e) individuals who identify as transgendered.

c) the sex of the people an individual tends to be emotionally, physically and sexually attracted to

9. The ____________ is a systematic, organized series of steps that ensure maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem or concept. a) hypothesis b) scientific method c) theological method d) reliable method e) quantitative method

c) theological method

46. The four forms of authority are ____________, ____________, _____________ and ______________. a) religion, education, politics and anomie b) redemptive, alternative, revolutionary and reformist c) traditional, legal/rational, charismatic and expertise d) monarchy, totalitarian, republic and theocracy e) influence, prestige, coercion and power

c) traditional, legal/rational, charismatic and expertise

38. One of the remaining puzzles for sociologists studying gender and sexuality is to: a) examine the intersectionality of race, age, class and sex. b) create new meanings for the changing realization of gender fluidity. c) understand which things change, why equalizing changes sometimes reverse and why somethings are so resistant to change. d) acknowledge the change from a sexual dimorphic view of human sexuality to a more integrated view.

c) understand which things change, why equalizing changes sometimes reverse and why somethings are so resistant to change.

37. Scientific racism is defined as: a) the ongoing process of self-development and definition or our personal identity to formulate a unique sense of self. b) an approach to the study of urban life based on an analogy of plants and organisms to the physical environment. c) use of research or data to justify beliefs about the superiority/inferiority of particular racial group; wherein much of the data is biased or flawed. d) the process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories.

c) use of research or data to justify beliefs about the superiority/inferiority of particular racial group; wherein much of the data is biased or flawed.

5. Rape culture, a social context where attitudes and norms perpetuate the treatment of women as sexual objects and instill in men sense of sexual entitlement, is one explanation for the continuing rise in ________________. a) gender inequality b) feminization of poverty c) violence against women d) transgenderism e) lack of political power by women

c) violence against women

In Stage ___ of the Demographic Transition Theory, families often had 12-13 children because there was little economic cost in raising them, children were considered to be an economic boost, and less than ½ of them would live to adulthood. During this stage there are ____ birth rates and ____ death rates. a) 3 (three); high; high b) 1(one); lower; declining c) 4 (four); lower; high d) 1(one); high; high e) 2 (two); high; low

d) 1(one); high; high

65. A _____ perspective of education points out that although mass education is emphasized, and has the potential to promote equality in both capitalist and socialist societies, the institution of education actually promotes and perpetuates inequality. a) Feminist b) Symbolic Interactionist c) Cultural Transmission d) Conflict e) Structural Functionalism

d) Conflict

14. ______________ is concerned with preserving the integrity of the physical environment in the face of the impact of modern industry and technology. a) Environmental racism b) Demographic transition c) Power/coercion d) Environmental ecology e) Population density

d) Environmental ecology

1. "Sick Around the World", a PBS documentary, explains how five, wealthy, democratic nations provide health care for all their citizens in a format that addresses the issues of health disparities. The nations covered in the documentary are: a) Switzerland, Sweden, South Korea, Germany, Canada and USA b) Great Britain, Canada, Austria, Japan, Switzerland and China c) Japan, China, Austria, Canada and Great Britain d) Great Britain, Japan, Germany, Taiwan and Switzerland e) USA, Canada, Germany, Japan and Switzerland

d) Great Britain, Japan, Germany, Taiwan and Switzerland

_____societies follow migrating herds, use seasonal plants as food/medicine and live in groups of 25-50. a) Humanists b) Agriculturalists c) Creationists d) Hunter-gatherers e) Pastoralists

d) Hunter-gatherers

69. _________is racism expressed by individuals or small groups of people. It is an indication of bigotry or prejudice against those deemed "racially" inferior and may take such forms as espousing stereotypes based on alleged racial differences, using racial slurs and engaging in discriminatory treatment, harassment, and even threats or acts of violence. a) Discriminatory racism b) Institutional racism c) Environmental racism d) Individual racism e) Elite racism

d) Individual racism

24. ____________ is/are the cornerstone of all known human societies. a) Sociology b) Social Sciences c) Institutions d) Language e) Media

d) Language

28. _______ functions of education include: preschool and kindergarten are the largest day care facilities in the country; middle and high schools reinforce norms related to adolescence; college and university campuses also service as large dating and marriage markets. a) Conciliatory b) Achieved c) Ascribed d) Latent e) Manifest

d) Latent

The ______ class includes the largest percentage of the nation's population (per 2008 figures) and the income level ranges from $30-$75K. This group is also considered overworked and overspent. a) Upper class b) Working poor c) Undetermined d) Lower middle class e) Upper, upper class

d) Lower middle class

34. The definition of power used in class lecture is credited to sociologist, _________________. a) Karl Marx b) Charles Cooley c) Emile Durkheim d) Max Weber e) Robert Merton

d) Max Weber

Social classes are: a) closed systems, with little or no movement between categories. b) based on religious doctrine. c) randomized listings of individuals/groups/categories of individuals, usually based on ascribed statuses. d) fluid, partially achieved, economically based, large scale and impersonal. e) systems of inequality and differential access to means of education.

d) fluid, partially achieved, economically based, large scale and impersonal.

38. One of __________'s contributions to sociology was the introduction of a process by which an outside observer of a culture relates to an indigenous population on _______________________. This process is called________. a) Karl Marx; the norms and values of surrounding cultures and communities; anomie b) Emile Durkheim; the observer's own cultural values and beliefs; functions c) Jane Addams; global consensus of societal and cultural values; imperialism d) Max Weber; that population's own terms rather than interpreting that population by the observer's own culture; verstehen e) Charles Cooley; media based images of current cultural values; homogenization of the news

d) Max Weber; that population's own terms rather than interpreting that population by the observer's own culture; verstehen

68. A college instructor was lecturing in class about how different groups in a society are affected by social stratification, and, in this incident, how race and sex were used to determine where an individual within a group would have as a starting point in the race for "society goals". When the instructor pointed to the furthest possible starting point from the finish line, one student in the class whispered to another student, "Muslim terrorist" and then laughed. How would you determine the actions of the first student? a) NPND b) PND c) NPD d) PD

d) PD

66. What is a health disparity? a) how health insurance companies dictate health outcomes for certain portions of the population. b) conflict view of health coverage. c) Differences between health coverage in High Income, Medium Income and Low Income nations. d) Refers to a higher burden of illness, injury, disability or mortality experienced by one population group relative to another group. e) Long-term effects of chronic stress and under-employment.

d) Refers to a higher burden of illness, injury, disability or mortality experienced by one population group relative to another group.

42. The underlying assumptions of ______________are: religion is irrational, people who believe are irrational and as the world becomes more rational, guided by scientific knowledge rather than superstition, religion is destined to disappear. a) Conflict theory b) Strong Social Constructionism theory c) Labeling theory d) Secularization theory e) Differential Association theory

d) Secularization theory

__________ is a ranking process which not only reflects social differences but also creates and maintains those differences by socializing individuals/groups into a structure of inequality. a) Social differentiation b) Structural functionalism c) Symbolic interactionism d) Social stratification e) Socialization

d) Social stratification

16. The first college level course in Sociology was taught at __________________. a) East Carolina University b) Stanford University c) Oberlin University d) The University of Chicago e) Yale University

d) The University of Chicago

A hate crime is defined as: a) a criminal act by a officer of a corporation, aimed at personal gain. b) a criminal act by an actor of the state in an attempt to cover up other illegal activity. c) a criminal act by groups in society considered deviant because of perceived group membership. d) a criminal act by an offender who is motivated by some bias, such as racism, sexism or homophobia

d) a criminal act by an offender who is motivated by some bias, such as racism, sexism or homophobia

56. Sociologist Arnold Rose, a structural functionalist, theorized that while racial prejudice and discrimination may serve the interests of the dominate group, he recognized four dysfunctions associate with racism. One of those dysfunctions is: a) hate groups flourish b) dominant groups continue to use social stratification as a means of power over other groups. c) communication between political groups become filled with prejudice and discrimination d) a society that practices discrimination fails to use the resources of all individuals, limiting the search for talent to the dominant group e) housing values and loss of mobility derail the upward mobility of minority groups

d) a society that practices discrimination fails to use the resources of all individuals, limiting the search for talent to the dominant group

In Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Theory, there are lower birth rates. This is due to: a) increased mobilization b) better access to contraception c) mechanical solidarity d) all but c e) an increase in the status and education of women

d) all but c

6. An individual whose internal sense of self matches their biological self is identified as ________________. a) transgender b) feminist c) social controlled d) cisgender e) bisexual

d) cisgender

62. Sociologist, Max Weber, placed a great deal of emphasis on the importance of leadership in democracy, which is why his view is referred to as __________, wherein that rule by elites is inevitable and the best we can hope for is that those elites effectively, represent our interests and that they do so in an innovative and insightful fashion. a) Marxist elite b) conflict elitism c) interactionism d) democratic elite e) power elite

d) democratic elite

50. Emile Durkheim provided important contributions to the study of suicide. Two of those contributions were: a) an understanding of suicide as a long term social problem and that social bonds are determined by social capital. b) personal acts of suicide reside outside social and cultural normative behavior and require substantial intervention from social structures. c) biological determinism and socially defined characteristics of self d) demonstrated that suicide, considered a private act, can be explained as from a sociological viewpoint and linked suicide to social integration.

d) demonstrated that suicide, considered a private act, can be explained as from a sociological viewpoint and linked suicide to social integration.

70. Four important factors related to environmental inequality are: a) gender; sex; SES; and, physical ablebodiedness. b) megacities; isolation; depressed land values; and, lack of political ties. c) chronic poverty; lack of mobility; SES; and, sexual orientation d) depressed land values which are redlined by banks; lack of mobility; lack of political/economical access; and, the promise of jobs.

d) depressed land values which are redlined by banks; lack of mobility; lack of political/economical access; and, the promise of jobs.

20. Identify the independent variable in the following: does exposure to TV violence increase aggression in children? a) graduation rates b) aggression in children c) drop-out rates d) exposure to TV violence e) music videos and song lyrics

d) exposure to TV violence

13. The Dorothy and W.I. Thomas Theorem states: a) a setting or scene of performance that helps establish the definition of the situation. b) the transmission of knowledge to new members, rights, obligations and responsibilities and expectations of appropriate behavior of functional for all societies c) a pattern of exchange in which both individuals and groups strive to achieve a shared goal. d) if a situation is defined as real, the consequences are of that definition are quite real, whether the definition is accurate or not. e) life in groups helps to regulate and give meaning to individual experience, contribution to social cohesion and stability.

d) if a situation is defined as real, the consequences are of that definition are quite real, whether the definition is accurate or not.

39. The following statement is an example of ___________: If I do the same task as a woman, and if the measurement is at all subjective, chances are people will think I did a better job. a) white privilege b) economic privilege c) gender privilege d) male privilege e) ethnic privilege

d) male privilege

10. According to Emile Durkheim, _______ solidarity can be found in simple rural societies based on tradition and unity and _______ solidarity can be found in urban societies and was based more on a complex division of labor and formal organizations. a) biological and socially constructed. b) real and imagined. c) anomie and social structural d) mechanical and organic. e) positive and negative.

d) mechanical and organic.

46. According to Emile Durkheim there are two forms of social solidarity. They are: a) biological and socially constructed. b) real and imagined. c) anomie and social structural d) mechanical and organic. e) positive and negative.

d) mechanical and organic.

Media tend to _________________________________: the stereotype it is reinforcing is that most criminals are from lower socioeconomic classes and most are minorities, that they are all violent and that controlling them costs taxpayers huge amounts of money. a) provide the means of differential association b) lose interest in a story, leaving details unreported c) over emphasis state and corporate crime d) reinforce stereotypes about deviance and conformity - and deviance and criminality e) expand market shares by creating bias

d) reinforce stereotypes about deviance and conformity - and deviance and criminality

47. The ___________ view of religion posits that competition among religious groups and the challenges of secularization force religions to work harder to win followers, thereby strengthening the various group and countering any trend toward secularization. a) anomie b) one-dimensional c) verstehen d) religious economy e) exploitation theory

d) religious economy

54. Gerontology is _____________________________________________. a) the scientific and systematic study of human behavior, society and social groups b) an uncharacteristic response by other groups in society to the burden placed on them by the elderly c) the graying of the globe d) the scientific study of aging and the elderly e) the creative view of the elderly as seen through the lenses of modern media outlets

d) the scientific study of aging and the elderly

37. During the Age of Enlightenment (Age of Reason), western European culture shifted from a ___________ basis of thought to a ______ one. The center of knowledge and learning changed from the _______ to the _______. a) monotheistic/pagan; country/city b) scientific/post-scientific; church/university c) creationism/monotheism; university/government d) theological/scientific; church/university e) pagan/scientific; rural/urban

d) theological/scientific; church/university

15. Comte penned Positive Philosophy which was the first systematic sociological approach to the study of society. He emphasized "Positivism" which included the concepts of: ________________ a) positions of women and that of American slaves. b) survival rates of immigrant women and children c) observation of indigenous populations through personal, cultural lenses. d) use of observation, comparisons, experimentation and looking at history to analyze society. e) conflict among social classes and the rise of capitalism.

d) use of observation, comparisons, experimentation and looking at history to analyze society.

7. Why do sociologists study environmental problems? a) The sociological perspective focuses on how social institutions and cultural practices influence behavior rather than attributing behavior to the characteristics of the individual. b) Sociologists recognize the essentially social nature of environmental issues. c) Sociologists analyze the social causes and consequences of technological choices. d) Sociologists analyze the consequences of policy decisions and economic production process affecting resource scarcity and environmental degradation. e) All of the above.

e) All of the above.

41. ________ is a form of legitimate power that has widespread social approval and is obeyed because people believe that those who exercise it have a right to do so. a) Prestige b) Influence c) Government d) Power e) Authority

e) Authority

33. ____________ is/are a form of influence where information is withheld or altered, and includes the concepts off _________ and ___________. a) Interest groups/lobbyists; legislative aims, congressional misrepresentation b) Prestige; misinformation, disinformation c) Authority; social change, disinformation d) Peace movements; activism, social change e) Censorship; disinformation, misinformation

e) Censorship; disinformation, misinformation

23. __________ is a process whereby individuals ignore each other to an appropriate degree although noticing that the other is present. a) Self-presentation b) Social status c) Looking glass self d) Discrete inquiries e) Civil inattention

e) Civil inattention

It was posited for hundreds of years that ________ was the cause of deviant behavior, laying blame on evil spirits or the devil. a) Catholicism b) Paganism c) Christianity d) Zoroastrianism e) Demonology

e) Demonology

59. In education, __________includes the transference of the values of the dominant group acts as a form of social control by promoting conformity and obedience to authority, and passive consumption of the existing social structure ( a continuation of the status quo). a) Nationalism b) Pygmalion Effect c) Structural Functionalism d) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy e) Hidden Curriculum

e) Hidden Curriculum

11. ________ racism has been defined as those established laws, customs, and practices which systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society. If racist consequences accrue to institutional laws, customs or practices, the institution is racist whether or not the individuals maintaining those practices have racial intentions. a) Environmental b) Reverse c) Individual d) Contributory e) Institutional

e) Institutional

27. W.E.B. Dubois founded the _______and was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. a) Hull House b) fore-runner of Planned Parenthood c) dramaturgy d) United Nations e) NAACP

e) NAACP

53. A _____________ view of health care is that good health and effective medical care are essential for the smooth functioning of society. Patients must be willing to perform the "sick role" in order to be perceived as legitimately ill and to be exempt from their normal obligations. a) Conflict theory b) Dependency theory c) Symbolic Interactionism d) Creationist e) Structural Functionalism

e) Structural Functionalism

21. ______________ is the idea that economic growth should proceed only insofar as natural resources are recycled rather than depleted; biodiversity is maintained; and clear air, water and land are protected. a) Climate change b) Deforestation c) Doubling time d) Over population e) Sustainable development

e) Sustainable development

29. _____________ is the theoretical perspective that examines how individuals and groups interact, focusing on the creation of personal identity through day-to-day interaction with others. a) Differential Association Theory b) Feminism c) Conflict d) Demography e) Symbolic Interactionism

e) Symbolic Interactionism

_____________ is the theoretical perspective that examines how individuals and groups interact, focusing on the creation of personal identity through day-to-day interaction with others. a) Differential Association Theory b) Feminism c) Conflict d) Structural functionalism e) Symbolic Interactionism

e) Symbolic Interactionism

67. "Health and illness for the individual are social constructions: physical and mental conditions have little or no objective reality but instead are considered healthy or ill only if they are defined as such by a society", is a statement that reflects the ______ views of healthcare. a) Global stratification b) Conflict Theory c) World Systems Theory d) Feminist e) Symbolic interactionism

e) Symbolic interactionism

56. _____ leaders are especially effective in motivating the members of their groups or organizations, inspiring them to achievements that might not ordinarily be achieved. a) Multi-national b) Ethnocentric c) Transactional d) Bureaucratic e) Transformational

e) Transformational

58. ________ feminists tend to seek solution through changes in legislation that ensure that the rights of individuals are protected while _____ feminists seek change by eliminating patriarchy. a) Radical; liberal b) Womanist; 3rd wave c) Liberal cisgender d) Gender; biosocial e) Transnational; 2nd wave

e) Transnational; 2nd wave

The _______ class is made up of approximately 1% of the nation's population but this group wields disproportionate power in business, politics and religious organizations. a) Lower Middle Class b) Upper Class c) Working Class d) Urban/Rural class e) Upper, Upper Class (Elite)

e) Upper, Upper Class (Elite)

_________ crime focuses on criminal activities carried out by those in professional jobs. a) State b) Street c) Gang d) Traditional e) White-collar

e) White-collar

32. Symbolic Interactionists view gender inequality as______________________________. a) a traditional division of labor where males have had more access to resources and privileges b) the means to give women only a small part of leading roles in Hollywood c) the basis for educational attainment d) creative and functional differences from one generation to the next e) a learned process of socialization where gender inequalities are reproduced through daily interactions with family, peers, schools and the media

e) a learned process of socialization where gender inequalities are reproduced through daily interactions with family, peers, schools and the media

In the medical model, deviance is seen as ___________________________________. a) temporary and treatable by individual endeavor b) represented in all manner of psychiatric treatments c) accorded special placement within the pharmaceutical industries d) intended to provide health care professionals with tools to assist the "nuts and sluts" in society e) analogous to illness and uses terminology typically associated with disease

e) analogous to illness and uses terminology typically associated with disease

36. The social imperative states: a) the internet fosters the creation of new relationships often without the emotional and social baggage or constraints that go along with face-to-face encounters. b) the system found in small traditional cultures by which people belonging to a similar age group are categorized together and old similar rights and obligations. c) video games have become a key and integral part of the culture and experience of childhood today. d) that participant observation is a method of research widely used in sociology and anthropology in which the researcher takes part in the activities of the group or community being studied. e) as humans, our very survival depends on developing social bonds that result in a common culture and the creation of societies.

e) as humans, our very survival depends on developing social bonds that result in a common culture and the creation of societies.

Cesare Lombroso posited that much criminality was the result of _________, which is a package of genetic traits that distinguished violent and habitual criminals from the normal population. a) phrenology b) fanaticism c) anomie d) deviance e) atavism

e) atavism

52. The concept of sociological imagination involves the intersection of________, _________ and ________; and, was coined by _________. a) norms; roles; statuses; C. Wright Mills b) micro analysis; macro analysis; intermediate analysis; W.E.B. Dubois c) wealth; power; prestige; Karl Marx d) culture; society; language; Emile Durkheim e) biography; history; the times in which we live; C. Wright mills

e) biography; history; the times in which we live; C. Wright mills

5. Karl Marx, a proponent of ____________ perspective of sociology, was concerned with the ongoing struggle between classes and, in particular, the effects of social class exploitation and the resulting differential access to wealth, power and prestige. a) feminism b) multi-culturalism c) structural functionalist d) symbolic interactionism e) conflict

e) conflict

20. One symbolic interactionist perspective on race/racism is __________________. It states that interracial contact between people of equal status who are engaged in a cooperative task will become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes. a) discrimination b) about embodied status c) dominant groups d) exploitation theory e) contact hypothesis

e) contact hypothesis

1. Health care disparity is defined as: a) first, second and third tier drugs for the treatment of non-contagious diseases. b) the Affordable Health Care Act. c) the addition of chiropractic, acupuncture, magnetic energy and Reiki treatments. d) creation of theoretical paradigms of universal/all covered mental/physical programs. e) differences between groups in health coverage, access to care and quality of care.

e) differences between groups in health coverage, access to care and quality of care.

43. Three of the main methods used in sociological research are: a) validity, reliability and random samples. b) second hand research, observation and duality methods. c) creationism, biological determinism and sociological impact. d) dependent variables, independent variables and mass immigration. e) ethnography, surveys and experiments.

e) ethnography, surveys and experiments.

2. Cultural relativism is defined as: a) consideration of newly emerging economies b) a social imperative. c) non-discriminating view of global societies. d) the belief that European culture is superior to all other societies and cultural standards. e) evaluation a culture according to its own standards.

e) evaluation a culture according to its own standards.

4. Conflict Theory is a sociological perspective which: a) explains social institutions and their place within society; emphasizing the interdependence of its parts with a tendency toward equilibrium. b) forms a pattern of interaction where groups, individuals and societies work together to achieve shared goals. c) is both a movement and an ideology for equality of women and men in political, social and economic spheres. d) refers to the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. e) focuses on social class exploitation between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat with emphasis on unequal distribution of wealth and differential access to the means to achieve wealth, power and prestige.

e) focuses on social class exploitation between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat with emphasis on unequal distribution of wealth and differential access to the means to achieve wealth, power and prestige.

Conflict Theory is a sociological perspective which: a) explains social institutions and their place within society; emphasizing the interdependence of its parts with a tendency toward equilibrium. b) forms a pattern of interaction where groups, individuals and societies work together to achieve shared goals. c) is both a movement and an ideology for equality of women and men in political, social and economic spheres. d) refers to the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. e) focuses on social class exploitation between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat with emphasis on unequal distribution of wealth and differential access to the means to achieve wealth, power and prestige.

e) focuses on social class exploitation between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat with emphasis on unequal distribution of wealth and differential access to the means to achieve wealth, power and prestige.

Functionalists posit that deviance can create positive social change. Two ways in which this can occur are: a) to create chaos and instability in societies and lead to innovation and social change b) to allow for adaptive modeling and reinforce sexual and gender norms c) to dismiss concerns over role modeling and taboos, and lead to innovation d) to act as a safety valve relieving pressure thus preventing more serious deviance and plan more meetings e) lead to innovation and social change and reaffirm norms if deviant acts are punished.

e) lead to innovation and social change and reaffirm norms if deviant acts are punished.

Labeling theory, a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance, posits that deviance and conformity result _________. a) in the acquisition of a deviant label b) in differential association among peer groups c) in the interweaving and interlocking of personal identities d) in an extension of cultural values from one society to another e) not from what people do but from how others respond to those actions.

e) not from what people do but from how others respond to those actions.

17. Prejudice is defined as ___________________ and is considered a/an _________________. a) unequal treatment of people because of their group membership; from of stereotype b) Racism; form of sexism c) Two turtle doves; a partridge in a pear tree d) Ageism; discrimination e) preconceived notions about a category of people; attitude

e) preconceived notions about a category of people; attitude

4. According to Wallerstein, production in Core nations relies more on machinery than on human labor and that human labor is ______________________________. These nations tend to be ________, yet most of the people who live in them are not. a) semiskilled and paid intermediate levels of wages; relatively poor b) highly skilled; steeped in poverty c) undervalued; wealthy d) cheap and unskilled; middle class e) relatively skilled and highly paid; wealthy

e) relatively skilled and highly paid; wealthy

Symbolic Interactionists' view of deviance is considered ______ and _______ with the focus on the ______. a) absolute; objective; act b) relative; precise; audience c) ethnocentric; culturally relative; social group d) criminally defined; nominally sanctioned; media e) relativistic; subjective; actor

e) relativistic; subjective; actor

49. George Herbert Mead, a ____________, studied very small forms of communication such as smiles, frowns, nods, hand signals a) feminist b) conflict theorist c) structural functionalist d) positivist e) symbolic interactionist

e) symbolic interactionist

60. Assimilation is: a) the viewpoint according to which ethnic groups can exist separately and share equally in economic and political life. b) normlessness. c) the tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture and thereby misrepresent them. d) the practice of judging a society by its own standards. e) the acceptance of a minority groups by a majority population, in which the newgroup takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture.

e) the acceptance of a minority groups by a majority population, in which the newgroup takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture.

42. In considering the idea of divorce in a society, examining the effects on individuals and families, understanding how and why divorce rates have increased or decreased, and understanding the social and cultural history of divorce and marriage, one method to do so sociologically would be ___________. a) anomie b) verstehen c) the null hypothesis d) qualitative research methods e) the sociological imagination

e) the sociological imagination

43. Sociologists use the term ________ to refer to all of the formal political institutions of any society. In the United States these include the three branches of government, _________, _________ and ________; along with the _____________ that support the work of each branch. a) social capital; executive; legislative; judicial; army b) Constitutional; executive; legislative; judicial; tribal partners c) culture; Democrat; Republican; Unaffiliated; bureaucracies d) institution; constitutional; amended; judicial; secretarial pool e) the state; executive; legislative; judicial; bureaucracies

e) the state; executive; legislative; judicial; bureaucracies

17. A _________ leader is one who can install in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose. a) transnational b) short-purpose c) transactional d) long-term e) transformational

e) transformational

7. As the industrial revolution spread from Western Europe to the United States, three processes were set in place. They are ____________, _______________ and ____________________. a) overturning of the Comstock Laws, suffrage for women was achieved and prohibition became law b) sociology, psychology and anthropology c) theocracy, democracy and imperialism d) traditional religious views, secular views and loss of social interaction e) urbanization, industrialization and mass immigration

e) urbanization, industrialization and mass immigration

Deviance is defined sociologically as _______________________. a) adherence to cultural norms b) mores, folkways and laws c) both prescriptive and proscriptive norms d) range of tolerance e) violation of cultural norms

e) violation of cultural norms

9. Peggy McIntosh, in writing about ________________, wrote "it is like an invisible, weightless knapsack of special weightless provisions, maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes tools and blank checks. a) sexism b) male privilege c) masturbation d) feminism e) white privilege

e) white privilege