sociology final exam review part 2

what tactics have been used to weaken unions in the us

arresting and jailing the union workers and charged with conspiracy because unions were illegal through much of history

describe what it meant by medicalization using obesity as an example

It is the processing where some issues that used to be seen as personal problems are redefined as medical issues. obesity, often seen as a failure of willpower, can now be treated with surgery and drugs. the fact that the person "eats too much" is now the fault of the disease

what is a food desert and how does it exemplify the point that health and illnesses are socially constructed

a community in which the residents have little or no access to fresh, affordable, healthy foods, usually located in the densely populated, urban areas. You need healthy foods to control your diabetes. But you must be able to find healthy foods close at affordable prices in order to do so, and you are more likely to do that in some neighborhoods than others, which you may be more likely to live in depending on your gender, race, and socioeconomic status

in what way in the family responsible for the reproduction of society

by adopting or having children to become a family, repopulation

according to the conflict theory, how does the nuclear family contribute to oppression

by producing and raising children to function efficient in a capitalist economy, conflict theorists believe that anything capitalist is bad

what forms does collective behavior generally take

crowds may seem disorderly from the outside, collective behavior suggest that such occurrences are often organized and do maintain a certain amount of order (crowds, mobs)

what are the four stages of a social movement

emergence, coalescence, bureaucratization, decline

almost all of the work done within the family is either instrumental or expressive. briefly describe the differences between these types of tasks

instrumental roles: the position of the family member who proves material support; often an authority figure expressive roles: the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nuturing

what is ecotourism and what are the arguments for and against it

it is characterized by the efforts of tourists and the travel industry to lessen the negative consequences of tourism on the environment as well as local cultures. the arguments against ecotourism are that it is merely consumerism with a green wrapping, and the eco part of the label is a marketing technique to make tourists feel less guilty about traveling to places where they can't help but make a negative impact. the arguments for ecotourism are that if it's effectively managed it can make a positive contribution to both the environment and local communities

how has the media always been an instrument of the state as well as a tool for social change

it is viewed as a fourth branch of government and thus serves as another of the check and balances on power. the media reports what is happening in the world and what they consider interesting

young men ages 15-24 are 4-5 more likely than young women to die from car accidents, homicides, and drowning. explain this statistic in forms of gender socialization

men are expected to be more reckless and driver faster, be wilder. if they don't they seem girly and weak

discuss the ways that the social meaning of the causes of mental illness has changed considerably over time

over history and in different societies, theories of the causes of mental illness have varied widely. In the 14th century london the hospital was a kind of prison for people with mental illness. Based on the theory that mental illness was a moral failing caused by demonic possession or individual weakness, the "treatment" was removal from society. In colonial america, the theory was that mental illness was caused by the astrological position of the moon at the time of the individual's birth. In the 1930s, the cause was believed to be a particular spot of the brain, and removed would cure the mental illness. We now know mental illnesses are caused by problems with brain chemistry and proper treatment involves medications that restore the chemistry to its healthy balance

when we take care of a person at the end of his or her life, consider his or her quality of life, and ensure his or her comfort and safety, what approach to medicine are we using

palliative care. We are focusing on the patient's symptoms and pain relief and on providing a supportive and nurturing environment to those suffering

interactionists theory argues that people learn their gender identities from everyday social interactions and that the family is the primary source of gender role socialization. explain some of the ways parents and siblings can teach children gender roles

parents and siblings teach gender roles in many ways. parents give girls chores inside such as cleaning the house, cooking, washing dishes, and doing laundry. while boys are given chores such as raking leaves, mowing the yard, and working on cars. older sisters teach gender roles by putting their little sisters in dresses and encouraging them to do the same activities they did and older brothers encourage their little brothers in their ways

people with higher socioeconomic status can expect to live longer lives and have greater physical well-being than those in lower socioeconomic status groups. what factors contribute to these unequal health outcomes

people of higher socioeconomic status not only can afford more and better health care services but also may have greater access to other resources that positively influence their health

in 1967 the Supreme Court declared that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional in Virginia. what did such laws prohibit and why was it prohibited

prohibited interracial marriages, cohabitation, or sexual interactions. this was because of segregation and racisim

according to Jonathan kazoo, how do public schools reinforce inequality

schools are funded by local property tax, children in poor neighborhoods are trapped in poor schools

discuss how inequalities between the haves and have nots affect health outcomes

socioeconomic status impacts people's ability to access better health care, tests, medications, and also afford better nutrition. Higher socioeconomic individuals often live longer and feel better than lower socioeconomic individuals

the poor or working class has considerably more leisure time than the wealthy do. discuss several reasons why this may occur

the rich are working longer hours than the poor because they want all the money, no money is enough. for the working class, life is not typically about the money or things. it is about the time they are spending with their friends and loved ones

how do recreation and leisure activities form the basis for a subculture

these people usually have the same beliefs and participate in the same activities, they are a group of people who all participate in the same activity

why were third-wave feminists critical of the first and second waves? how was the third wave different from the previous two waves

third-wave feminists say first and second wave feminists did not continue to fight for rights after they achieved one thing. third-wave feminists are continually fighting for many issues instead of one like the first two waves

describe the role of proprinquity in forming relationships and selecting mates

this is the tendency to marry or have relationships with people in close geographic proximity, making it easier to see them and be with them

conflict theory argues that most disputes within the family are really about competition for resources. what sort of resources are being fought over? who tends to receive fewer resources? how does conflict play out within the family

time, energy, and the leisure to pursue recreational activities. women tend to receive fewer resources paid labor outside the home and unpaid labor inside the home. communicating in a positive way can help reduce conflict so that family members can reach a peaceful resolution

what are the major factors involved in forming relationships and selecting mates

we choose mates who are similar to use in class, race, ethnicity, age, religion, education, even levels of attractiveness. we normally form relationships with people in close geographic proximity

discuss a few ways in which the working class people tend to do different things with their time than wealthy elites do

wealthy elites (sports and travel): polo, tennis, sailing, traveling out of the country working class (sports and travel): hunting, fishing, bowling, and vacations within the country

how did food deserts emerge, and what is their effect on the health of nearby residents

when grocery chains began leaving urban areas for the suburbs in the 1960s and 70s as a result of perceived problems with security, profitability, real-estate, costs, and parking. Risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease for African Americans increases by half, and for the Hispanics by two-thirds

people tend to act differently in groups then they do alone. Why?

when we're in a group we have a strong tendency to conform to the norms of that group whereas by ourselves we would act the way we normally do on a daily basis.