Sociology Final

When members of minority groups lose their defining features and adopt those of the majority culture, this is termed:

Assimilation

How did race/ethnicity factor into the foreclosure crisis?

Banks were more likely to give minorities subprime loans.

The following are all factors causing prejudice discussed in your text EXCEPT:

Biological inheritance

Which of the following is an example of scapegoating?

Bob lost his job and blames immigrants in the U.S. for working for lower wages and causing him to get fired.

Genocide is an example of:

Conflict

By 1700, the __________ culture was dominant on the entire Eastern seaboard.

English

The United States has:

done better than most other countries in terms of achieving pluralism.

Segregation continues because of:

economic differences and continuing prejudice.

A race is a category of people

with shared physical traits that are given social importance

As of 2010, _____ of the United States population is African American

12.6%

Hispanic Americans make up _____ of the U.S. population.

16.3%

About what proportion of the U.S. population currently identifies themselves as multiracial?

2.9%

Between 1990 and 2010, the Hispanic population grew _____times as fast as the rest of the population.

4

Approximately what percentage of African American families is headed by an unmarried woman?

46%

On average, adult white men live ______ longer than black men

6 years

According to your text, Arab Americans constitute:

A highly educated group of people

Two groups of children are randomly labeled either "gifted" or "slow" and are treated accordingly. Although there are no real differences, the children labeled gifted perform better than those labeled slow. This is known as:

A self fulfilling prophecy

Since 1980, the Asian population in the U.S. has more than doubled. Today, Asian Americans are ________ of the U.S. population.

About 3.6%

In a recent poll of Americans, how many said they had unfavorable attitudes toward Arabs?

About 40%

Which of these strategies for ending inequality has proved to be the most contentious?

Affirmative action

Which of the following racial and ethnic groups in the United States has the highest percentage of female-headed families?

African American

Which of the following statements is true?

African American female-headed families result in poverty

Hispanic Americans are:

An ethnic group

Which of these statements about changing ethnic identities is FALSE?

An individual's ethnic and racial identities are fixed throughout his or her life

Many Jewish Americans give Christmas gifts and put up a Christmas tree. This is an example of:

Assimilation

Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination?

Colleges base the acceptance of students on standardized tests that may be culturally biased.

"Slavery ended a long time ago. If you're black and poor now, you have only yourself to blame." This statement is an example of:

Color-blind racism

When people believe that racism is no longer a problem and therefore oppose any programs designed to combat racism, this has been termed:

Color-blind racism

The type of theory most often used to explain how relations between majority and minority groups are developed and maintained is:

Conflict theory

The white racial identity is characterized by:

Considerable—if unacknowledged—privilege.

The wage gap between blacks and whites can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

Differences in willingness to work

Having low status on two different dimensions of stratification is known as:

Double jeopardy

A child of immigrants from Mexico joins a gang. This is an example of:

Downward assimilation

Your text asserts that __________ were more readily accepted by Americans and are acculturated more quickly.

Early immigrants from Cuba

If W. J. Wilson is correct about the impact of race, the status of African Americans will increasingly be linked to:

Economic status

W. J. Wilson claims that African Americans can best be helped by strategies that will help all Americans. ________ sociologists agree.

Few

Which of these statements about genocide is true?

Genocides have occurred throughout history in various places in the world.

The largest racial/ethnic minority in the U.S. today is __________ Americans

Hispanic

The fastest growing segment of the U.S. population is:

Hispanics

Compared with African Americans:

Hispanics experience less segregation and discrimination

When situations in everyday life appear to be fair but in reality reproduce racial or ethnic inequality, this is termed:

Institutionalize racism

Gypsy children in the Czech Republic score lower than others on standardized tests. Based on these scores, they are placed in schools for the mentally handicapped. Because they are in these schools, they are not able to catch up with other Czech children and remain further behind. This is an example of:

Institutionalized racism

__________ occurs when the normal operation of apparently neutral processes systematically produces unequal results for majority and minority groups.

Institutionalized racism

Which is NOT true about prejudice?

It easily gives way to facts.

Native Americans today comprise _________ of the U.S. population.

Less than 1%

Black workers earn __________ than white workers and black families are __________ likely to have two earners.

Less; less

Which of these statements accurately describes racial segregation in the United States?

Lower-income members of minority groups are more likely to live in ethnically-segregated neighborhoods than are wealthier members of the same groups.

The most poorly educated racial or ethnic group in the U.S. is:

Mexican Americans

The largest group of Hispanics in the U.S. are the:

Mexican-Americans

A __________ group is a group that is culturally, economically, and politically subordinate.

Minority

Which of these factors has contributed to the increasing number of Americans defining themselves as multiracial?

More multiracial children are being accepted by their family members of different races.

Black infants are __________ white infants to die before their first birthday

More than two times likely as

__________ are widely regarded as the most disadvantaged group in the United States

Native Americans

__________ have the highest rates of alcoholism among U.S. racial or ethnic groups.

Native Americans

__________ have the highest rates of premature death compared with other racial or ethnic groups.

Native Americans

According to the data presented in the text, the median income of white non-Hispanic families is about _________ that of Hispanic and African American families.

One and a half times

When groups exist as separate but equal cultures within a society, this is termed:

Pluralism

An irrational negative attitude held about a category of people is known as:

Prejudice

Which of the following is a true statement?

Prejudice and discrimination do not always occur together.

________ is an attitude; _________ is behavior.

Prejudice; discrimination

Which ethnic group is most likely to live in poverty?

Puerto Ricans

Which of the following is NOT a cultural characteristic that distinguishes ethnic groups?

Race

Which of the following statements is true?

Race and ethnicity are socially constructed categories.

Mindy believes that African Americans are simply not as intelligent as whites. She says that grades on things like the SAT are an example of this. She believes it is only fair that African Americans, therefore, make less money than whites. This is an example of:

Racism

The belief that inherited physical characteristics associated with racial groups determine individual abilities and are a legitimate basis for unequal treatment is called:

Racism

Which of the following could be described as being in double jeopardy?

Rose, a black woman

James, an unemployed construction worker, can't find a job. He blames cheaper immigrant labor for his unemployment, and is hostile toward anyone who appears of a different race than he is. This is an example of:

Scapegoating

Racial and ethnic hostilities are most pronounced when economic resources are __________ and majority group advantage is __________.

Scarce; threatened

The physical separation of minority and majority group members is called:

Segregation

Evidence suggests that Asian Americans are __________ to be accepted at elite universities as/than white Americans with the same credentials.

Somewhat less likely

More recent Asian immigrants to the U.S. have come predominantly from:

Southeast Asia

James Zuo is a third-generation Chinese American. Like Mark Kennedy, who is white and non-Hispanic, James is a Harvard graduate with a degree in electrical engineering and 5 years of job experience. Research shows that James is likely to earn __________ Mark.

Substantially less than

Because so many more black than white households are headed by females, some commentators have concluded that black poverty is a result of bad decision making by African American men and women. Empirical evidence:

Suggests this is simply not true

Which theory is concerned with who is classified as white?

Symbolic interactionism

What impact does Hispanic immigration have on the economic lives of the typical American?

The impact is not clear; each of the above is true according to different researchers.

According the date presented in the text, the median net worth of white non-Hispanic families is about ________ that of Hispanic and African American families.

Twenty times

Racial differences in __________ are primarily responsible for the continuing racial divide in the United States

Wealth

Whites receive often unacknowledged benefits and opportunities simply by virtue of being white. Collectively, these are referred to as:

White privilege

In the experiment conducted by Pager, Western, and Bonikowski, which of the following was true?

White testers with criminal records received the same number of callbacks for jobs as black testers with no criminal records.

How does inequality within any particular racial-ethnic group compare with the inequality between groups?

Within each different racial-ethnic group, the top 20% of the population receives about half of the income.

Chinese Americans were not allowed to become naturalized U.S. citizens until:

World War II

Stereotyping is:

a belief that people who belong to the same category share common characteristics.

It is assumed that Jewish students are clannish. Therefore, no one who is not Jewish invites any Jewish students to socialize with them. Consequently, the Jewish students socialize with one another. This is an example of:

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

When acting on the belief that a situation exists results in it becoming real, this is called:

a selffulfilling prophecy.

Prejudice is:

an irrationally based negative attitude toward categories of people.

Females in the United States could be regarded as a minority group because they:

are culturally, economically, and politically subordinate to males.

Within the U.S., Native Americans:

are disproportionately poor, despite mineral resources and casinos on tribal lands.

Asian Americans:

are more likely than white Americans to have earned a college, graduate, or professional degree.

Similar to the pattern found among Japanese and Chinese Americans, recent immigrants from Southeast Asia:

are more likely to be enrolled in school in their early 20s than whites of the same age.

About half the gap between black and white family income is due to the fact that black families:

are more likely to have a female head of household and female heads of household earn less than male heads of household.

In the United States, definitions of race have:

changed over time

A major concern affecting the Hispanic population today is:

concern about immigration on the part of many Americans

When sociologists refer to a majority group, they are referring to the:

group that is culturally, economically, and politically dominant.

The sociological concept of the social construction of race means that:

race is more of a social idea than a biological fact

Affirmative action rules:

require employers, schools, and others to actively work to decrease the effects of past discrimination.

Members of an ethnic group

share a common origin and elements of culture

The first step in a society moving toward committing genocide is:

the classifying of people into different groups.

The term "the melting pot" implies

the idea of the emergence of a new culture.

In evaluating the economic and social disadvantages of African Americans, William Julius Wilson has argued that:

the status of African Americans currently has less to do with racism than it does with the simple inheritance of social class.

Discrimination is:

the unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in categories.