Sociology final

assimilation

-a process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed with in the dominant society -to be a fully fledged member of society, minority groups must adopt as much of the dominant society's culture as possible

impression management

-a process by which people control how others perceive them -we willfully attempt to manipulate others impressions of us -the manipulation of self presentation for specific people and situations -erving goffman

class system

-a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved status can influence social mobility -more open, divisions are blurred by those who move between one to another -equilibrium, upward and downward social mobility

class consciousness

-a subjective awareness of a class's plight and the need for collective action to effect change -the perception that a class structure exists along with a feeling of shared identification with others in one's class -2 dimensions: --structure exists --class id

social stratification

-a system of structured social inequality -3 major systems -this guarantees inequality -differential reward system

positivism

-a system of thought in which scientific observation and description is considered the highest form of knowledge, as opposed to things such as religion.

authoritarian personality

-a tendency to rigidly categorize other people as well as inclinations to submit to authority, strictly conform, be very intolerant of ambiguity and be inclined toward superstition -stereotype or categorize minorities into categories

the scientific method

-a theory must be testable -used to observe behavior and test theory -techniques for investigating phenomena -research process= observation, hypothesis testing, analysis of data, drawing conclusions

taboos

-a type of norm -not all are against the law (not all are mores) -those behaviors that bring the most serious anctions -ex: necrophilia

mores

-a type of norm -strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior -criminal justice system involved when broken -often upheld through rules or laws -violation can lead to serious sanctions -explicit

folkways

-a type of norm -the general standards of behavior adhered to by a group -manners/customs -ex: how you dress, greetings, home decoration -implicit: loosely adhered to

feminist theory

-a way to wake up males and try to improve the lives of women worldwide

values

-abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles -define right from wrong -cognitive/ easier to change than a belief -general outline for behavior

innovation

-accepted social goals and reject socially approved means -ex: drug dealer

culture varies

-across time and place -as people encounter new situations, the culture that emerges is a mix of the past and the present

false consciousness

-an attitude held by the members of a class that doesn't accurately reflect its objective problem, but rather that of the dominant class -the class consciousness of subordinate classes who had internalized the view of the dominant class -having belief systems that are consistent with the interests of the ruling class

durkheim suicide

-anomic -altruistic -egoistic

intersection perspective

-argues that both class and race have separate effects as well as combined, or "intersecting" effects of racism, classism, and also sexism in the oppression of people

organic solidarity

-arises in societies when individuals play a great variety of roles -unity is based on role differentiation and the member interdependence it produces -roles are no longer necessarily similar, but are linked

mechanical solidarity

-arises when people play similar roles within the society -people share the same values and beliefs -people feel bonded by their similarity -this kind of cohesiveness is weakened by increased complexity in societies -"im like you, you're like me"

inductive reasoning

-arrives at general conclusions from specific observations -sees small observations, looks for a pattern and tries to discover the cause -data collection

hate crimes

-assaults and other malicious acts motivated by various forms of social bias, including bias based on race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or disability -increasing in recent years, especially against homos

media

-becoming a primary socialization agent -the images portrayed in this have enormous influence in people's beliefs, social values, personal relationships, and behavior

social interaction

-behavior that occurs between 2 or more people that is given meaning by them -mechanism by which people relate to each other and form social relationships - most basic building block of society

crime

-behavior that violates particular criminal laws -deviance becomes crime when institutions of society designate it as violating a law/laws

idealogy

-belief systems that support the status quo -the dominant ideas of a society are promoted by the ruling class

cycle of poverty

-capitalization requires poor people -the underlying causes of poverty lie in the economic and political structure of the us -the poor have little economic and political power to lower their numbers

the enlightenment

-characterized by the faith in the ability of human reason (science) to solve society's problems -modern science was gradually replacing traditional and religious explanations for natural phenomena

preparatory (imitation) stage

-children merely copy the behavior of those around them -role taking is nonexistent because child is mimicking without incorporating meaning

gemeinschaft

-community -characterized by a sense of "we" -strong personal ties, collective sense of loyalty to whole society -strong cohesion comes from deeply shared values and beliefs

lower class

-composed primarily of displaced and poor -members have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum wage jobs -largely composed of people of color and women

karl marx

-conflict theory -considered society to be shaped by econ forces -analyzed capitalism as a system of class relationships

role strain

-conflict with in a single role -a condition where a single role brings conflicting expectations

scapegoat theory

Adolf Hitler blaming Germany's pre-war problems on the Jewish population is an example of:

social learning theory

-considers the formation of identity to be a learned response to external social stimuli -identity is created through the interaction of mental and social worlds -young children learn the principles that shape the external world -behaviors and attitudes develop in response to reinforcement and encouragement from those around us

deductive reasoning

-creating a specific research question about a focused point that is based on a more general or universal principle. -starts off with a big theory, then go out and see what you find in the real world to prove if theory is true -observation

FBI uniform crime reports

-data comes from the FBI based on reports from police departments across the nation

secondary data

-data that's already been collected -data that some other party has already gathered and organized -quicker and easier -low reliability/validity -ex: census data, national crime stats, earlier data

primary data

-data you collect yourself -when sociologists gather original material -expensive, time consuming -ensures high reliability and validity of data -ex: answers to questionnaires or notes made while observing group behavior

marx

-defined classes in relationship to the means of production, the system by which goods are produced and distributed -2 primary classes, working and capitalist -established that capitalization was the basis for other social institutions

validity

-degree to which an indicator accurately measures or reflects a concept -to ensure this, researchers usually use more than one indicator for a particular concept -measures what you say it will measure -accurate -uses multiple indicators to show accuracy

game stage

-development of the generalized other refers to the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole taken into account by a child -children become capable of taking on multiple roles at the same time -late adolescence/early adulthood -stage where children internalize an abstract understanding of how society sees them

symbolic interaction

-differential association theory -labeling theory

functionalism

-durkheim -interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole -dysfunction creates social problems and change -society is more than the sum of its parts -emphasizes consensus and order -culture places people into societal groups -creates a common set of norms, values, and beliefs that attach people to one another -inequality is essential -consensus and conformity

estate system

-feudalism -where peasants worked land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection or other services (sharecropping) -the ownership of property and the exercise of power are monopolized by an elite class who have total control over societal resources

nature nurture controversy

-from a sociological perspective, our lives are socially constructed -what a person becomes results from an interaction between innate traits and their culture (social experiences)

emile durkheim

-functionalism -viewed society as an entity larger than the sum of its parts -focused on how public rituals and belief systems created social solidarity -created the term social facts -society could be known through the discovery and analysis of social facts

the stages of the research process

-general theory -research question -research design -data collection -data analysis -conclusions

group size effects

-georg simmel -every time you add a person to a group, the behavior of the group changes -the effects of group number on group behavior independent of the personality characteristics of the members themselves

triadic segregation

-georg simmel -the tendency for triads to segregate into a coalition of the dyad against the isolate

conflict theory

-group identity is shaped by patterns of inequality in society -resisting the expectations of a dominant group can heighten one's perceived self worth -social control agents exert pressure to conform -individual and group aspirations are shaped by the opportunities available to different groups

weber

-had a multidimensional view -analyzed the connections between economic, cultural, and political systems

identity

-how one defines oneself -we come to see ourselves how others see us

self concept

-how we think of ourselves as the result of the socialization experiences we have over a lifetime -who you think you are as told to you by other people

sigmund freud

-idea that the unconscious mind shapes human behavior -psychoanalysis: human psych in 3 parts- the Id, superego, and ego -most famous psychologist

why replication study

-if research is really old and you suspect a change -if you have a new method -if you think an error was made in previous research -can be used to help develop a research question

urban underclass

-includes those who are likely to be permanently unemployed and without much means of economic support -members have little to no opportunity for movement out of the worst poverty -rejects, may become dependent on illegal substances or public assistance

culture is learned

-indirectly through observation and imitation -directly through instruction from a parent -this process is called socialization

conflict theory voi

-inequality provides elites with the power to distribute resources, make and enforce laws, and control value systems -elites use these powers in ways that reproduce inequality -the consequences of inequality are negative

functionalism voi

-inequality serves an important purpose: it motivates people to fill the different positions in society that are needed for the survival of the whole -based on a reward system that motivates people to survival

4 adaptations of deviance

-innovation -ritualism -retreatism -rebellion

implicit norms

-learned through specific instruction or by observation of the culture, part of society's customs -unwritten but known

4 types of feminism

-liberal -socialist -radical -multiracial

debunking

-looking behind the facades of everyday life -easier to do when looking at a culture/society different from one's own -calls into question practices in one's own culture that may normally go unexamined -questions actions and ideas that are normally taken for granted

conflict theory

-marx -emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order -emphasizes strife and friction -inequality is inherently unfair -social control -power is the most valuable resource -order is maintained by domination -culture is used to control the population -economic monopolies extend influence through materialism and consumerism

socialist feminism

-marxian -men controlled economics -women need to be capitalists

symbolic interaction

-mead -considers immediate social interaction to be the place where "society" exists -people give meaning to their behavior -emphasizes face to face interaction -people behave based on what they believe, not just on what is inherently true -meaning is constantly modified through social interaction -people control the culture -social order is constantly negotiated and created through the interpretations people give to their behavior -group identity through shared cultural meanings -group membership is voluntary

social sanctions

-mechanisms of social control that enforce folkways, norms, and mores -can be reward or punishment based -negative in reaction to taboos

characteristics of society

-members have a common culture -members think they are distinct from other societies -members maintain ties of social interaction -members have a high degree of interdependence

scapegoat theory

-members of the dominant group get frustrated and and get aggressive -direct aggression towards a substitute (minority)

attribution error

-misconception -errors made in attributing causes for people's behavior to their membership in a particular group, such as a racial group

victimless crimes

-misnomer -violate laws but are not listed in the FBIs serious crime index -ex: gambling, illegal drug use, prostitution -some degree of victimization in these crimes

max weber

-multidimensional analysis -theorized that society had three basic dimensions (poli, econ, cultural) -verstehen= understanding social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it

multiracial feminism

-newest feminism -you can't understand women worldwide unless you take race and racial differences into account

tactile communication

-nonverbal -patterns of touch (strongly influenced by gender)

proxemic communication

-nonverbal -the amount of space between interacting individuals

internalization

-occurs when behaviors and assumptions are learned so thoroughly that people no longer question them, but simply accept them as correct. -when one has learned the expectations and norms of their society so well that it is an automatic part of them (habit)

egoistic suicide

-occurs when people feel totally detached from society -ex: the elderly

anomic suicide

-occurs when the disintegrating forces in the society make individuals feel lost or alone -ex: teenage suicide/returning veterans

altruisitc suicide

-occurs when there is excessive regulation of individuals by social forces -ex: suicide bombers/political or religious cause

4 types of racism

-old fashioned -laissez faire -color blind -aversive

liberal feminism

-oldest type of feminism -gender inequality exists from men purposely putting up barriers to keep women down at the bottom

contact theory

-originates from symbolic theory -gordon allport -argues that interaction and contact between 2 groups will reduce prejudice within both groups but only if 3 conditions are met

laissez faire racism

-passiveness -not doing anything

the agents of gender socialization

-peers -childrens play -schools -religion -media

functional theory

-people internalize the role expectations that are present in society -internalizing the values of society reinforces social consensus -society relies upon conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium -socialization integrates people into society because it is the mechanism through which they internalize social roles and the values of society

looking glass self

-perception of how others see us and the effect of others judgement on us -in seeing ourselves as others do, we respond to the expectations others have of us

open class system

-placement in the class is based on individual achievement -relatively loose boundaries, high rates of class mobility, weak perceptions of class difference

family

-primary socialization agent -gender, birth order, and dif ___ types influence socialization -first source of socialization

schools

-primary socialization agent -teachers and students encourage children to perform in particular ways

peers

-primary socialization agent -those with whom you interact on equal terms such as friends or coworkers -without acceptance from this, most people find it hard to feel socially accepted

national victimization surveys

-published by the bureau of justice statistics in the us dept of justice -people are periodically asked if they have been the victim of one or more criminal acts

open ended question

-qualitative data -when the respondent is allowed to elaborate on their answer -person can answer however they want -ex: interview/questionnaire

close ended question

-quantitative data -when people must reply from a list of possible answers -ex: survey/poll

ritualism

-rejected social goals and accepted socially approved means -ex: bulimia, someone just going through the motions

retreatism

-rejected social goals and accepted socially approved means -ex: homeless

rebellion

-rejected social goals and rejected socially approved means, replaced with new goals and means -ex: cult, kkk, nazis -new goals are substituted for traditional, new means subbed for old)

evaluation research

-research method -assesses the effect of policies and programs on people in society -evaluates the actual outcomes of a program or strategy, often direct policy application -limited in the # of variables that can be measured -maintaining objectivity is problematic -EITHER QUAL OR QUAN

participant observation

-research method -combines subjective knowledge gained through personal involvement and objective knowledge acquired by observation -studies actual behavior in its home setting -very time consuming, difficult to generalize beyond research setting -USUALLY QUALITATIVE

historical research

-research method -examines sociological themes over time -sources are critical to the material's quality and applicability -official records, church records, oral histories, private diaries -saves times and expense in data collections, takes differences over time into account -data often reflects biases of original researchers -reflects cultural norms that were in effect when data was collected -USUALLY QUALITATIVE

survey

-research method -polls, questionnaires, interviews -permits study of a large # of variables -can be generalized if accurate -responses may not be completely accurate/ fail to capture nuances in behavior/attitudes -non response bias/ response rate -QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE

content analysis

-research method -used when data can't be collected from the subject themselves (dead/institutionalized/isolated pop) -measures culture, unobtrusive, uses induction -limited by studying what people left behind, can't tell us what people really think about things and how that affects behavior -EITHER QUAN OR QUAL

controlled experiment

-research method -useful for determining causation by comparing experimental and control groups difficult to generalize unless replicated -sample/rep/pop -difficult to measure a large # of variables -USUALLY QUANTITATIVE

play stage

-role taking, which is mentally assuming the perspective of significant others -middle-late adolescence -child begins to develop self awareness

workplace

-secondary socialization agent -learning to behave appropriately w in a occupation

religion

-secondary socialization agent once considered primary -this instruction influences a large number of beliefs that guide moral behavior,, gender roles, and sexuality -very influential in children and elderly

deindividualization

-sense that one's self has merged with the group, you lose yourself in the group and do whatever the group does -causes risky shift --cost benefit analysis shared -- peer pressure, do things you wouldn't normally do

beliefs

-shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture about what is true -the basis for many norms and values of a given culture -rarely changed/hard to change -stems from religion, myth, folklore, or science -ultimate truths of one's reality -static= once in your head, remain there -inherently nonrational (emotional attachment) -motivate values

family si

-si: provides for the care of the young and the transmission of culture

psychoanalytic theory

-sigmun freud -psychoanalysis helps discover the causes of psych problems in the recesses of troubled patients minds -interprets human identity as relatively fixed at an early age in a process greatly influence by one's family

ethnic group

-social construct -a social category of people who share a common culture

conflict theory vos

-social stratification is based on class conflict and blocked opportunity -stratification is a system of domination and subordination in ways that reproduce inequality -the consequences of inequality are negative

socialization as social control

-socialized people conform to cultural expectations through the process of social control. the patterns established from the predictable behavior of socialized people become the basis for social order -socialization gives society a certain degree of predictability

race

-socially constructed -a group treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics

gesellschaft

-society -importance placed on secondary relationships -characterized by personal ties, intimacy, and loyalty -cohesion comes from an elaborated division of labor -social solidarity is weaker

ascribed statuses

-statuses occupied from the moment a person is born -gender, sex, age, race, class

attribution theory

-stereotyping -the principle that we all make inferences about the personalities of others, such as concluding what the other is "really like"

counter culture

-subcultures created as a reaction against the values of the dominant culture -sometimes directly challenges the dominant political system -develop cultural practices that explicitly defy the norms and values of the dominant culture -can be extremist

erving goffman

-suggests that individuals learn the presentation of self -impression management and dramatic approach

george h mead

-symbolic interaction -viewed humans as living in a world of meaningful objects that have some type of symbolic info attached to them

sports

-teaches teamwork, cooperation, sportsmanship -"where one learns to be a man" -messner- shapes masculine identity

role conflict

-tensions between 2 roles -wherein 2 or more roles have contradictory expectations -mutually exclusive, can only choose one, disappoints somebody

race, social class, and crime

-the bias of official arrest statistics -treatment by police -patterns of sentencing -studies of imprisonment

collective consciousness

-the body of beliefs common to a community or society that give people a sense of belonging and a feeling of moral obligation to its demands and values -gives groups social solidarity because members of a group feel they are part of one society -stems from peoples participation in community activities

dominant culture

-the culture of the most powerful group in a society -often sets the standards by which other cultures in a society are judged -receives the most support from major institutions -constitutes the major belief system

subculture

-the cultures of groups whose values and norms of behavior differ from some degree from those of the dominant culture -share many elements of the dominant culture and coexist within in -develops when new groups enter a society -separation occurs when a group is either unwilling or unable to assimilate into the dominant culture

deviant identity

-the definition a person has of themselves as a deviant -emerges over time -involves a process of social transformation in which a new self image and new public definition of a person emerges

class

-the economic dimension of stratification -how much access to the material goods of society a group or individual has, as measured by income, property, and other financial assets

roles

-the expected behavior associated with a given status in society -taking on the expectations of others

culture shock

-the feeling of disorientation when one encounters a new or rapidly changed cultural situation -the result of when culture changes rapidly or someone is suddenly thrust into a new cultural situation

research question

-the first step in sociological research (the research process) -sources include: past research (replication study), literature review

ethnocentrism

-the habit of seeing things only from the point of view of one's own group (culture) -judging one culture by the standards of another culture -this perspective prevents you from understanding the world as others experience it, can lead to narrow minded conclusions about the worth of other cultures -combines a strong sense of group solidarity with the idea of group superiority

culture relativism

-the idea that something can be understood and judged only in relation to the cultural context in which it appears -theorizes that without knowing the cultural context, it is impossible to understand why people behave as they do

anticipatory socialization

-the learning of expectations associated with a role a person expects to enter in the future -allows a person to foresee the expectations associated with a new role and to learn what is expected in that role in advance

welath

-the monetary value of everything one actually owns -allows you to accumulate assets over generations

language

-the most important element of culture -a set of symbols and rules that, combined in a meaningful way, provide a complex communication system -makes possible the formation of culture -can reproduce the inequalities that exist in society

prejudice

-the negative evaluation of a social group, and individuals within that group -usually based on conceptions about the group that are held despite facts that contradict it

institutional racism

-the negative treatment and oppression of one racial or ethnic group by societys existing institutions based on the presumed inferiority of the oppressed form -ex: criminal profiling

social organization

-the order established in social groups at any level -the order that brings regularity and predictability to human behavior -present at every level of social interaction -naturally emerges when people interact with each other

party

-the power/political dimension of stratification -the capacity to influence groups and individuals even in the face of opposition

status

-the prestige dimension of stratification -the social judgement or recognition given to a person or group

resocialization

-the process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced -especially likely when people enter institutional settings where the institution claims control over the individual -often occurs when people enter hierarchical organizations that require them to respond to authority or principle, not out of individual loyalty -this process promotes group solidarity and generates a feeling of belonging

taking the role of the other

-the process of putting oneself into the point of view of another -role taking is a source of self awareness -identity emerges from the role one plays

socialization

-the process through which people learn and internalize the rules and expectations of their society -life long process -roles, identity, and personality are learned through this

racialization

-the process whereby some social category takes on what is perceived in the society to be racial characteristics (add to this from red notes)

radical feminism

-the reason for gender inequality is the patriarchy -patriarchy wouldnt exist without full cooperation of women

division of labor

-the relatedness of dif tasks that develop in complex societies -tasks become distinct but are still woven into a whole -marked bu distinctions such as age, race, gender, and class

functionalism vos

-the roles filled by the upper class are essential for a cohesive and smoothly running society and hence are rewarded in proportion to their contribution to social order

deviant career

-the sequence of movements people make through a particular subculture of deviance -there is a progression through deviance -a direct outgrowth of the labeling process

culture is shared

-the shared nature of culture is what makes human society possible

social class

-the social structural position that groups hold relative to the economic, social, political, and cultural resources of society -determines the access different people have to these resources and puts groups in different positions of privilege and disadvantage -individuals are assigned to social classes on the basis of income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment

racial formation

-the socio historic process in which racial categories are created, changed, and destroyed -supported through official social institutions, like the gov -the process by which a group comes to be defined as a race

residential segregation

-the spatial segregation of racial and ethnic groups into different residential areas called "american apartheid" -massey and denton

norms

-the specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation -implicit or explicit -3 types

occupational prestige

-the subjective evaluation people give to jobs -determined by nationwide samples of adults ranking the general standing of a series of jobs

property crimes

-theft of property without threat of bodily harm -the most frequent criminal infraction -ex: burglary, larceny, auto theft, arson

functionalist theory vog

-this theory emphasizes that gender differentiation contributes to social stability. -Also, families require specialized roles

conflict theory vog

-this theory sees gender as reinforcing power inequalities between women and men that are built into the social structure -gendered institutions like work and the economy exploit women as a source of cheap labor

symbolic interaction vog

-this theory views the social definitions associated with gender roles as something people can both conform to and challenge in day to day social interactions -gender is part of your identity

reference groups

-to which a person may or may not belong, those that one uses as a standard for evaluating ones values, attitudes and behaviors -serves as a generalized version of role models -compare yourself to people who are already in the group -"can i be like them"

differentiation

-turns into strat when the social context doesnt end -difference in statuses

personal crimes

-violent or nonviolent crimes directed against people -aggravated assault is the most frequently reported personal crime -ex: murder, aggravated assault, forcible rape, robbery

closed class system

-when movement from one class to another is virtually impossible -ex: caste system- class from birth

reliability

-when repeating a measurement under the same circumstances gives the same result -precision-multiple times

dramatic approach

-where people are performers with front stage and back stage self presentations -show people the side of yourself you think they want to see

the price of conformity

-women are denied access to power, influence, achievement, and independence in the public world -men are denied nurturing, emotional support, and participation in others' lives

discovering unsettling facts, debunking in sociology, establishing critical distance

3 parts of the sociological perspective

milgram obedience study

65% of volunteer subjects administered a believed lethal shock to a confederate when told to by the experimenter

auguste comte

-"sociology"=the scientific study of society based on positivism -father of sociology -created positivism= believed that sociology could discover the laws of human social behavior and thus help solve society's problems

multidimensional analysis

-A METHOD NOT A THEORY -a complete sociological analysis must recognize the interplay between economic, cultural, and political institutions -society has 3 basic dimensions (cult, econ, poli)

conflict theory is more likely than functionalism to explore issues of race and social class as they relate to gender

A significant difference between the functionalist and conflict theory perspectives on gender is that

2 sources of crime data

-FBI uniform crime reports -national victimization surveys

critical distance

-Georg Simmel -being able to detach from the situation at hand and view things with a critical mind -sociological perspective requires a combo of nearness and distance -VITAL -required for debunking

groupthink

-I L Janis -consensus opinion, even if its a stupid decision -once this gets in your organization, you can't get it out (have to disband) ex: nasa

primary group

-a group consisting if intimate, face to face interaction and relatively long lasting relationships -serve expressive needs: love, attachment, acceptance -ex: family

secondary group

-a group that is larger in membership, less intimate, and not as long lasting -serves instrumental needs -ex: all the people in your neighborhood

caste system

-a hereditary system of rank usually based on ascribed status -hierarchy of classes is rigid and often preserved through formal law

personality

-a person's relatively consistent pattern of behavior, feelings, predispositions, and beliefs

by early adolescence girls have lower self-esteem than boys do, due to concerns about their appearance

Gender identity has a strong impact on how one feels about one's appearance. Studies of gender identity andbody image have found that

color-blind racism

Holding the belief that one does not notice racial differences,and that discussing race only perpetuates racism, would be considered ______.

Socialization leading to prejudiced attitudes occurs in the family, as well as through the media and peers.

How do strongly prejudiced people end up that way?

women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages

How would a functionalist explain unequal wages between men and women?

as a result of individual characteristics of workers

Human capital theory explains gender differences in wages

Power

If an administrator engages in institutional racism he or she is able to apply which of the following?

share an identity they see as different from that of others in society.

In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group they must

apply IQ tests in English to immigrants who were not English-speaking.

In order to limit the number of immigrants, the U.S. government did all of the following, except:

is an example of overt discrimination

In practice, sexual harassment in the workplace

gendered institutions

In school, children gain knowledge and skills as well as gender roles. Schools are

White

In the United States, which race would be considered the dominant group?

changes in the economic structure are more important than race in shaping the life chances of different groups

In the debate as to whether class or race is more important as the source of inequality, sociologist

both are encouraged to be nurturing and "other-oriented"

In what way is the gender socialization of African American and White women alike?

culture of prejudice

Speedy Gonzalez is a popular cartoon character, but is widely considered an inappropriate stereotype. Many children are raised watching Speedy Gonzalez cartoons, unaware that such stereotypes are negative. This is a product of:

the connection between sex and economic forces in society

Strip bars, peep shows, phone sex, sex acts, sex magazines, and pornography rentals, are all examples of

work predominately with other women and have women as bosses

Studies have found that lesbian women are more likely to be open about their sexual identity at work when they

functionalist theory

The assimilation perspective argues that in order to be full members of societymembers of minority groups must adopt as many aspects of the dominant culture as possible. This perspective pertains to which type of sociological theory?

equal pay between men and women

The current generation has grown up taking many of the accomplishments of the women's movement for granted.Which of the following is no tone of these accomplishments?

gender identity

The definition of oneself as a woman or a man is termed one's _____.

symbolic interactionist

The feminist understanding of "doing gender" is a type of _____ perspective within sociology.

the use of quotas

The generally held primary objection to affirmative action is

furthers the idea that sexual identity may be a continuum of different possibilities for sexual expression

The introduction of queer theory

military conquest

The original entry of Mexican Americans into the U.S. was the result of

the intersection perspective

The perspective that argues that minority groups' life chances result from the opportunities formed by the interactions of class, race, and gender is called _____.

assimilation

Persons with the _____ perspective believe that to overcome adversity and oppression, the minority person needs to imitate the dominant White culture as much as possible.

symbolic interaction theory

Understanding race and ethnicity as social constructions is a significant contribution of _____.

the identification of matriarchal societies has been obscured by the application of Western ideas about power

Until recently, matriarchal societies have not been widely noted or discussed in the social sciences. Which of the following explains this?

sexual orientation is something deeply rooted in an individual develops within a social context

What is the relationship between the concepts of sexual orientation and sexual identity?

gender stratification

What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender?

the supreme court has ruled that they cannot be denied equal protection under the law

What is the status of gays and lesbians in the U.S. politically and legally?

White privilege

When Alexander, who is white, drives his car over the speed limit, a police officer lets him off with a warning. When Christopher, who is Hispanic, drives his car at the same speed as Alexander on the same road, the officer gives him a ticket, even though his record is clean. This is an example of:

cultural gatekeeper

When Barbara was a child, her view of femininity was shaped not only by her family but also the media. The media is an example of a(n) _____.

transgender

When Bob deviates from the binary (i.e., either male or female) system of gender he is _____

gender differences

When Johnny learns about gender from a Judeo-Christian religious perspective in the U.S., he will learn about:

heterosexism

When individuals view and act on homosexuality as a perversion of normal sexual identity, they are advocating _____.

a majority of people believe that homosexual relations between consenting adults should be legal

When it comes to attitudes in the U.S. toward gays and lesbians,

Judaism encourages the most egalitarian roles in the US

When it comes to the impact of religion on gender expectations, all of the following are true, except that

sexual politics

When students on a college campus are concerned over issues linked to sexuality and power in society, such as rape or other types of sexual violence, they are addressing:

Asian American

Which group within the United States has been stereotyped as the model minority?

being smaller in number than the dominant group

Which of the following does notapply to all minority groups?

poor and black women

Which of the following groups are more likely to be a victim of sexual violence?

there is a significant evidence for a social basis for sexual identity

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding sexual orientation and/or sexual identity?

Real estate agents directing clients of certain race

Which of the following is an example of racial steering?

group members share common beliefs

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a racial or ethnic minority group?

an inability to understand non-racist viewpoints

Which of the following is notan element of laissez-faire racism?

airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others

Which of the following is the bestexample of institutional racism?

having only one sex partner in one's lifetime is rare

Which of the following statement is true of sexual values and attitudes in American society?

it ignores that power and economic differences based on gender that exist in society

Which of these is a criticism of the feminist perspective of "doing gender"?

work is highly segregated according to sex

Which of these is nota trait found to correspond to relatively equal status for men and women within a society?

patriarchy refers to interactions and ideology in the public sphere only

Which of these statements about patriarchyis false?

the gender gap in the amount of domestic work done by men and women has virtually disappeared

Which of these statements regarding the second shift is false?

symbolic interaction theory

Which of these theoretical perspectives would be the mostinterested in how sexual identities are revealed during the process of "coming out" as gay or lesbian?

human capital theory

Which of these theories explains wage inequality between men and women using the individual characteristics of workers?

radical

Which type of feminism is most likely to view rape, domestic violence, and sexual harassment as mechanisms that men use to assert their power within society?

discrimination

Prejudiced action against a group of people.

Expulsion

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's executive order 9066, which authorized the establishment of internment camps for anyone with as little as one-eighth Japanese ancestry following Pearl Harbor, is an example of:

the mommy tax

Professional women experience a significant loss of income if they leave and reenter the workforce after raising children. This has been termed ______.

institutional racism

Racial profiling is an example of _____.

Asian American women are more likely than Asian American men to value egalitarian roles for men and women

Research indicates that men and women of different races have different expectations regarding gender roles. Which of these statements regarding expectations of different groups is true?

hate crimes

attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics

medicalization of deviance

attributes deviant behavior to a "sick" state of mind, where the solution is to "cure" the deviant through therapy or other psychological treatment

hypersegregation

a Latino family lives in a neighborhood with only other Latino families. This is referred to as

crime

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

variable

a characteristic of a person or group that can have more than one value or score

police

a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level

self-report study

a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews

role

a collection of expectations that others have for a person occupying a particular status.

relative poverty

a comparison to a set standard (relative to others, you are poor)

net worth

a dollar amount calculated by adding all financial assets and subtracting debts

master status

a dominant status that overrides all other features of the persons identity. -can completely supplant all other statuses -may be stigmatizing or positive

dyad

a group consisting of exactly 2 people

triad

a group consisting of exactly 3 people

numerical minority

a group that makes up less than half of some larger population

master status

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

game theory

a mathematic and economic theory that predicts that human interaction has the characteristics of a "game" -strategies, winners and losers, rewards and punishments, profit and costs

absolute poverty

a minimum level of subsistence involving the inability to secure basic necessities such as food, shelter, and health care

social mobility

a person's movement over time from one class to another

imprinting

a phenomenon seen in new born or newly hatched animals who attach themselves to the first living creature they encounter, even if it is of another species

positive attitudes toward members of an in-group and negative attitudes toward members of an out-group

a prejudiced person is likely to have

role modeling

a process by which we imitate the behavior of another person we admire who is in a particular role

social network

a set of links between individuals, between groups, or between other social units

power elite

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

macroanalysis

a sociological approach that takes the broadest view of society by studying large patterns of social interaction that are vast, complex, and highly differentiated

micro culture

a specific sub variety of culture shared within a small group such as a family, close friends, or other peer group. They share elements of both dominant culture and subculture, but also have unique qualities and characteristics.

meritocracy

a system in which one's status is based on merit or accomplishments, not other social characteristics

society

a system of social interaction that includes culture, socialization, and social organization

court

a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

ethnomethodology

a technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy

strain theory

a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

social disorganization theory

a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

conflict theory

a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance

differential association theory

a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

control theory

a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

cultural deviance theory

a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime

independent variable

a variable that a researcher wants to test as the presumed cause of something else

intervening variable

a variable that falls between the independent and dependent variables

deviance

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

primary deviance

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others

The term crime can be defined as: a. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. b. A harmful action directed at the authorities. c. A sequence of events leading to incarceration. d. An unintended consequence of necessary action.

a. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.

Which theorist would be most interested in who controls the media and the ways in which the common race and class minimizes the media presence of the lower classes and other races? a. A conflict theorist b. A symbolic interactionist c. A cyberfeminist d. A functionalist

a. A conflict theorist

The term panoptic surveillance is defined in the text as: a. A form of constant monitoring in which the observation posts are decentralized and the observation is never communicated with directly b. A network of neighborhood spies who go through local mailboxes and listen in on phone lines c. When people are too overwhelmed with media input to really care about the issue, so their involvement becomes defined by awareness instead of by action about the issue at hand d. An online ivasion of spyware which track when the controversial political beliefs are being expressed

a. A form of constant monitoring in which the observation posts are decentralized and the observation is never communicated with directly

What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime? a. A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. b. A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not. c. A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not. d. A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.

a. A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.

Which of the following is not an example of new media? a. Barnes & Noble b. Twitter c. Facebook d. The Kindle

a. Barnes & Noble

Angela believes that race relations in America are poor because the white ruling class has enacted various laws and regulations to keep other racial groups from achieving equality. With which sociological perspective does Angela's view best align? a. Conflict theory b. Feminism c. Symbolic interactionism d. Functionalism

a. Conflict theory

Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally's experience? a. Differential association theory b. Strain theory c. Labeling theory d. Opaque theory

a. Differential association theory

Last week, a major politician was caught in a political scandal. The story was featured on the front page of the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, CNN.com, and was the lead story on NBC, ABC, and CBS nightly news. This is referred to as: a. Homogenization b. Telecommunication c. Fragmentation d. Alliteration

a. Homogenization

Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was: a. Necessary; it challenged people's views. b. Dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior. c. Insignificant; deviance within society is largely ignored. d. Instrumental; it encouraged the population to rebel.

a. Necessary; it challenged people's views.

E-readiness can be defined as: a. The ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge b. The application of science to solve problems and a life c. The virtual experience offered by leading educational institutions d. The electronic waste created by consumers

a. The ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge

The term cyberfeminism is defined by the text as: a. The application to and promotion of feminism online b. The removal of feminist social activism from the physical world to the online world c. The threat of sexism overtaking Internet message boards

a. The application to and promotion of feminism online

The term technological diffusion is defined as: a. The spread of technology across borders b. A form of constant monitoring in which the observation post are decentralized and the observed is never communicated with directly c. The abolition of work itself d. Conflict

a. The spread of technology across borders

When Alexander, who is white, drives his car over the speed limit, a police officer lets him off with a warning. When Christopher, who is Hispanic, drives his car at the same speed as Alexander on the same road, the officer gives him a ticket, even though his record is clean. This is an example of: a. White privilege b. Intersection theory c. The social construction of race d. Affirmative action

a. White privilege

the 2 fundamental concepts of sociology

a. sociologists view all human behavior as occurring in the context of social institutions, culture, populations, and social structures of society. b. it is a scientific way of thinking about society and its influence on human groups

authoritarian personality

according to a fairly old psychological theory of prejudice and racism, the tendency to rigidly categorize other people, to rigidly conform, and be intolerant of ambiguity is part of an

old-fashioned racism

according to the text, there are different forms of racism. Overt, obvious racism, such as physical violence or the use of racial slurs is termed

victimless crime

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

issues

affect large numbers of people and have their origins in the institutional arrangements and history of a society (shape the context within which troubles arise)

social order

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives

erving goffman/stigma

an attribute that is socially deviant and discredited

social institution

an established and organized system of social behavior with recognized purposes and objectives that address basic social needs

status

an established position in a social structure that carries with it a degree of social value or prestige. A rank in society

criminal justice system

an organization that exists to enforce a legal code

minority group

any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination

microanalysis

approach that studies patterns of social interaction that are relatively small, less complex, and less differentiated

Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Justice System? a. The police b. The jury c. The courts d. The corrections system

b. The jury

The term assimilation is defined by the text as: a. When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country. b. The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture. c. The theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture. d. The act of singling out an individual because of his or her race.

b. The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture.

The term deviance can be defined as: a. the act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. b. a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. c. the regulation and enforcement of norms d. social reward for the violation of norms.

b. a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

culture is taken for granted

because culture is learned, members of a given society seldom question the culture of which they are a part

formal deviance

behavior that breaks laws or official rules

deviance

behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms

informal deviance

behavior that violates customary norms

sir francis bacon

british philosopher who created the concept of the scientific method

As of 2008, how many adults in the United States are in jail or prison? a. 1 in 1000 b. 1 in 500 c. 1 in 100 d. 1 in 10

c. 1 in 100

Strain theory: a. Argues that morality is based on wealth. b. Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle. c. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. d. States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.

c. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

In 2010, what did controversial Senate Bill 1070 propose, causing a series of protests and legal battles? a. After being detained by New Mexico police, immigrants are given no rights by the authorities and may be held for weeks without being officially charged. b. If suspected of illegal activity, Nevada police may search the home of any immigrant, or child of an immigrant, without a warrant. c. During a lawful stop, detention, or arrest, Arizona police officers may establish the immigration status of anyone they suspect may be here illegally. d. After being charged with a crime, Wisconsin courts can order legal immigrants back to their countries of origin.

c. During a lawful stop, detention, or arrest, Arizona police officers may establish the immigration status of anyone they suspect may be here illegally.

Before the dawn of social media, powerful TV networks and widely circualted newspapers had great influence over the new stores that were reported to the public. This is referred to as? a. Social control b. The great divide c. Gatekeeping d. Discriminatory journalism

c. Gatekeeping

Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a: a. Positive informal sanction b. Negative informal sanction c. Positive formal sanction d. Negative formal sanction

c. Positive formal sanction

Which of the following is an example of planeed obsolescence? a. Robert refuses to purchage age worried or an iPhone because his razor phone has been perfect and in perfect shape for the past six years b. Target offers a buy two, get one free sale on Blu-Ray disc c. Sirs iPod breaks just as the newest iPod nano is being introduced d. Jerome spills coffee on his MacBook, and it ruins the keyboard

c. Sirs iPod breaks just as the newest iPod nano is being introduced

Which sociological perspective sees technology and media asa tool individuals use to express how much wealth they have? a. Functionalist b. Cyberfeminist c. Symbolic Interactionist d. Conflict

c. Symbolic Interactionist

Speedy Gonzalez is a popular cartoon character, but is widely considered an inappropriate stereotype. Many children are raised watching Speedy Gonzalez cartoons, unaware that such stereotypes are negative. This is a product of: a. Intersection theory b. The scapegoat theory c. The culture of prejudice d. Genocide

c. The culture of prejudice

phases of the life course

childhood, youth and adolescence, adulthood, old age

legal codes

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

inherent fundamental, reduced

conflict theory vor: -class based conflict is an _________ and ________ part of social interaction -class inequality must be _____ to lessen racial and ethnic conflict in society -exploitation theory

aversive racism

consistently avoiding interaction with someone of another race

street crime

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces

organized crime

crime committed by structure groups typically involving the provision of illegal goods and services to others ex: the mafia

corporate crime

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

underreporting

crime data weakness

violent crimes

crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force

nonviolent crimes

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

welfare, work values, irresponsibility, dependent

culture of poverty -views poverty as caused by ________ dependency, the absence of _____ ______, and the _____________ of the poor -poverty is seen as a ________ way of life that is transferred from generation to generation

From a functionalist perspective, which of the following is a function of social media? a. Life changing function b. Social norm function c. Entertainment function d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society? a. Karl Marx b. Carl Sagan c. Émile Durkheim d. C. Wright Mills

d. C. Wright Mills

Tyson visits China over spring break, and after getting online to write home to her parents, she realizes some of her favorite media sites are blocked by the Chineses government. She becomes concerned with how technolology reinforces inequalities among communities, both within and among countries. Which social on the perspectives best fits Tyson's concer? a. Functionalist b. Cyberfeminist c. Symbolic interactionsit d. Conflict

d. Conflict

After the Floppy disk was introduced, zip driver were invented shortly after, followed by flash drives. This is an example of: a. Digital divide b. Design patent c. Stolen technology d. Evolutionary model of technological change

d. Evolutionary model of technological change

What is a negative risk of media globalization? a. Social media spreading awareness about social causes b. Accessible technology being made available to remote societies c. The spread of computer literacy d. Government censoring information for their benefit

d. Government censoring information for their benefit

In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience? a. Strain theory b. Control theory c. Differential association d. Labeling theory

d. Labeling theory

According to the social construction of race school of thought, race is: a. A product of the media b. Based only on geographic regions c. No longer in existence d. Not biologically identifiable

d. Not biologically identifiable

Max believes that most people's racial beliefs are based on images conveyed in popular media since many people never meet members of certain races for themselves. Max's perspective is: a. Feminist b. Functionalist c. Conflict theorist d. Symbolic interactionist

d. Symbolic interactionist

The term segregation is defined in the text as: a. The integration of diverse cultural concepts into a public school curriculum. b. The deliberate annihilation of a targeted, usually subordinate, group. c. The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture. d. The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions.

d. The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions.

Social control is: a. An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives. b. A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law. c. A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.

d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.

Adolf Hitler blaming Germany's pre-war problems on the Jewish population is an example of: a. Social construction of race b. White privilege c. Pluralism d. The scapegoat theory

d. The scapegoat theory

The term secondary deviance can be defined as: a. When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations. b. When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others. c. When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices. d. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.

d. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.

longitudinal data

data you collect at least twice (shows change over time/more expensive)

cross sectional data

data you collect one time (cheaper/quicker)

asch conformity experiment

experiment -intra group influences: even clear objective facts cannot withstand the distorting pressure of group influences

wi thomas

explained deviance as a normal response to the social conditions in which people find themselves

gender apartheid

extreme segregation

nurture

factors such as your family environment, how people of your social group are treated, and historical influences

cliques

friendship circles where members identify with each other and hold a sense of common identity

ferdinand tonnes

gemienshaft and gesellschaft dude

expectations, abilities, interact

gender identity is basic to our self concept and shapes... -our ___________ of ourselves - our _______ and interests -how we ________ with others

social construct

giving physical appearance the power to stratify a population

deviant communities

groups that are formed around particular types of social deviance

expressive needs

human desires: intimacy, love, companionship, emotional support

racial profiling

institutionalized racism

sutherland/differential association theory

interprets deviance, including criminal behavior, as behavior one learns through interaction with others

hawthorne effect

knowing that they are being studied might cause people to change their behavior

differential access, economic production, bougie, poletariat

marxist view of class differentiation: -______ _________ to scarce resources shapes the relationship between groups. Controlling the primary mode of _______ ______ is key -___________ (capitalist class) owns the factories and machinery and controls most production -__________ (working class) whose members are exploited by the capitalists

gender socialization

men and women learn the expectation, rules, behaviors, attitudes, perceptions, feelings associated with their sex

petty boujie

middle class, very small, just wanted to be boujie, managers for capitalist class, had to work hard to be boujie

different, prejudice and discrimination, ascribed, strong group

minority group characteristics: 1)__________ characteristics than those of the dominant group 2) suffers _______ and _______ at the hands of the dominant group 3)__________ membership 4)strong ______ ________- a "we" feeling grows from common cultural heritage and the shared experience of prej and disc

w i thomas

notes that the "we" ness of in groups is complimentary to a sense of out groups as "them"

old fashioned racism

obvious overt racism

gender identity

ones definition of oneself as a woman or man

stratification system

organize the way people interact with each other ex: class, race, gender

stereotypes

oversimplified sets of beliefs about members of a social group that presumably describes a "typical member"

discrimination

overt behavior that treats members of a particular group unequally just because they belong to that group

me

passive, conforming self, the part that reacts to others

stereotypes and salience

people routinely categorize other people based on readily apparent characteristics

socialization agents

people, sources, or structures that pass on social expectations and knowledge

georg simmel

person that discovered group size effects and triadic segregation

charles horton cooley

person who introduced the concepts of primary and secondary groups

george h mead

person: social roles are the basis of social interaction (the self develops in stages)

troubles

privately felt problems that spring from events or feelings in an individual's life

erik erikson

psychologist who stated that the central task of adolescence is the formation of a consistent identity

negative sanctions

punishments for violating norms

equal status, sustained, agreed upon

scope conditions: -contact must be between individuals of ____ ______ -contact between equals must be ___________ -social norms favoring equality must be ________ ________ by the participants

labeling theory

shows how those with the power to label an act or a person as deviant and impose sanctions wield great power in determining societal definition of deviance

education si

si: institution through which people learn the info and skills needed to live in the society

religion si

si: organizes sacred beliefs

intragenerational

social mobility that.. -occurs within a generation

intergenerational sm

social mobility that... -occurs between generations -usually more downward than it is upward

family, media, peers, religion, sports, schools, workplace

socialization agents

indicator

something that points or reflects an abstract concept. (occupation, years of formal education, annual earnings)

achieved statuses

statuses attained by virtue of individual effort -you get through performance and merit (hard work) -most occupational statuses (ex: pharmacist)

stereotype interchangeability

stereotypes, especially negative ones, are often interchangeable from one class to another

exploitation theory

suggests racial subordination keeps minorities in low paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor

robert merton/structural strain

suggests that when individuals do not have access to opportunities to achieve socially approved goals and the socially approved means to achieve those goals a negative emotional state occurs. (strain) to alleviate strain, individuals adapt -sub theory of funcionalism

self concept, group identity, sub cultural identification

symbolic interaction theory vor: 1) racial and ethnic identity is fundamental to an individuals _________ _________ 2) race and ethnicity establishes _____ ______ and attachments to larger groups 3) promotes ____________ _________ and sense of community based on cultural ancestry

instrumental needs

task oriented needs: raising funds, having fun, making profit

income, occupational prestige, education

the 3 indicators of socioeconomic status

family, religion, education

the 3 major social institutions

estate, caste, class

the 3 major systems of stratification

social context, judged groups, socially created, social response

the 4 characteristics of deviance: 1. deviance emerges in a _____ _______ 2. not all behaviors are ________ similarly by all _____ 3. established rules and norms are ______ ______ 4. deviance also lies in the _____ ______ of groups to behavior by others

the sociological imagination

the ability to see societal patterns that influence the individual as well as groups of individuals

the sociological perspective

the ability to see the societal patterns that influence individual and group life

generalized other

the abstract composite of social expectations. In this, children have an example of community values and general social expectations that adds to their understanding of self

income

the amount of money brought into a household from various sources during a given period

poverty line

the amount of money needed to support the basic needs of a household, as determined by the gov, if you are below this then you are poor

labeling theory

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

ethnocentrism

the belief that ones group is superior to all other groups

culture

the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society

discovering unsettling facts

the exposing of problems that are deeply embedded in society

dominant group

the group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status

anti semitism

the hatred of jewish people

feminization of poverty

the large proportion of the poor who are women and children

appear, judge, make us feel

the looking glass self emerges from: 1. how we think we ______ to others 2. how we think others ______ us 3. how the previous 2 _____ __ ____

pluralism

the maintenance and persistence of ones attire, language, mannerisms, practices, arts and so on

sanctions

the means of enforcing rules

medium income

the midpoint of all household incomes

nonmaterial culture

the norms, laws, customs, ideas, and beliefs of a group of people. ex: the belief of whether or not to use utensils

material culture

the objects created in a given society that are observable/tangible and significant because of the meanings they are given. ex: buildings, art, tools, toys, print, food

socially constructed

the organization of society and the life outcomes of people within it are the result of social definitions and processes

social structure

the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose and order society ex: social class distinctions

research design

the overall logic and strategy underlying the research, and emerging from the questions asked. (sales pitch)

women and children

the poor consists mainly of...

social differentiation

the process by which different statuses develop in any group, organization, or society

social control

the process by which groups and individuals with those groups are brought into conformity within dominant social expectations

data analysis

the process by which sociologists organize collected data to discover the patters and uniformities that the data reveal

social control

the regulation and enforcement of norms

culture is symbolic

the significance of culture lies in the meaning it holds for people

crimonology

the study of crime from a scientific perspective

sociology

the study of human behavior in society, a scientific (empirical) way of thinking about society and its influence on human groups

corrections system

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses

risky (polarization) shift

the tendency for groups to weigh risk differently than individuals

educational attainment

the total years of formal education

i

the unique part of individual personality, the active, creative, self defining part.

dependent variable

the variable on which there is a presumed effect

microsociology

theoretical frameworks that center on face to face social interaction (mead)

macrosociology

theories that strive to understand society as a whole (durkheim, marx, weber)

theory and methods, hypotheses (we test things), systematic observation

these 3 things make sociology a science

symbols

things or behaviors to which people give meaning, meaning isnt inherent but is bestowed by the meaning people give it

status inconsistency

this exists when the status occupied by a person brings with the, significantly different amounts of prestige and thus differing expectations ex: trained lawyer working as a doctor

charles horton cooley

this person postulated the looking glass self to explain how our conception of self arises through considering our relationship to others

hirschi/social control theory

this person/ theory assumes a common value system within society and that social deviance occurs when a person/group's attachment to social bonds is weakened

salience principle

this states that we categorize people on the basis of what appears as obvious physical characteristics

conflict theory

this theory links the study of deviance to power relationships and social inequality resulting from the economic organization of capitalist societies

social facts

those societal patterns that are external to individuals

social control agents

those who regulate and administer the response to deviance, such as the police and mental health workers

working poor

those who work at least 27 hours a week but whose wages fall below the federal poverty level

verstehen

understanding social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it

index crimes

violent crimes of murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, committed mostly by individuals that are disproportionately black, hispanic, and poor

class, status, party

weber's 3 dimensions to stratification

language, beliefs, values, norms

what are the elements of culture

Bill 1070

what controversial Senate Bill proposed: During a lawful stop, detention, or arrest, Arizona police officers may establish the immigration status of anyone they suspect may be here illegally.

participant observation

when a researcher becomes both participant and observer in what they are studying

color blind racism

when one prefers to ignore legit racial, ethnic, cultural, and other differences and insists that the race problems will go away only if race is ignored all together

cyberspace interaction

when people interact and communicate with one another by means of personal computers, or through some virtual community

debriefing

when researchers reveal the true purpose of an experiment only after it is completed

overt participant observation

when the group is told that they are being studied and that they are the research subjects

covert participant observation

when the members of the group being studied do not know they are being researched

concentrated poverty

when there are areas of counties, cities, or states where larger percentages of people are poor

c wright mills

who is the creator of the sociological imagination

corporate crime

wrongdoing that occurs within the context of a formal organization or bureaucracy and is actually sanctioned by the norms and operating principle of the bureaucracy

aversive racism

Consistently avoiding contact with people of different races than one's own would be considered an example of _____.

Not biologically identifiable

According to the social construction of race school of thought, race is:

informal sanctions

sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions

becker/wit/labeling theory

-a branch of symbolic interaction theory, interprets the response of others as the most significant factor in understanding how deviant behavior is both created/sustained -deviance is a result of the labeling process

rite of passage

-a ceremony or ritual that marks the transition of an individual from one role to another -defines and legitimizes abrupt role changes that begin or end each stage of life -ex: weddings, confirmation, quince -transformation of identity is formally recognized, clear sense of identity is provided

feminist theory

-a contemporary (new) sub theory of conflict theory -made to help and reform -developed to understand the status of women in society -created with the purpose to use that knowledge to better women's lives

nonverbal communication

-a form of social interaction that can be seen in various social patterns -body position, head nods, eye contact, facial expression, touching

causes of cultural change

1. a change in the societal conditions 2. cultural diffusion 3. innovation 4. imposition of cultural change by an outside agency

the 5 characteristics of culture

1. culture is shared 2. culture is learned 3. culture is taken for granted 4. culture is symbolic 5. culture varies across time and place

the consequences of socialization

1. establishes self concept 2. creates the capacity for role taking (social scripts) 3. creates the tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways 4. makes people bearers of culture (transmitters)

the 4 stages

1. taking the role of the other 2. preparatory (imitation) stage 3. play stage 4. game stage

Amalgamation

1967's Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, a case which legally allowed interracial marriage, is an example of

group

2 or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms, and have a subjective awareness as "we"

The term media globalization can be defined as the worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas A. True b. False

A. True

Conflict theory

Angela believes that race relations in America are poor because the white ruling class has enacted various laws and regulations to keep other racial groups from achieving equality. With which sociological perspective does Angela's view best align?

Mexican descent

Arizona Senate Bill 1070, often referred to colloquially as the "papers, please" law, was aimed widely at those of:

Pluralistic

Asad's first grade class is diverse: there are two students from Korea, five students from South America, two students from the United States, three students from Kuwait, a student from Mexico, two students from England, and five students from western Europe. Asad's class is:

symbolic or laissez-faire racism

Blaming Blacks for economic inequality and resistance to policies that might alleviate racial oppression is considered ______

Functionalism

Cedric's uncle believes that racism and discrimination have made a positive impact on society - but only in the lives of those who are members of the dominant group. Which sociological perspective is Cedric's uncle coming from?

human beings could be property

Central to the operation of slavery was the belief that:

all parties agree to work to reduce the prejudice.

Contact theory argues that interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice on part of both groups if all of the following conditions are met, except

Cultural deviance theory

Clifford shaw and Henry McKay

Differential association

Edwin Sutherland

biology alone does not determine a person's gender

From a sociological perspective, which of the following is true, regarding sex and gender?

the expectations of others

Managing a transgendered identity may be stressful because of:

Symbolic interactionist

Max believes that most people's racial beliefs are based on images conveyed in popular media since many people never meet members of certain races for themselves. Max's perspective is:

Strain theory

Robert Merton

status set

Robert Merton: the combination of statuses- the complete set of statuses occupied by a person at a given time

an expression of the social inequality of men and women

Since 1990, the rate of teen pregnancy in the U.S. has _____

decreased

Since the legalization of abortion,the number of abortions has:

it may be deeply embedded in individual's definitions for themselves

Sociological study of homophobia has found that

capitalism

Sociologists have linked the international sex trade to all of the following, except

marriage

Teenage pregnancy correlates strongly with all of the following, except:

Japanese

The 1913 Alien Land Law of California limited ownership and prohibited land from being inherited. This law was aimed at preventing ______ from establishing themselves in the U.S.

that children are involved in sexual activity more that what would traditionally be considered appropriate

The American Psychological Association defines sexualization as including any of the following conditions, except:

was influenced by the philosophy of Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi

The Civil Rights Movement

requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work

The Equal Pay Act of 1963

has not been passed

The Equal Rights Amendment

extended U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans.

The Jones Act of 1917

1965, 1972

The U.S. Supreme Court defined the use of birth control as a right, not a crime, in _____and extended the same right to unmarried people in _____.

secondary

The _____ labor market is characterized by high job turnover, low wages, short or nonexistent promotion ladders,and few benefits

social construction

The _____ perspective explains sexual identity as self-definition that develops through interaction with others

sexual revolution

The _____ refers to the widespread changes in men's and women's roles and a greater public acceptance of sexuality as a normal part of social development.

segregation

The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions.

sex tourism

The practice of traveling to particular parts of the world in order to engage in commercial sexual activity is termed _____.

assimilation

The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture.

gender socialization

The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called _____.

they still do most of the work associated with home, children, and the elderly

Throughout the world, where women are increasingly working as paid laborers

Control theory

Travis hirschi

True

True or false: The majority of American citizens are descendents of immigrants?

title IX

____ has radically altered the opportunities available to women athletes and laid the foundation for many of the coeducational programs that are now an ordinary part of college life.

conflict theorists

_____ believe that social change results from organized social movements and other forms of resistance to oppression.

scapegoat theory

_____ is the psychological theory that argues that members of the dominant group vent their frustrations and aggressions toward minority groups instead of the real source of their frustration.

eugenics

_____ sought to apply scientific principles of genetic selection to "improve" the offspring of the human race.

The term deviance can be defined as: a. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. b. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. c. Social reward for the violation of norms. d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.

b. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

1967's Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, a case which legally allowed interracial marriage, is an example of a. Stereotyping b. Amalgamation c. Assimilation d. Racism

b. Amalgamation

Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction? a. Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS. b. Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine. c. Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher. d. Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon.

b. Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine.

How has advertising revenue significantly changed in the past few years? a. Newspaper appetizing revenue have generally increased, while online advertising revenue has fallen b. Cable and online revenue have remained greatly unchanged while newspaper and magazine advertising revenue has fallen greatly c. Magazine revenue has risen steadily, while online and newspaper revenue have fallen dramatically d. Online advertising revenue has fallen slightly, while newspaper advertising revenue has increased greatly

b. Cable and online revenue have remained greatly unchanged while newspaper and magazine advertising revenue has fallen greatly

Bernie Madoff, recently sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a ponzi scheme which caused clients to lose millions of dollars, engaged in which form of crime? a. Street crime b. Corporate crime c. Violent crime d. Institutional crime

b. Corporate crime

Caleb attended a private high school, which gave each student access to a personal laptop and iPhone. Ted attended a poorly funded public school, which had few computers and outdated technology. When Caleb gets to college, he's more prepared than Ted for course work which includes the computer and online material. This occurrence is an example of: a. Computer lag b. Digital divide c. Technology pause d. New media

b. Digital divide

True or False: Deviance is always considered a crime? a. True b. False

b. False

From 1983 to the present there has been a great reduction in the number of corporations who own mass-media outlets. This is a product of: a. Cyberfeminism b. Media Globalization c. Technological Imbalance d. Corporate isolation

b. Media Globalization

The number of corporations owning the majority of mass media outlets has drastically reducted since 1983. This is a product of __________________. a. Cyber feminism b. Media globalization c. Technological imbalance

b. Media globalization

Susan has the newest iPhone iPad, iPod, and Mac. When a new Apple product is released, cities and stands in line for hours to the first to buy. Susan is a(n): a. Republican b. Technophile c. PC person d. Neo-luddite

b. Technophile

context of deviance

derives from not only what one does, but also from who does it, when, and where

life course perspective

describes and analyzes the connection between people's personal attributes, the roles they occupy, the life events they experience, and the social and historical aspects of these events

durkeim, social solidarity

deviance produces _______ _________, society needs deviance to know what presumably normal behavior is

secondary deviance

deviance that occurs when a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

innate traits

inborn or natural traits

role set

includes all the roles occupied by the person at a given time

qualitative research

research based on interpretive observation

replication study

research that is repeated exactly, but on a different group of people or in a different time/place

quantitative research

research that uses numerical analysis

culture lag

result of when a culture adjusts slowly to changing cultural conditions

literature review

reviewing existing studies on a subject, such as past research reports or articles -can be used to help develop a research question

positive sanctions

rewards given for conforming to norms

explicit norms

rules governing behavior that are written down or formally committed (laws)

formal sanctions

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced