Sociology Final Review

How do conditioning and schedules of reinforcement operate- why does that matter in Las Vegas?

S-R: stimulus reaction Learning Schedules of reinforcement Extinguishing behavior : change the schedule of reinforcement Intermittent schedules Relates to Las Vegas: the slot machines: you continue to press the button until you are reinforced with winning (variable ratio)

How do the UCR and NCVS track crime; why are both useful when taken together?

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): info submitted voluntarily by law enforcement agencies; divide crime into two types of crime National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS): asks people how much crime they have experienced; self- reporting survey

What do we learn about urbanization from the text and lecture?

Urbanization: pattern of movement from rural areas to cities Stemmed from the increased opportunities for employment and investment that come with living around more people Accompanies modernization, transform from traditional, mostly agrarian societies to contemporary bureaucratized states, and industrialization, transformation from an agricultural base and handmade goods to manufacturing industries

what is frustration aggression theory ?

Usually when people carry out acts of racial discrimination feel frustated because they cannot attain what they desire

What is the three-part process involved with Cooley's Looking Glass?

We imagine how we appear to others, we imagine the judgment of that appearance, and we develop our self ( identity ) through the judgments of others.

What is force-field analysis and the Lilliput strategy?

What is the balance of power? Who makes the choice? Who is for change? Who is against change? How can we influence those against change? Force field analysis is when you make a list of pros and cons then rate the significance each pro and con on a scale of 1-5 and if the pros have more points than change should be made. Lilliput strategy: strength in small numbers; small masses coming together to overcome a bigger institution, Comes from the story Gulliver's Travels, where a mass of tiny people overtake the main character, who is much larger in size

conventional

(adj.) in line with accepted ideas or standards; trite

How does food production serve as an example?

Food production is standardized to ensure that the product always comes out the same and is efficient; factories involve each person doing a single task

What kinds of crimes are increasing? Decreasing?

Hate crimes (usually based on religion or sexual orientation) are increasing Violent predatory crimes are decreasing total violent crime victimization rate has declined

theory of mind: false beliefs

thomas theorem". Perception, the 3yo kid knows that snoopy does not know that there are candles inside, yet he acts as if he does and claims that snoopy would guess correctly. But thats a stretch to link them. cognitive distortions where our mind convinces us of something that isn't true, telling ourselves things that sound accurate and rational just like the little boy did in the video when he said snoopy would believe they're are candles in the crayon box : jumping to conclusions, overgeneralization, black and white thinking

Composition

what kinds of groups does your population compromise (Age, race, religion)

Altruistic Suicide (Durkheim)

when people are too well integrated into the collectivity they are likely to kill themselves in greater numbers because the group leads them, or even forces them too

Demographic Transition Theory:

which links trends in birthrates and death rates with patterns of economic and technological development. This theory identifies four clear stages of development and posits that a fifth one is in process. Stage 1: high birth rate and high death rate They balance each other over time. High infant and mortality rates but also a very high birth rate leads to no significant increase in population. This has been the pattern for most of human history. Stage 2: high birth and low death High birth rates lead to lots of babies but without so much death then it leads to a huge increase in population Stage 3: declining birth rates and low death rate Not many people are having babies and not many people are dying and this leads to a leveling off in the rate of population growth. Most industrial societies are in this stage. Stage 4: low birth and low death As people get the luxury to choose to not have kids and we don't die as often we basically go back to a zero population growth.

What are climes?

race simply comes from who gets more or less sun, closer to or further from the equator

What about theoretical perspectives such as Garfinkel's ethnomethodology (breaching) and Goffman's dramaturgy- how do they operate and what are the terms/concepts involved?

Breaching involves experiments that violate social norms Dramaturgy: the analysis of life as a play on a stage, with scripts and props and scenes to be played

How do Europeans/colonial settlers name themselves as opposed to other groups?

Colonial settlers: named by their occupation Indigenous American tribes: named by food source

Malthus describes two types of checks that control population growth:

1) Positive check that lead to higher death rate wars, disease, epidemics, and food shortages 2) Preventative checks that result in lower birth rates Delaying marriages and practicing abstinence

Social Change processes are triggered by

1) Strain: conflicting goals Baby booms → diaper → more people to make diapers 2) Different belief systems 3) Stress : exterior kind of issue, natural environment Flood, tornadoes, climate change, disease McNeil Plagues and Peoples 4) Population dynamics: changes in one thing tend to change other things WWII killed a ton of people so it changed the way other people reacted and changed to accommodate that change 12 to 18 million lived in the US before the pilgrims arrived, but today there are billions 5) Leaders: can react to these kinds of change because of their followers 6) Technology: self-evident change, allows for other things to change that were never able to happen before Silent raves 7) Social Environment: all of the institutionalized patterns of relationships that are possible; sometimes they are small changes but can be significant Census for many years only had certain boxes to changes Now we have a ton of choice for gender and race 8) Major Historical Events: lost in the receding past but portray something that we can look forward to in the future

Weber's ideal-type bureaucracy with examples related to schools today:

1. Division of labor based on technical competence: Administrators lead but do not teach, and instructors teach only in areas of their certification; staff are assigned positions for which their credentials make them most qualified, and recruitment and promotion are governed by formal policies. 2. Administrative hierarchy: There are specified chains of command and designated channels of communication, from school board to superintendent to principal to teacher. 3. Formal rules and regulations: Written procedures and rules—perhaps published in an administrative manual—spell out system-wide requirements, including discipline practices, testing procedures, curricula, sick days for teachers, penalties for student tardiness, field trip policies, and other matters. 4. Impersonal relationships: Formal relationships tend to prevail between teachers and students and between teachers and administrative staff (superintendents, principals, counselors); written records and formal communication provide a paper trail for all decisions. 5. Emphasis on rationality and efficiency to reach goals: Established processes are used, based on the best interests of the school. Efficiency is defined in terms of the lowest overall cost to the organization in reaching a goal, not in terms of personal consequences.

what are Mead's four stages of the developing self (preparatory, play, etc.)?

1. Preparatory stages Infant children Imitate/mimic people Good to learn because we do it over again and again Repeat things 2. Play stages Children Learn to take the role of another ONE at a time (story about how when he called his son "superman" and asked if "superman" wanted lunch his son said "no, have to save world, etc. but when he called him by his name and asked if he was hungry he said "yes im starving"<<<shows that he only has ability to play one role at a time) Watch kids play and they do the voices 3. Game stages "Ball 9" (baseball) (soccer story: soccer coach teaching kids to play soccer "peanut butter" = spread out) Children learn to... Follow Established rules Take the role of a number of numerous others at the same time What they should be doing, so you know what to do after See how their position fits in relation to others 4 : Generalized Other Children/ Adults learn: System of expected behaviors Meanings Perspectives That transcend immediate surroundings...

Collective Behavior Middle-range theories :

1.Minimax strategy - suggest that individuals try to minimize their losses or costs and maximize their benefits. A. People are more likely to engage in a crowd behavior if they feel the rewards outweigh the costs. EX: individuals may become involved in a riot if they feel the outcome- drawing attention to their plight, the possibility of improving conditions, solidarity with neighbor and friends, or looting goods- will be more rewarding than the status quo or possible negative sanctions 2. Emergent Strategy- points out that individuals have different emotions and attitudes using their behaviors in crowds than when they act alone. A. The theory addresses the unusual situations, involving the breakdown of norms, in which most collective behavior takes place B. Unusual situations may call for the development of new norms and even new definitions of acceptable behavior C. The implication of this theory is that in ambiguous situations, people look to others for clues about what is happening or what is acceptable, and norms emerge in ambiguous contexts. D. Most widely used approach to understanding collective behavior EX: imagine you are at an athletic event. Someone in the crowd with a very loud voice beans to taunt a player from the visiting teams. Initially some people around you laugh, but as the initiator begins to chant an insult, your friends and others around you begin to joining. Chances are good that in the camaraderie of the moment, you follow suit and start chanting insults, too - even if it is disrespectful.Normally you would not make such a insulting remark to someones face, but in this situation where you are anonymous, the pattern of behavior emerged and you feel compelled to follow the crowd. (effecting an entire crowd ) Value added theory ( structural strain theory): describes the conditions for crowd behavior and social movement

What are the 3 main aspects of race described by our test? Can you define and apply the basic terms/concepts concerning race & ethnicity that we learned in class and from the text, including race, ethnicity, minority groups, racial literacy, etc.)?

1.Race as modern: race itself relatively modern concept 2.Socially Constructed: race and its categorizations are a social construct 3.There is a correlation between race and class within a society Race: socially constructed concept that categorizes people based on appearance (ex: eye color, skin, facial structures, hair) Ethnicity: belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. (ex: traditions, place you born, food, language, etc) Minority groups: groups of people with distinct cultural or physical characteristics who are singled out from others in society Racial literacy: Skills set series of coping mechanism. Passed down from interracial social groups

Malthus' Theory of Population:

1798, argues that humans are driven to reproduce and will multiply excessively without checks imposed to slow population growth Noted that an unchecked population increases geometrically: 2 parents could have 4 children, 16 grandchildren, 64 great-grandchildren and so on. Meanwhile, food increases only arithmetically or linear (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) Therefore, population growth must be controlled before we run out of food to feed the people.

What is Merton's explanation concerning strain and adaptation (5 Means Ends/Goals adaptations) about crime and deviance?

1Societies don't provide the means for social goals (IE: social goal: american dream but in order to achieve the american dream one must have access to education and employment which america does not supply education and jobs very well) The gap is known as whats ought to be vs what is If people experience the gap they will have 5 choices of adaptation Conformity: pursuing cultural goals through approved means Innovation: using unconventional means (dealing drugs) to achieve a culturally approved goal (financial security)Ritualism: reject societal goals, and instead works towards less lofty goals by institutionally approved means (IE: use jobs for financial security not for success) Retreatism: reject societal goals and the means to achieve those goals (drug addicts; homeless) Rebellion: people who feel so strained by society, that they want to replace the societal goals and the means of achieving those goals

Durkheim's types of suicide and why?

3 Types of Suicides Egoistic Suicide Anomic Suicide

How do organizations change (closed/open systems, etc.)?

A closed class system exists when a group of people are given different opportunities, depending on the characteristics they were born with, such as color, gender, or the economic situation of their parents. In a closed class system, you are stuck at your level. You can't marry people from other classes. An open system is a system, or a group of parts creating a whole, that interacts with its environment by exchanging energy, materials, and information with an aim of system renewal and growth: eat to have energy,

How did that apply to the British rule of India (Mike Davis' book about Late Victorian Holocausts?)- what was that story about?

A plaque was created to essentially thank British India and celebrate them for committing genocide, since they saw it as solving a problem rather than killing innocent people. It's a matter of who gets to define the situation

What did we read and learn about people, collectively (aggregates, etc.); types of groups?

Aggregates: people that are in the same place at the same time, but do not know each other (e.g., people on the subway, people in a restaurant) Primary groups: micro level, characterized by cooperation among close, intimate long-term relationships Secondary groups: formal, impersonal, business-like relationships Reference groups: individuals or groups that act as role models and establish standards against which members measure their conduct

What is the first, most important social fact an infant learns?

As they cry or smile, they learn that their behavior causes different responses from other humans. The interaction is the exchange of verbal and nonvrbal messages. These form the basic building blocks of socialization through child learns his or her culture and becomes a member of society. 3 Main Elements Human biological potential Culture Individual experiences

What does role taking involve;

Being able to recognize and understand another persons point of view the environment, and relating to the moods, emotions and attitudes as well

Why has race come to be a significant distinction?

Biological: could be biological because our primary sense is visual; we are visually dominant species The race is a very easy thing to see You look at someone and realize that they look like you and then they become "one of us" Leads to xenophobia Religion can overcome the difference in visual dominance "Do you believe in the same God that I do" Yes oh cool, we're the same. Citizenship: a way you can earn your way to become part of the group Pattern-Seeking: humans as a species are predisposed to seek patterns in the background of the subconscious mind

What are the various perspectives (micro/middle-range/macro) on deviance and crime?Specifically: how do functionalists, conflict theorists, rational theory, and symbolic interactionist theories approach crime and deviance (breakdown/pathology, conflict and law, control, broken windows, labeling and differential association)? Can you explain and apply the basics of how those theories define the origins/causes of deviance and crime?

Conflict theory focuses on a meso-and macro-level analysis of deviance, looking at deviance as the result of social inequality or of the struggle among groups for power Conflict theorists blame capitalist systems for the unjust administration of law and unequal distribution of resources, arguing that the ruling class uses the legal system to further the capitalist enterprise To reduce deviance and crime, conflict theorists believe that we must change the structure of society

Divides the world system into three main parts:

Core Nations: economically and politically very powerful; place of power that is at the center of decision making, core nations exploit everyone else The ones that have the most Core country orgs: they come together to make organizations usually arranged by the core o=countries to help added them and keep an eye to their own interests Peripheral Nations: raw materials and resources from her and also provide inexpensive labor, chief labor, and raw resources are usually found here The ones that have the least Semi- peripheral countries: not exploited as much as the peripheral but do not hold power like a core nation, middle group (Switzerland)

What is demography?

Demography is the study of human population dynamics. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of populations, and how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration, and aging.

hat is the difference between deviance and crime; formal/informal sanctions; and the types of crimes (predatory, etc.)?

Deviance: some acts, such as murder, assault, robbery, and rape, are considered deviant in almost every time and place, some deviant acts may be overlooked or even viewed as understandable under certain circumstances Crime: deviance that violates the law, being convicted of these violation results in the perpetrator being identified as "criminal" Formal Sanctions: punishments conferred by recognized officials Informal Sanctions: unofficial punishments such as frowns or ignoring someone Consensus crimes: agreement about the seriousness of crimes Conflict crimes: law passed with disagreement/disadvantage to the other group Predatory crimes: crimes against individuals or property Victimless/public order crimes: crimes committed by or between consenting adults Organized crime: ongoing; sole purpose is for mass economic gain for individuals Occupational crime: white collar crime

Pixar for birds

Discrimination/ racism: Small birds discriminate on the big bird due to the way he looks (size/ clothing), acts (language/culture), and he is a minority They ridicule him and then try and get away from him Ingroup vs outgroup: The little birds consider themselves to be part of a group, while they do no consider the big bird to be part of it. So they try and kick him out. Social Distances Intimate Personal Social Public The small birds attempt to maintain a social/ public distance away from the big bird, while the big bird wants to be in the personal/ social group distance.

What is Durkheim' society of Saints argument; why does he claim crime is functional?

He argues that the society of saints would create crimes for trivial rule breaking. For example, an angel who didn't look after his wings quite as well as the others would be viewed as a criminal and punishments would be applied.Everyone is socialised differently and some people may not be effectively socialised. Poor socialisation means that they do not accept the shared norms and values of mainstream society which can make them deviant., second is modern society is so complex that it causes formation of subcultures and they might have norms and values that do not agree with the norms of mainstream society. Also maybe anomie in society caused by special division of labour

social distances?

Intimate distance: 0-18 inches; children play within this proximity, children and adults can maintain this distance, reserved for affectionate relationships between adults Personal distance: 18in - 4ft; public distance for most friends, informal relationships Social distance: 4ft - 12ft; impersonal relationships, job interviews, class discussions Public distance: 12ft+; most public figures, used for formal settings

what is mark test ?

It is a measure of self awareness by Gordon Gallup, determining whether an animal can recognize its own reflection in a mirror as an image of itself.This is accomplished by surreptitiously marking the animal with an odourless dye, and observing whether the animal reacts in a manner consistent with it being aware that the dye is located on its own body.The mark test is when a child is taken and marked on their forehead and when they see each other in a mirror they do not recognize that the image is them, therefore they will not reach to remove it, but as a child gets older they will recognize it and remove it.

Difference between role strain and role conflict?

Role conflict is conflict between the roles of two or more ETST statuses & role strain is tension among roles in one status

Pre-conventional

Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which rewards and punishments dominate moral thinking

post conventional

Kohlberg, whats right or wrong based on some higher moral reasoning, full internalization, adulthood if ever, not many reach it

The limitations of census racial categories?

Limitations of census racial categories: (found in text) American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, Black, Hispanic, and White. People had to become part of a particular group even if they didn't classify themselves under any of these if they wanted services.

Phillip Zimbardo: psychology of evil

Lucifer effect - individuals and groups who usually act humanely can sometimes act otherwise in certain circumstances due to the lust for power. To be a hero you must act deviantly. When others are passive, you must act. Everyone can do certain things, but people aren't willing to do it. The speaker's future wife told him to stop the experiment because of what was going on in the prison cells. The speaker didn't know this. She played the "hero" in this scene. While others left the experiment alone, she acted deviantly and made a change.

demogrpahy

Making Predictions Things they are interested in when making predictions: What's the size of the population What are the birth and death rates

Theories to explain social change:

Micro-Level: symbolic interactionism Humans construct the meaning of the things going on around them We reconstruct the meaning of race and gender and etc After reconstructing these meanings, you can redefine what's going on In this view, people can start to believe that social institutions themselves are actually fragile b/c at any moment people can redefine its meaning and then do something else instead. Conservative w/ vested interest in things remaining the same Conservatives: anyone who likes the way things are right now, to keep things the way they are Individual resistance: every person can serve to resist, that's why legitimacy is so important because if people think they had a hand in the decision making then they are less likely to resist Rational Choice: exchange of rational thoughts in order to make choices Force-Field Analysis: get people to make calculations of things and include all of the possibilities of a choice

Types (mobs, riots,etc.)

Mobs: emotional crowds that engage in violence against a specific target Riots: outbreaks of illegal violence against random or shifting targets committed by crowds expressing frustration Panic: when many people become fearful or try to flee threatening situations beyond their control Rumors: forms of mass behavior in which unsupported or unproven reports about a topic circulate Fads: temporary behaviors, acitivtes, or material objects that spread rapidly Fashion: a style of appearance and behavior termorarily favoring by many people

How does our text discuss organized/occupational crime?

Organized Crime: ongoing criminal enterprises run by an organized group whose ultimate purpose is economic gain through illegitimate means Essentially a counterculture with a hierarchical structure Relies on power, control, fear, violence and corruption→ particular problem when societies experience rapid change and anomie and where social control breaks down Occupational (or white-collar) crime: a violation of the law committed by an individual or a group in the course of a legitimate, respected occupation or financial activity can be committed by individuals from virtually any social class, and it can occur at any organizational level receive less attention because they are less visible, do not always cause obvious physical injury to identifiable people frequently committed by people in positions of substantial authority and prestige far costlier in money, health, and lives four major categories: (1) against the company (2) against employees (3) against customers (4) against the general public or other organizations

what are the various stages of socialization?

Primary: setting rules (when born) things you learn at a young kid age (don't pick boogers, don't be mean, etc) Secondary:start to get ranked on performance ( when you begin school) Adult: takes place the rest of your life' learning adult role (independence)

Who is doing time (SES correlations), and how do economics apply here? Serving time... why? Who?

SES correlations - socioeconomic status Age, gender, race/ class (disproportion of minorities), education Incarceration rates by race, ethnicity chart ... blacks have a higher rate Serving time: gender Male high Female is rising higher Women's prison pop. growing faster than men's State policy drives mass incarceration -Due to various economic differences in different areas of the country can predict the tendencies for crime rates -Certain neighborhoods are more susceptible

How do the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and Thomas Theorem apply?

Sapir Hypothesis : states that the structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken. Would it be since language and culture are different everywhere the people that have a different language or culture are instantly singled out like those that look different are singled out I think part of it also has to do with the wording of the census like stated in the question above. American Indian or Alaska Native - People had to become part of a particular group even if they didn't classify themselves under any of these if they wanted services. Thomas Theorem: situations defined as real become real in their consequences Even though race is socially constructed, but accepted as something that exists, society suffers from the consequences of this through racism, prejudice and discrimination etc

Distribution and Migration: where do they go?

Seeking jobs, avoiding wars, joining families

What are the most important dimensions that demographers study (size, etc.)?

Size Birth rate and death rates Compositions : age dependcy ratio, youth dependcy ratio, sex ratio (age, gender, class breakdowns, etc) Distribution of people Migration

Love has no labels

Skeleton screen represents a view that excludes discrimination, you see love first, then you see the race/ gender/ age when they come out?, race is socially constructed and society has just made it seem like theres a "right way" Color- blind theory : it means that it is a way to end discrimination without taking race, culture, or ethnicity into consideration when treating individuals as equal

What is social change?How might it occur at micro, meso/institutional, and macro/global levels?What about the triggers, processes and theories of social change (micro: SI, rational choice; meso: evolutionary; functionalist, and the rest)? What are social movements and collective behaviors; some types of each and the theories that explain them (value added theory, etc.)?

Social change: any variations or alterations over time in a society. Micro-level: helping someone find housing Meso-level: helping out at a homeless shelter Macro-level: creating policies to help convert abandoned buildings into homeless shelters Micro Symbolic interaction: redefining reality can upset the status quo and be a powerful force for change Rational choice: people will enact on change if it is beneficial for them Meso Evolutionary: society is evolving in a cycle, change is happening because people are always looking for new problems to solve Functionalist: change in one part of society will affect another part Macro Conflict: conflict between those in power and those oppressed will lead to changes Social movements: attempts outside institutions to enhance or resist change through group action Social reform movements: seek to change some specific dimension of society; legislative policy modification/court appeals Expressive movements: saves people from lifestyles that the movement thinks are corrupt Global transnational movements: mobilize across societies as international organizations Resistance/regressive movements: protect existing or return to a system that was overthrown by the current Revolutionary movements: transform society by overthrowing existing power structures Collective behavior: spontaneous, unstructured, and disorganized actions that may violate norms Mobs, riots, crazes, fads/fashions, rumors, mass hysteria Value-added theory: in order for collective behavior to happen, there are 6 conditions that must be met\ Structural conduciveness: existing problems create a climate ripe for change Structural strain: internal problems, the social structure is not meeting the needs of the people and leads to widespread dissatisfaction Spread of generalized belief: common beliefs about the cause, effect, and solution of the problem evolve, develop, and spread Precipitating factor: a dramatic event or incident that occurs to incites people to action Mobilization for action: leaders emerge and set out a path of action Social controls are weak: if the police, military, or political power are unable to counter the mobilization then causes crowd behavior to occur

What does our text teach us about crime and deviance?

Teaches us that deviance is the violation of social norms ( wearing tattoos with skin tight ripped jeans in hioghschool), while crimes are deviance actions for which there are formal penalties imposed by the government, such as fines, jail or prison sentences

What was the story associated with Kolberg's stages of moral development?

Story: a dad buys eggs and tells his sons not to play w/ them. One son wants to make a cake for the dad, but breaks 11 eggs. The other son plays w/ the last egg & breaks it. They both tell their dad what happened. Who does the dad get more mad at? Younger kids will feel that that first son gets in trouble because he broke 11 eggs Older kids will feel that the second son gets in trouble because he played with the one egg when the dad told them not too Pre convientional post conventional , convientional

There are six factors identified that can result in collective behavior:

Structural Conduciveness: problems exist that lead to people saying that they want some damn change The joker movie was popular because of the conduciveness of America rn People want to change Structural Strain: the social structure is not meeting the needs and expectations of the people which creates widespread dissatisfaction within the status quo Spread of a generalized belief: common beliefs about the cause, effect, and solution of the problem evolve, develop, and spread. Hilter and the Nazis Precipitating Factor: a dramatic event or incident occurs to incite people to action 9/11 Mobilization for action: leaders emerge and set out a path of action, or an emergent norm develops that stimulates common action MLK Social Controls are weak: if the police, the military, or political/religious leaders are unable to counter the mobilization, a social movement or other crowd behaviour can form Planned Change in Organization: meso-level change Problems and outcomes: if you want people to stay motivated then pick something small that you can accomplish Social movements need quick successes

What are Mead's phases of the self and how do they operate?

The "me" is the social self and the "I" is the response to the "me. " The "I" is the individual's impulses. The "I" is self as subject; the "me" is self as object. • Primary Socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. Secondary socialization refers to the process of learning the appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. Group socialization is the theory that an individual's peer groups, rather than parental figures, influences his or her personality and behavior in adulthood. Organizational socialization is the process whereby an employee learns the knowledge and skills necessary to assume his or her organizational role.

What is the Rule of 72 and how does it apply to money and demography?

The Rule of 72 is an easy compound interest calculation to quickly determine how long it will take to double your money based on the interest rate. Simply divide 72 by the interest rate to determine the outcome. For example, at a 2 percent interest rate, it would take 36 years to double your money

What about comparing incarceration in the US and elsewhere?

The United States has 5% of the world's population but 25% of all its prisoners War on Drugs and zero-tolerance policies keep the prison population in the United States high compared with that in any other Global North country and account for the highest number of causes for imprisonment U.S. incarceration rate of 716 per 100,000 people is the highest in the world

mimicking one another

The idea was that we all define situations differently Symbolic interaction, how people define situations and behave accordingly Groups: Identification Is often times a "reference group" for ourselves to understand things Similar to ethnocentrism

What happens during the process of socialization?

The lifelong process of learning to become a member of the social world, beginning at birth and continuing until death. We cannot understand what it means to be human without comprehending the impact of a specific culture on us, the influence of our close associates and the complex interplay of pressures, indeed without social interaction, there would not even be a self. (Pavlov : woof ding)

What is the one-drop rule/pencil test, and why might biology incline humans toward racism in the first place?

The one-drop rule is the idea that once a white man has one drop of blood from another race, they are considered that race

What were Malthus' thoughts on food, sex, and population? How might that be critiqued; why might population be difficult to control?

The scientific study of population characteristics. study of population NOT individual. an essay on the principle of population believed he discovered 2 social laws 1. Food 2. Sex Critiques: 1. technology/ technological; change 2/ inequality- not a matter of not having enough but not distributing food well 3. demographics -population really hasn't doubled every century/ decade

What happens when infants of any species are NOT socialized and how does that involve a window of opportunity (Harlow's monkeys, feral kids)?

They often cannot use language, form intimate relationships, or play games. The necessity for early social contact was demonstrated by the research of Harry and Margaret Harlow.deprivation of social contact led to significant developmental and social challenges later in life. The monkeys didn't know how to act with other monkeys who were socialized

Anomie Suicide (Durkheim)

This type of suicide is due to certain breakdown of social equilibrium, such as, suicide after bankruptcy or after winning a lottery. In other words, anomic suicide takes place in a situation which has cropped up suddenly.

Log rolling competition

This video basically shows that within organizations and social movements people exchange favors for support - logrolling is a word in government: the video is of people literally logrolling until one of them falls, people do whatever they can to benefit and knock others out but when people try to compromise sometimes neither benefits

What is demographic transition theory, some critiques of it, and other possibilities for why populations increase/decrease?

Transition Theory: Links trends in birthrates and death rates with patterns of economic and technological development (book definition) Phase 1: high birth and high death Phase 2: high birth and low death Phase 3: births declining and low death Phase 4: low birth and low death Phase 5: (has not come into full existence yet but is emerging in some Global North societies) death rates remain stable while birth rates decline (Japan and Germany are examples of countries beginning this phase) Critiques of demographic transition theory / other possibilities for why populations increase/decrease according to the book: Demographic transition theory doesn't consider some important factors that affect population: People's age at marriage affects childbearing Contraceptive availability A country's resources and land (determine how much population can be supported)r Economic structure, religious beliefs, and political philosophies (affect attitudes toward family size and birth control) What is replacement rate and ZPG? Replacement rate refers to the average amount of children a woman has over her lifetime and Zpg is zero population growth,occurs when there is no change in the amount of people in a given time,number of people born equals the number of people who have died.

Value Added Theory

also called structural strain theory, describes the conditions for crowd behavior and social movements. Key elements are necessary for collective behavior with each new variable added to the total situation until conditions are sufficient for individuals to bring to act in common.

Institutional Racial Discriminition

any meso level institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another. This favoritism may result in intentional or unintentional consequences for minority groups

Why are population pyramids useful?

are ideal for detecting changes or differences in population patterns. Multiple Population Pyramids can be used to compare patterns across nations or selected population groups.

Collective Behaviour

crowd behavior (mobs, panics, riots) and mass behavior (websites, social media, and TV)

Sex ratio

has to do with how many marriageable partners are available, how many babies will eventually come from those marriages

Youth Dependency Ratio

ids that are under 15 need to be supported by somebody so it's all the people who are under 15 divided by all the people taking care of them They do the same for Age.

What about in/out groups, social boundaries, reference groups, conformity, ideal types of organizations, bureaucracy, bureaucratic problems, and McDonaldization?

in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. Social Boundaries established social rules that are considered typical because most people in society agree that they are reasonable ways to live. Reference Groups- individuals or groups that influence our opinions, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. Conformity- is a type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group. Ideal types of organizations?- eal type is an abstract model created by Max Weber that, when used as a standard of comparison, enables us to see aspects of the real world in a clearer, more systematic way. It is a constructed ideal used to approximate reality by selecting and accentuating certain elements. Bureaucracy - an organization of non-elected officials of a government or organization who implements the rules, laws, and functions of their institution. Bureaucratic problems- McDonaldization: the standardization of a society; takes aspects and breaks them down to the simplest form; made up of 4 dimensions: Efficiency: the optimum method Calculability: quantity over quality Predictability: production process is organized to create standardized outcomes Control: the substitution of human labor with predictable non-human labor; use of automation

How do feminist theories discuss deviance /crime ?

look for explanations of violence against women and the secondary status of most women in gender relations and social structures According to feminist theory, the work of women in the private sphere—including housework, child bearing, and child care—is undervalued, as are the women who carry out these roles new generations socialized to maintain the patriarchy and to view inequality between the sexes as "normal" and "natural Women who deviate from the cultural expectations of "normal" behavior are condemned.

The Meatrix

perception vs reality. Even though we know about it, we act like it doesn't exist sometimes? Other times we make an effort to address it. also has to do with the McDonaldization effect- basically the meat industry has tried to maximize profits and become efficient which has led to the creation of factories, Lobbying aspect -it is influencing their actions and policies in order to keep it progressing With regard to power and deception? Cuz they pay the gov to silence dissent and project a false narrative?

Why is there recidivism?

recidivism rates —the likelihood that someone who is arrested, convicted, and imprisoned will later be a repeat offender Because there is not a lot of prison education, substance abuse, and job training programs can be used to reduce criminal justice expenses by allowing some prisoners to "earn" reduced sentences Return rate of crime Substance abuse, mental illness 3 strikes law: jail for life is expensive A record and usually have no education

Past-In-Present Discrimination:

refers to practices from the past that may no longer be a llowed but that continue to have consequences for people in the present Ex: during the 1950's in Mississippi the average cost to educate a white kid was $147 and for a black kid it was $34 in segregated schools. Although such blatant racism is not legally allowed today, some African Americans who were in school during this time are receiving lower Social Security checks because their earning power was diminished due to their poor schooling.

Side-Effect Discrimination:

refers to practices in one instituional area that have a negative impact because they are linked to practices in another instituional area because instituions are interdependent, driscrimination in one results in unintentional discrimination in others Ex: when discrimination in the criminal justice system leads to discrimination in the employment sector

Population Transfer:

refers to the removal, often forced, of a minority group from a region or country, generally because the dominant group wants lands or resources Ex: Native Americans in the US removed into reservations

Assimilation

refers to the social and cultural merging of minority and dominant groups Usually voluntary process where members of the minority group choose to adopt the values, norms, and institutions of the dominant group Forced Assimilation occurs when members of a minority group are compelled to suppress their cultural identity. Native American children were forced to leave their families and go to white-run boarding schools to learn how to be good chirstian americans.

anomie

social instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values also : personal unrest, alienation, and anxiety that comes from a lack of purpose or ideals. Emile Durkheim

What four things do humans do/acquire in the process of socialization;

socialization Process Acquire self Learn ingroup/ outgroup Develop human capacities Negotiate social physical environment

Wealth Flow Theory

suggests that two possible strategies operate in couple's personal decisions about family size. Explain why some people have bigger or smaller families depends on which way the wealth will flow Wealth flows from kids to the parents: then it benefits the parents and it makes sense to have a larger family Wealth flows from parents to their kids: then it benefits the parents to have smaller families

Egoistic Suicide (Durkheim)

suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

Apes : a sense of bodily self

the me , I ?