Sociology mid term

The term "culture wars" refers to the extreme clashes in values that occur when there are conflicting viewpoints about efforts to change core values in society. Give an example of how social commentators in the media can facilitate a culture war.

Both sociologists and anthropologists study culture.

The term "socialization" refers to the

The process through which we learn or are trained to be members of society.

What do sociologists call it when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar?

culture leveling

Clashes over values in the United States, especially as represented by liberals and conservatives in the mass media, have been termed

culture wars

Conflicts within mainstream society about which values and norms should be upheld or shifted are called

culture wars

The tendency to use your own group's way of doing things as the yardstick for judging others is called

ethnocentrism

Which of the agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?

family

Children raised without human interaction or with minimal human contact are referred to as ________ children.

feral

What do sociologists call the idea that all individuals act like mirrors to each other?

the looking glass self

Role conflict occurs when an individual has

when there are incompatible demands placed upon a person relating to their job or position.

What are some examples of a feeling rule?

when you get married or graduate from college, you're supposed to be happy, and people will be concerned if you're otherwise.

The term "master status" is defined as a

"a status that has exceptional importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life."

How does a person come to possess an achieved status?

An achieved status is inherited from an individual's parents. An achieved status is earned.

The ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values, without reference to any other culture's standards, is called

Cultural relativism

What are some examples of resocialization?

Examples of involuntary resocialization include becoming a prisoner or a widow. Resocialization differs from the formative, lifelong process of socialization in that the latter directs a person's development whereas the former redirects their development

What is the sociological term for signs people make with their bodies?

Gestures

What are some examples of a total institution?

It is an institution that controls almost all aspects of its members' lives. Boarding schools, orphanages, military branches, juvenile detention, and prisons are examples of total institutions.

Which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds?

MULTICULTURALISM

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that

The structure of a language shapes what people think and do

How do sociologists define the self?

a distinct sense of self is developed in play through a process of "role-taking,"

What is the definition of "culture"?

a particular set of customs, morals, codes and traditions from a specific time and place.

The concept of the looking-glass self explains

a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.

Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered

agents of socialization

Sociologists use what terms to describe a group with values and norms that oppose the dominant culture?

counterculture

Stereotyping involves judging others based on their ?

discrimination

The values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called

dominant culture

What sort of status would having a physical disability be?

embodied status

What do sociologists call it when people's jobs require them to manage their feelings as part of their official duties?

emotion work

Resocialization is particularly necessary when people are cut off from society and their former identities are stripped away. What is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?

entry into a total institution

occurs when the dominant culture succeeds in imposing its values and ideas on all of society.

hegemony

The slogan "what happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas" is an example of

moral holiday

A monetary fine, harsh words, and shaking one's fist are examples of

negative sanctions

What do sociologists call informal rules and guidelines for behavior that are considered acceptable within a group?

norms

As a way of facilitating social change, tweets and hashtags are a new social phenomenon in which people are able to use social media in an effort to

organize and protest political policies

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

peers

Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of

personal front

Sociologists refer to the norms and values that people aspire to as

real culture

What do sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to the norms and values that people believe should be followed?

real culture

Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of

resocialization

A person who leaves his or her job of twenty years to retire is undergoing what process?

role exit

A position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations is called a(n)

social status

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a

subculture

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is

symbolic interactionism. ... Any time that an actor tries to imagine what is expected of them, they are taking on the perspective of the generalized other

Which kind of norm is so deeply ingrained that the very thought of breaking it brings feelings of disgust or horror?

taboo

What has a child learned to do when he or she can internalize the expectations of other specific people?

take the role of a significant other

What is culture?

the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.

The nature vs. nurture debate helps us understand

the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning