Sociology

Which belief is least likely to contribute to a favorable work attitude?​

"We ought to get paid more than we do. "

With the transition to a greater prevalence of chronic diseases, physicians have increasingly had to take which approach to medical care?

"Whole person" care.

_________ % of all doctor visits pertain to the female reproductive system.

20

About _____________ Americans die each year from smoking-related diseases.

440,000

Mistakes and errors in medical practice, through neglect or ignorance, can sometimes be defended as:

A difference of opinion

Medical sociology, as a sub-discipline, began gaining strength:

After World War II with the infusion of large amounts of federal funding for research.

Which is a component of self-care?

All of the above are components of self-care

The lowest AIDS mortality rates for American males are found in:

Asians

Which group has a higher rate of those covered by private insurance than the national average?

Asians

For all causes of death, _____________ have the lowest death rates.

Asians/Pacific Islanders.

Which of the following have been significant factors in the most recent epidemiologic transition, which has seen a reemergence of infectious diseases?

B and C.

Expanding reliance on new technologies has promoted a shift away from ____________, with its focus on the patient's oral account of his or her medical history.

Biographical medicine

Which of the following accurately describes early nurse-midwives in the United States?

Both: They were instrumental in the reduction of maternal death. and They helped extend health care services to rural populations.

What is the most likely powerful influence on lifestyle forms?

Class circumstances

_______ refers to making a precise genetic copy of a molecule, cell, plant, or animal.

Cloning

Recognition on the part of clients, outside agencies, and the wider society of the profession's claim to _____________________ is necessary if professional decisions are not to be reviewed by outside authorities.

Competence

Physicians prescribe medications, diets, and the like and expect patients to follow them faithfully. This is called:

Compliance

At the beginning of the 21st century we are witnessing that the dominance of medical profession is:

Declining

In the case of the sick role, illness is seen as __________, and its undesirable nature reinforces the motivation to be healthy.

Deviance

__________________ considerations have become a primary motivation among physicians, hospitals, and private health insurance companies.

Economic

According to the World Health Organization, significant improvements in health in the 19th century were brought about by what might be called ____________ methods.

Engineering

Doctor-patient relationships in the U.S. have seriously _______________ in recent years.

Eroded

A young child clings to her mother in an unfamiliar place. The emotion it suggests is friendliness.

False

Paraverbal communication may include stance, or how a person stands, as well as changes in facial expression, body movements, and hand movements.

False

Once a professional group becomes established, Goode indicates that it begins to further consolidate its power by:

Formalizing social relationships.

Who defined the guidelines for analyzing the development of the medical profession in American society?

Goode

What are collective patterns of health-related behavior based on choices from options available to people according to their life chances?

Health Lifestyles

The primary focus of the epidemiologist is on:

Health problems of social aggregates.

________________ is the leading cause of death for women after age 66

Heart disease.

Which of the following trends is most likely to strain health care delivery systems and Social Security system in future years?

Increasing proportion of elderly in the population.

What group uses preventative services the least?

Lower class.

In the developing American West, anyone who had ___________ could obtain a medical degree and practice medicine.

Money

Many low income individuals are obese; however _____________ have the highest rate.

Non-Hispanic blacks.

Several studies in Britain, with its universal health care, have shown that the equalization of health care alone has _____________ the disparity in health between social classes.

Not reduced.

______________ neighborhoods are clean and safe, houses and buildings are well-maintained, and residents are respectful of each other and each other's property.

Orderly

Millman contended that a "gentlemen's agreement" existed among the hospital physicians. What did this agreement allow for?

Overlooking each other's mistakes

With the founding of the American Medical Association (AMA) in Philadelphia, _____________ could mark the beginning of a new era in medicine.

Physicians

Which is NOT a term used to describe free-standing emergency centers?

Quick-fix facilities.

Which is NOT an important factor in establishing prestige within the medical profession?

Race of the practitoner

One of the greatest threats from infectious diseases worldwide comes from:

Sexually transmitted diseases.

A social class is a category or group of people who:

Share similar levels of wealth, status, and power.

Talcott Parsons's book The Social System contained which concept important for medical sociology?

Sick role.

Social status is a(n) ___________ dimension in "social class" consisting of how much esteem the person is accorded by other people.

Subjective

____________________ take(s) the position that the seriousness of the patient's symptoms is the determining factor in doctor-patient interaction.

Szasz and Hellender

What is the "fertility rate"?

The number of births per women of childbearing age.

We often notice some details of a situation while completely missing other details. This tendency is known as selective observing

True

In which study were syphilis patients intentionally not treated and allowed to die?

Tuskegee

The type of lifestyle that promotes a healthy existence is typical in which class?

Upper and middle

AIDS now affects _____________ in Africa more than ________________.

Women, men.

Paying attention to patients' nonverbal behavior is important for health care professionals because _______​

a message of need is most likely to be sent nonverbally.

For many patients, a health agency can feel like _______​

a stressful and threatening place.

_______________ activity by Latin American men is believed to be important in the infection of a large proportion of females.

bisexual

When a new baby sister arrives, 3-year-old Trent begins asking for a bottle and talking "baby talk" again. Trent's behavior is an example of _______​

regression

A worker whistles to himself as he goes about his duties. The emotion it suggests is happiness.

true

Poor enunciation when speaking can make it difficult for a listener to understand your words.

true

It is important to set aside personal problems while you are at work because _______​

you need to give your full attention to your work.

People engage in self-care in a manner ____________ with medical norms, values, and information.

Consistent

The germ theory of disease is a perspective which asserts:

Diseases are caused by a biological agent

The medicine of social spaces is concerned with:

Preventing disease

Which involves the extensive use of advanced technology for testing, diagnosis, and the scientific determination of treatment in a more differentiated world of health care delivery?

Techno-medicine

Which can cause the receiver of a message to misunderstand what is said?

all of the abovr

In 2014, _________ % of Americans under 65 had private health insurance.

63.7

In 2013-14, about ____________ % of all students entering medical schools were women.

47.2

The Hippocratic Oath requires the physician to swear that he or she will:

All of the above

Which is NOT a major area of investigation in medical sociology?

All of the above answers are major areas of investigation in medical sociology.

____________ refers to the choices that people have in the lifestyles they wish to adopt.

Life conduct

Most sociologists of medicine are employed as

Professors at univesities

The process by which a family provides a child with a specific social identity is:

Socialization

A patient bites his lips as he awaits the results of a medical test. The emotion it suggests is fear or nervousness.

true

A number of factors have promoted self-care on the part of laypersons. Which is a factor?

All of the above are factors promoting self-care.

Changes in lifestyle patterns over the past decades has meant that coronary heart disease is now concentrated more among which group?

Poor/lower class.

A person's stance means _______​

the way he positions his body and feet.

The ___________________ model applies when the patient is seriously ill or being treated on an emergency basis in a state of relative helplessness, due to a severe injury or lack of consciousness.

Activity-passivity

One of your patients, Mrs. V., exhibits a number of difficult behaviors. You suspect that she has some need that is not being met. Which is the most appropriate action for you to take?​

Discuss your concerns with your supervisor.

_______________ is thought to protect women against heart attacks until menopause, when levels drop.

Estrogen

At the end of 2007, the majority of AIDS cases in the U.S. were found in:

Homosexual and bisexual men.

New research is showing that the relationship between occupation, income, education, and health changes over the life course, with __________ becoming more important for health as a person moves toward older age.

Income

Many elderly rate their health as good despite the health problems that often accompany aging. What does this phenomenon suggest about the usefulness of self-rated heath as a tool to measure health?

Just surviving to old age free of serious illness or disability is evidence of good health. and The elderly are able to perceive their health as good if they can perform their usual daily activities successfully.

Dutton tested different explanations concerning why the poor would show lower use rates in relation to actual need than the non-poor. Which was NOT a tested explanation?

Level of education

According to the World Health Organization, we are currently living in the _____________ era.

Postmedical

______________ are forced to spend time as "patient advocates," convincing various bureaucrats that more specialized and expensive care is warranted.

Primary Care Physicians

When a new baby sister arrives, 3-year-old Trent begins asking for a bottle and talking "baby talk" again. Trent's behavior is an example of _______​

Regression

What situation has reduced public confidence in medicine more than any other single issue?

Resistance to cost controls.

Several studies find that the strongest and most consistent predictor of a person's health and life expectancy is

Social class.

What arguments are used by alternative healers to support the efficacy of their treatment?

Their patients report high levels of satisfaction. and A large percentage of patients see alternative healers on a continuing basis.

What is defined as activity undertaken by individuals for the purpose of maintaining or enhancing their health, preventing health problems, or achieving a positive body image?

Health behavior

________________ has been found to make women particularly vulnerable to psychological distress.

Lack of control.

Unlike infectious diseases, chronic diseases typically are _____________ and ______________.

Long term; incurable.

The science of epidemiology has passed through three eras and is entering a fourth. In what order did it pass through the first three eras?

Sanitary, Infectious, Chronic.

People who become infected with HIV may be subjected to discrimination, which can isolate them socially. This social outcome is:

Stigma

Millman contended that ________________ errors could be forgiven and often had the result of motivating the offending physician to work harder, spend more time with patients, double-check procedures, and learn from the mistake.

Technical

Which is NOT a feature of professionalism?

The profession determines its own standards of education and training. The student professional goes through a more stringent socialization experience than the learner in other occupations. Licensing and admission boards are staffed by members of the profession.

_______________ has not traditionally promote equality among laypersons when direct physician-patient interaction is required, nor does it provide a context within which such an orientation can grow within the medical environment. But this situation now appears to change. Many physicians involve their patients in deciding about treatment options.

The culture of medicine

The current public policy approach to dealing with AIDS is:

Through safe-sex education.

A ratio, such as the crude mortality rate, is expressed as:

Total number of cases divided by total population.

A businessman in the waiting room taps his foot and looks repeatedly at his watch. The emotion it suggests is impatience

True

A worker whistles to himself as he goes about his duties. The emotion it suggests is happiness.

True

Which can cause the receiver of a message to misunderstand what is said?

poor hearing selective listening not understanding the words the speaker uses accepting the wrong message when there is a discrepancy between the spoken message and the speaker's nonverbal behavior