Sociology

The meeting of people as a romantic engagement.

Dating

Define dating and give the reason for its emergence

Dating- People having a romantic engagement. -Teaches members of the oppisite sex and how to be have in social situations

Reciprocal roles

Defines the patterns of interaction between related statuses Doctor-patient, Athlete-coach

Social integration

Degree of attachment people have to a social group.

Deliberate and unintended socialization

Deliberate socialization: Intended socialization activities. Ex., father teaching children about the importance of telling the truth. Unintended socialization: Can have an even greater effect on children than deliberate attempts at socialization. Ex., father lies sometimes when it is more convenient than telling the truth. Keeley: Socialization Kerry, Keeley's mom, is getting ready for work. She stands in front of the mirror and spends a long time putting on makeup. Keeley is sitting near her on the floor playing, but she mostly watches her mom's makeup routine. Then Kerry fixes her hair, pushing it over her ears a certain way and checking her reflection in the mirror frequently. "It's your turn," she says to Keeley and she begins to brush Keeley's hair. "I want a French braid," Keeley says to her mom in a demanding tone. "Is that the way you ask for things?" her mom asks. Keeley gets quiet and says, "Mom, would you fix my hair in a French braid, please?" Her mom smiles and responds lovingly, and immediately starts forming the braid. Excerpt from Early Childhood Education: Birth - 8: The World of Children, Families, and Educators, by A. Driscoll, N.G. Nagel, 2008 edition, p. 175-176. What is the deliberate socialization (teaching)? What is the unintended socialization?

The United States was founded on the principle of human equality

Describe how equality and democracy represent traditional American values.

Charles Horton Cooley

Developed the Tabula Rasa theory; believed parents had greatest influence on child's socialization

Mass media

Different from other means of socialization because they involve no face to face interaction; instruments of communication that reach large audiences

Role strain

Difficulty with meeting the role expectations of a single status Boss working overtime

discrimination

Discrimination: when prejudices become unfair treatment 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination or segregation on the grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin Can be very subtle—nonverbal behavior

Weber's Model of Bureaucracies (HAVE TO KNOW)

Division of labor Ranking of authority Employment based on formal qualifications Written rules and regulations Specific lines of promotion and advancement

No, bourgeois represents capitalists. Proletariat represents workers.

Does the bourgeoisie or the proletariat represent workers? (pg. 2)

Postindustrial Societies

Economic emphasis is on creation and exchange of information and services instead of manufacturing goods Standard of living improves Education and sciences are important Technological advances seen as key

social control

Enforcement of norms or shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.

Social Control

Enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions.

institutional racism (affirmative action)

Established laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these practices have racist intentions Apartheid in South Africa, Jim Crow laws in the United States, internment of Japanese Americans in the United States "Red lining" in real estate and bank loans, real estate "steering," refusing to make deliveries in some neighborhoods Institutional racism becomes a vicious cycle—can't get a loan, can't start a business, can't prove capability, no change in credit score, can't get a loan, etc. affirmative action: remedy fot institutional racism: Designed to make sure that people who historically were excluded get a fair chance to participate NOT a quota system Not designed to allow unqualified people to get spots Designed to force employers and schools to look beyond the vestiges of legal racism (institutional racism) to find qualified candidates Legacies: affirmative action for wealthy (white) kids

The tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others

Ethnocentrism

True

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior (t/f)

By what term do we most often refer to Darwin's theory of change and adaptation through natural selection and survival of the fittest?

Evolution

racism

Experiences of racism: Native Americans Perceived as "savages" by European settlers, driven off of land Not until 1940 were Native Americans born in United States considered citizens Latino/as Diverse experiences, many different groups First Cuban immigrants welcomed (wealthy, most white) Mexicans in SW pushed off land and lost control of mining, ranching, and farming in many cases African Americans Direct and indirect influences of slavery Overt racism decreasing, but average quality of life still below whites Asian Americans Very diverse experiences by group Japanese and Chinese Americans perceived as "model minority": higher average earnings than U.S. population Often resented Muslim Americans Smaller ethnoracial group, yet still quite diverse in origin Southeast Asia North Africa Unfavorably viewed by many Anti-Islamic imagery common in the media Racism: The belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups so different in their social behavior and mental and physical capacities that they can be ranked as superior or inferior (Marger, 1994) Can occur at Personal level Cultural level Institutional level

puberty is the process of physical change and adolescents is the period of psychological and social transition

Explain the difference between adolescence and puberty. (pg. 25)

Extended Family

Extended families are the whole network of parents, children, and other relatives who form a family unit. Extended families are common among the urban poor because they develop a cooperative system of social and economic support.

A negative sanction rewards a particular kind of behavior. T F

F

An informal sanction is a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency. T F

F

Charles Horton Cooley devised the Tabula Rasa theory.

F

Lack of interaction with social and cultural environments transforms people into members of society.

F

Not everyone internalizes all of society's norms, and some people must be motivated by self-fulfillment. T F

F

Our personalities are not influenced by whether or not we have brothers, sisters, both, or neither.

F

Social and economic factors have been found not to influence early sexual activity as it was once thought.

F

Tabula Rasa theory believes that individuals are born with some personality.

F

The two basic means through which norms are enforced are values and beliefs. T F

F

There are generally eight characteristics that apply to all adolescents.

F

1. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances.

False

4. Social networks have clear boundaries.

False

Social structure provides a society with temporary traits.

False

The acceptance of social instability is known as social control

False

True/False: According to sociologists the words culture and society are interchangeable; they mean the same thing

False

True/False: All members of a society have the same values

False

True/False: As theorized, Social Darwinism effectively solved social problems.

False

True/False: Due to the nature of any and all adolescents, sociologists suggest that all who experience it, do so in the same way.

False

True/False: Durkheim thought that the most important shared values and beliefs were those that focused on how to properly raise children.

False

True/False: Not following folkways usually poses a serious threat to the stability of a society

False

True/False: Puberty is considered to be a cultural universal because it is cultural in origin, not biological.

False

True/False: The Sapir-Whorf theory states that all languages have identical meanings of comparable terms/words in each language

False

True/False: The concept of adolescence is universal.

False

True/False: The functionalist perspective (theory) suggests that society can continue to work well and remain stable even if most people's needs are NOT being met.

False

1. Social structure provides a society with temporary traits.

False B.

2. Competition occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person.

False B.

4. A triad is a group with two members.

False B.

4. Groups have a common identity but not shared expectations.

False B.

4. The in-group represents people that interact with one another regularly on the Internet.

False B.

5. According to the Peter Principle, in a hierarchy no one ever rises to their level of incompetence.

False B.

5. Rationality involves people sharing the same values and performing the same tasks.

False B.

6. Competition occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person.

False B.

6. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances.

False B.

There are generally eight characteristics that apply to all adolescents.

False.

The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances.

False. (Role Expectations)

diversity among families

Families today are smaller with fewer births that are more closely spaced. Childbearing and child rearing now occupy a smaller fraction of the adult life of parents. Age at first marriage is steadily increasing. See chart. -Married couples make up a smaller proportion of households. See chart. -Death has been replaced by divorce as the major cause of early family disruption. -Single parent households, post-childbearing couples, same-sex couples, and those without children are increasingly common.

rationality

Features of human behavior subjected to control and measurement

cultural universals

Features that are common to all cultures are called

Feminist perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)

Feminist Perspective Gender stratification occurs when gender differences give men greater privilege and power over women, transgender and gender-non-conforming people. Feminist theory uses the conflict approach to examine the reinforcement of gender roles and inequalities, highlighting the role of patriarchy in maintaining the oppression of women. Feminism focuses on the theory of patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex of relationships based on the assertion of male supremacy. Feminist Perspective Intersectionality suggests that various forms of oppression-- such as racism, classism, and sexism-- are interrelated to form a system of oppression in which various forms of discrimination intersect. Intersectionality suggests that various biological, social, and cultural categories-- including gender, race, class, and ethnicity-- interact and contribute towards systematic social inequality. Therefore, various forms of oppression do not act independently but are interrelated. Patricia Hill Collins - "Matrix of Domination", cumulative disadvantage, and oppression

Exchange, Competition, Cooperation, Conflict, Accommodation

Five types of interaction that take place in societies throughout the world are

true

Folkways are norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them t/f

murder

Folkways include all of the following except

Murder

Folkways include all of the following except (mc)

accommodation

Forms include compromise, truce, or mediation

John Lofland

From the following list, who did NOT influence the field of sociology during its early years

Role conflict

Fulfillment of one role expectation conflicts with the expectation of another role Conflict between being a parent and a teacher

Functionalist Perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)

Functionalist Perspective The functionalist perspective sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation and broadly focuses on the social structures that shape society as a whole. Gender roles exist to maximize social efficiency an efficient way to create a division of labor a social system in which a particular segment of the population is clearly responsible for certain acts of labor and another segment is clearly responsible for other labor acts.

dysfunctional

Functionalists view certain elements in society as ____, representing the negative consequences that elements have for the stability of the social system

Name the islands that Darwin explores that led to his famous theory of species change/adaptation.

Galapogas

false

Gemeinschaft (community) and Gesellschaft (association) are the same type of society, according to Ferdinand Tonnies. t/f

true

Generation 2001's findings suggest that young Americans, like their parents, support the core values of American culture

Role-taking was developed by

George Herbert Mead

Role-taking was developed by

George Herbert Mead.

false

Groups have a common identity but not shared expectations. t/f

Peer groups

Groups patricuarly influential during pre teenage and early teen years; group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics

Horticultural Societies

Grow fruits and vegetables in garden plots Use slab-and-burn techniques Move to new plot when old becomes barren Build semipermanent or permanent villages Village size depends on amount of land for farming Division of labor creates specialized roles Economic and political Systems more developed because of the settled life

Family (in terms of agents of socialization)

Have you ever heard this? "You are just like your mother." "You are just like your father." "You are just like your sister." "You are just like your brother. The most important agent of socialization in almost every society. A family serves to reproduce society biologically, through procreation, and socially, through the socialization of children. Children first interact with other humans and learn the values, norms, and beliefs of society through their families. Socialization in a family setting can be both deliberate and unintended. The socialization process differs from family to family. Families come in all shapes and sizes (family size, family make-up [single parent], race, ethnicity, religion, geographic region). All these differences affect the way a family socializes its children. How so?

undefined status

Having unclear expectations is part of which characteristic of adolescence? (pg. 26)

Emile Durkheim

He believed that sociologists should study only those aspects of society that are directly observable; He saw shared beliefs and values as the glue that holds society together

Max weber

He was interested more in groups within society than in the social whole

Charles Darwin

Herbert Spencer was strongly influenced by the views of ____, an evolutionist from the 1800s

Principal factors that social scientist see influencing personality and behavior are:

Heredity, birth order, parents, and the cultural environment

Hidden curriculum

Hidden curriculum refers to the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school. "formal" curriculum = the courses, lessons, and learning activities, as well as the knowledge and skills educators intentionally teach to students hidden curriculum = unspoken or implicit academic, social, and cultural messages that are communicated to students while they are in school School children learn: -What is important -What is expected -Gender norms -Morals -Definitions of social class -Stereotypes -Politics -Coded language Messages are conveyed to students through the following mechanisms: Cultural expectations Cultural values Cultural perspectives Curricular topics Teaching strategies School structures Institutional rules School Cultural Expectations: The academic, social, and behavioral expectations established by schools and educators Some schools have a culture that places importance on standardized testing or going to college. Other schools focus on getting by with little effort. Some schools have a culture that fosters cliques. For example: One teacher may give tough assignments and expect all students to do well on those assignments, while another teacher may give comparatively easy assignments and habitually award all students passing grades even when their work quality is low. Schools may unconsciously hold students from different cultural backgrounds to lower academic expectations, which may have unintended or negative effects on their academic achievement, educational aspirations, or feelings of self-worth. School Cultural Values: The values promoted by schools, educators, and peer groups Some schools promote equality, others do not. Some teachers try to sway the ideology of their students. School Cultural Perspectives: How schools recognize, integrate, or honor diversity and multicultural perspectives may convey both intentional and unintended messages. Some schools may expect recently arrived immigrant students and their families to "assimilate" into American culture by requiring the students to speak English in school at all times or by not providing translated informational materials or other specialized assistance. For example: In one school, non-American cultures may be entirely ignored, while in another they may be actively celebrated, with students and their families experiencing feelings of either isolation or inclusion as a result. Curricular Topics: The subjects that teachers choose for courses and lessons may convey different ideological, cultural, or ethical messages. Curricular topics may also often intersect with, or be influenced by, political, ideological, and moral differences that are broadly contentious in American society—e.g., teaching evolution in science courses, multiculturalism in social studies, or sex education in health courses. For example: The history of the United States may be taught in a wide variety of ways using different historical examples, themes, and perspectives. A teacher may choose to present the history of the world or the United States from the perspective of the European settlers and explorers, or the teacher may choose to present it from the perspective of displaced Native Americans or colonized African and Asian peoples. Teaching Strategies: the way that schools and teachers choose to educate students Project-based learning or community-based learning communicates specific messages Skills such as critical thinking and problem solving, and attributes such as persistence, resourcefulness, and self-motivation, are valued and important. the way that schools and teachers choose to educate students On the other hand: If students earn good grades or extra credit for turning in homework on time listening attentively participating during class raising their hands the students may learn that compliance is as important as academic performance. School Structures: the way that a school or academic program is organized and operated The structure of a school program can also mirror or reinforce cultural biases or prejudices. For example, students of color and students from lower-income households are often disproportionately represented in lower-level courses (tracking), and receive harsher punishments for breaking rules. example: Students of color and students from lower-income households are often disproportionately represented in lower-level courses (tracking), and receive harsher punishments for breaking rules. Institutional Rules: The formal rules in a school may communicate a wide variety of intentional and unintentional messages to students. While the intent of formal school rules and policies is to tell students how they are expected to behave, the degree to which they are enforced or unenforced, or the ways in which they are enforced, may communicate messages that undermine or contradict their stated intent. For Example: Some schools require students to wear school uniforms, some ban certain types of attire, and others have very liberal or permissive clothing policies. What kind of strange dress/appearance regulations where present at your school? The hidden curriculum is a powerful force of socialization. Since the hidden curriculum is "hidden" Difficult to reform Might be linked to institutional prejudices so that new rules produced are equally inequitable Its effects are hard to measure or "prove".

Nurture POV

Holds that behavior and personality are the result of social environment and learning

The tendency of individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own.

Homogamy

Define self-concept.

How a person thinks of himself/herself.

Can destroy whole communications

How can natural disasters produce social and cultural change? (pg. 21)

group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity

How is society different from culture?

we create our culture and communicate it to group members

How is the use of symbols related to culture?

Define identity.

How one defines oneself.

according to the psychological theory of socialization by Sigmund Freud, which of the following is component of the human personality?

Id, Ego, Superego

Impression Management

Idea of Goffman that individuals attempts to play their roles well, and that they also judge the performances of others

Tabula Rasa

Idea that each individual is born without a personality

Dramaturgy

Idea that social interaction is like a drama being performed on stage

What is a role expectation?

Ideally, when people interact with one another their behavior corresponds to the particular roles they are playing. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role expectations. For example, doctors are expected to treat their patients with skill and care.

Marxists believe the mass media supports an unfair social system though the broadcasting of _____________.

Ideologies

What is a social movement?

Ideologies are often spread through social movements. A social movement is a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change. Social movements usually involve large numbers of people. Examples of social movements include the prohibition movement and the civil rights movement.

organic solidarity

Impersonal relationships are due to job specialization

specific qualifications

In a bureaucracy, what is employment typically based on

true

Individuals acquire an achieved status through their own direct efforts t/f

ethnic group

Individuals who share a common cultural background and a common sense of identity are known as an

Mass Media

Influential agent of socialization that involves no face-to-face interaction. Mass Media: Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between those sending the information and those receiving it. Major forms of mass media are books, films, the Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio, and television. Television probably has the most influence on the socialization of children. 98 percent of homes in the United States have television sets, with an average of more than two sets per home. Most children watch an average of about 28 hours each week. Children learn through watching television. Some of the things they learn are beneficial; others are not. about the world and the ways of society occupations, for example, getting an idea about what a nurse does, what a doctor does, and how the two relate to each other. institutions of the society—what goes on in court, for example. language to go with these roles and settings Children also learn about current themes and issues, both from newscasts and dramas kidnapping, the homeless, diseases Children learn more than facts from television; they also get a good daily dose of stereotypes and a lot of misleading information about their world. Most of all, they get a big helping of violence and another of commercial advertising.

Mass media

Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between though sending the information and those receiving it; an agent of socialization

exchange

Interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward or a return for actions

Interactionist perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)

Interactionist Perspective Scholars of interactionism study how individuals act within society and believe that meaning is produced through interactions. Gender is produced and reinforced through daily interactions and the use of symbols Gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction. According to Cooley's concept of the "looking-glass self," an individual's understanding of their gender role is based on how society perceives them. Thus, if society views a man as powerful, he will also perceive himself to be powerful. "Doing gender" is the notion that masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities. Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are.

Looking-glass self

Interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others

Resocialization

Involved a break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms

constructionist perspective ( one of two major sociological perspectives on deviance)

Is deviance real: no labeling: The major interest of the social constructionist. This type of sociologist wants to know why some types of people are more prone to label certain other types of people as deviant and what are the consequences of that label. Constructionists study the labeling process and its effects on behavior They are interesting in why society labels some behaviors deviant but not others Why is marijuana illegal but not alcohol? Perspective: reactivist

What does the looking glass self explain?

It explains how our views of ourselves come from how we view our relationships.

Nurture

Ivan Pavlov's experiments emphasized the importance of

The Tabula Rasa was developed by

John Locke.

Tabula Rasa

John Locke: Each person is a blank slate at birth with no personality. People develop personality as a result of social experiences. Infants can be molded into any type of person

false

Karl Marx coined the phrase "survival of the fittest." t/f

Technology

Knowledge and tools people use for practical purposes.

What does the preoperational stage of cognitive development say about what people are learning?

Language and symbols are starting to be used, but the person still can't think abstractly.

formal organization

Large secondary group formed to achieve specific goals

expressive leaders

Leaders who are emotion-oriented.

conflict

Legal disputes are an example of this

same sex households

Less gender-stereotyped in household roles than heterosexual couples. General Social Survey showed that in 2014: 42% of people in the United States, believed same-sex marriages should be recognized as valid. 48% believed that civil unions between same-sex couples should be given the same rights as heterosexual couples

What does the concrete operational stage of cognitive development say about what people are learning?

Logical principles about the world are being learned.

social movement

Long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.

Chomsky argues that the media manipulates populations to prevent them rebelling against the powerful or dominant classes by filtering available information through the media and therefore controlling the audience's ideas and thoughts. He calls this

Manufactured consent

brown bag test

Many churches, fraternities, and nightclubs used the "brown paper bag" principle as a test for entrance. People at these organizations would take a brown paper bag and hold it against a person's skin. If a person was lighter or the same color as the bag, he or she was admitted.

false

Margaret Mead, in the 1940s, compiled a list of more than 65 cultural universals after examining hundreds of different cultures t/f

False

Margaret Mead, in the 1940s, complied a list of more than 65 cultural universals after examining hundreds of different cultures (t/f)

Marriage and Family

Marriage and Family are major institutions in any society. What is marriage?/What is family? These two institutions are closely related and are major parts of what Anthropologists call "kinship systems". Marriage is a legally recognized social contract between two people, traditionally based on a sexual relationship and implying a permanence of the union. In practicing cultural relativism, we should also consider variations Whether a legal union is required (think of "common law" marriage and its equivalents) Whether more than two people can be involved (consider polygamy). Whether spouses are of opposite sexes or the same sex Whether it is an expectation of marriage to produce/raise children

Marriage Patterns

Marriage systems can be categorized by: Number of Partners Who marries whom? Property and decent Place of residence Who has power?

Who holds power in marriage

Marriage systems vary according to who holds power in the marriage. A patriarchy is a society or group where men have power over women. In a matriarchy women hold power. In egalitarian societies men and women share power equally, are equally valued by all societal members, have equal access to resources, and share decision making.

Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between those sending the information and those receiving it is known as

Mass Media

One status tends to take rank above all others. This status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity is called a(n)

Master status

morality and humanitarianism

Match the value with the correct description. Belief in justice and equality

work

Match the value with the correct description. Disciplined effort

efficiency and practicality

Match the value with the correct description. Every problem has a solution

personal achievement

Match the value with the correct description. Working toward a specific goal

McDonaldization

Max Weber suggested that as society progressed it would become increasingly guided by rules, regulations, and formal structures

George Ritzer named Max Weber's tendency

McDonaldization

Role-taking

Mead: Role-taking is taking or pretending to take the role of others.

____ is/are a drug.

Medicine, alcohol and cigarettes

Married couple families

Men and women have different experiences within marriage, with the benefits of marriage generally accruing more to men than women. Among married-couple families, a significant change in recent years has been the increased participation of women in the paid labor force. Women in particular work a "second shift" of unpaid household work even when they also have paid employment.

Gender Segregation

Men and women work in gender segregated occupations. Women - clerical workers, sales clerks, maids, hairdressers, child-care workers What are some examples of male occupations? Women and men are socialized differently and choose to go into different fields. Structural obstacles discourage women from entering male-dominated jobs and from advancing once employed. Contemporary attitudes about gender and work: 16% of women and 20% of men disapprove of women working while they have young children 1/2 of all women and men surveyed said the ideal lifestyle was a marriage in which responsibilities were shared. 47% of men believe it is best for men to hold the provider role, compared with 69% in 1970. 87% of women say that making laws to establish equal pay should be a legislative priority.

What is a schema?

Mental categories that our minds put things into.

According to the Marxist perspective on Mass Media, the mass media preaches that the U.S. is a ___________ when this is not true.

Meritocracy

Meritocracy

Meritocracy A political philosophy which holds that power should be vested in individuals almost exclusively according to merit. Advancement in such a system is based on performance measured through examination and/or demonstrated achievement in the field where it is implemented. In other words, success based on hard work and natural talent.

Role set

Mix of multiple "roles" Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a(n) Teacher may also be mother, wife, author

Monogamy

Monogamy is a sexually exclusive marriage with one spouse. Monogamy is a norm that requires the marriage and partnership of two partners for their lifetime. Most Western societies advocate this kind of marriage. 70% of societies in the world DO NOT adhere to this form of marriage exclusivity.

false

Mores are norms that do not have great moral significance attached to them t/f

What are reciprocal roles?

Most of the roles you perform have reciprocal roles. Reciprocal roles are corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses. For example, one cannot fulfill the role associated with the status of husband without having someone else perform the role that goes along with the status of wife.

true

Most subcultures do not reject all of the values and practices of the larger society t/f

What does the game stage in childhood socialization say about the roles of children?

Multiple roles can be taken on.

Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)

NOT Pastoral society.

The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called

NOT Reciprocal roles. Role expectations

The theory that refers to seeing ourselves as others see us in addition to taking on or pretending to take on the roles of others is known as

NOT The looking-glass self

early, middle, late

Name the three basic eras of adulthood and name the distinct periods that are within each one.

false

Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others t/f

How can natural disasters produce social and cultural change?

Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, and tidal waves can also produce social and cultural change. These disasters can destroy whole communities. Afterward, people often take precautions for the future. Dams may be built to lessen the effects of floods and droughts. People may also adopt new construction methods to enable buildings to better withstand earthquakes or tornadoes.

Racism not just in US

Negative attitudes toward Jews and Muslims are increasing across Europe White fans routinely taunt black players in international soccer matches European police stop young black men 7 times more often for identity checks than they do young whites Discrimination against Roma (Gypsies) is rampant in Eastern Europe and more and more in Western Europe Mexicans of Native descent experience discrimination in Mexico by lighter skinned people of Spanish descent

mass media

Newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, films, and other forms of communication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the individuals sending the information and those receiving it.

secular

Non-religious

incest taboo

Norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.

Folkways

Norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them (m)

financial responsibility

Norms that exist in our society include

Not killing a human being

Norms that exist in our society include (mc)

Mores

Norms that have great moral significance attached to them (m)

Adolescence is ___________

Not universal

Social phenomena

Observable facts or events that involve human society

When women or men are concentrated in a given occupation, or in particular jobs within an occupation or work organization, this is called

Occupational sex typing

role strain

Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status.

Are less able to enjoy society's benefits

One of the consequences of poverty is that poverty stricken people _____. (pg. 39)

master status

One status tends to take rank above all others. This status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity is called a(n)

Encouraging the development of aptitudes

One way that heredity shapes personality

true

Organized crime families and the hippie movement of the 1960s are examples of countercultures in the United States t/f

stereotype

Overgeneralized belief that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group Beliefs remain in spite of evidence to the contrary Most African Americans are not on welfare Not all Asians are good at math Few Italians are in the Mafia Stereotypes are learned

racism in language

Panethnic labels: general terms for diverse subgroup White = positive connotations Black = negative connotations Some terms become euphemisms Inner city Others?

Agents of Gender Socialization

Parents Childhood play and games Schools Religion Media Popular Culture

true

Passengers on a train are an example of an aggregate group t/f

passivity

Passivity works against racial equality. Research Question: Why are some people passive against racism? This study by Trepagnier used a qualitative method called focus groups. What is a focus group? Why did she limit the groups to White women? Defining one's self as "not racist" leads to passivity. How was this shown to be the case in the focus groups? Defining one's self as "not racist" leads to: Apprehension about being seen as racist Confusion about what constitutes racism How do these contribute to passivity?

true

Patriotism and education are traditional American values t/f

Reporting crime

People are more likely to report: serious crime/homicide, motor vehicle theft, and crimes by strangers less likely to report: minor crimes, crimes with no witnesses, rape why don't people report?: -they don't realize a crime was committed (lost item, some sexual assault) -they think the offense is too minor to bother the police about it -they fear self- incrimination -they fear embarrassment - they fear retribution by offender

What does the formal operational stage of cognitive development say about how people are thinking?

People are thinking abstractly, and can imagine alternative realities.

What is diffusion?

People often borrow ideas, beliefs, and material objects from other societies. This process of spreading culture traits from one society to another

What is diffusion?

People often borrow ideas, beliefs, and material objects from other societies. This process of spreading culture traits from one society to another is called diffusion.

false

People who employ the interactionist perspective focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change t/f

conflict perspective

People who focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change employ the

Significant other

People who include parents, siblings, relatives, and others who have a direct influence on our socialization

leaders

People who influence the attitudes and opinions of others are said to be

functionalist perspective

People who view society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system are said to employ the

Adolescence

Period between normal onset puberty and the beginning of adulthood.

What are some of the basic values identified as being central to the American way of life?

Personal achievement, individualism, work, morality and humanitarianism, efficiency and practicality, progress and material comfort, equality and democracy, freedom, nationalism and patriotism, science and rationality, and racial and group superiority

Birth order, parental characteristics, and heredity

Personality and social behavior are influenced by what three things?

Develops at varying rates from individual to individual

Personality continues to develop throughout an individual's lifetime and

How an individual interacts with other people in his/her social environment and how and individual adjusts to his/her environment and reacts in specific situations

Personality determines what two things?

Social Darwinism

Perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection

School

Plays a major role in socializing most young people because it occupies so much of their time and attention

Polyandry

Polyandry is the practice of a woman having more than one husband.

Polygamy

Polygamy is the practice of men or women having multiple marriage partners. Polygamy usually involves polygyny, one man having more than one wife.

Status

Position in a group that is socially defined Defines where individuals hit in society and how they relate to each other

colorism

Prejudice and discrimination that can occur within a particular group based on skin tone For example, the brown bag test to be a member of a group.

prejudice

Prejudice: when stereotypes affect how we feel about others Picture captions from riots or disasters White person "found" bread and water at a store Black person "looted" a grocery store Black cops shot by white cops who thought they were the criminal

contemporary Definition of Family

Primary group of people—usually related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption—who form a cooperative economic unit and care for any young who consider their identity to be attached to the group; and are committed to maintaining the group.

Verstehen

Principle that involves an attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions

Industrial Societies

Production of food shifts to production of manufactured goods Production moves from human and animal labor to machines Increases food production and population Number and kinds of jobs increase Location of work changes to cities, away from the home Social processes such as education take the place of family

kinship systems (property and descent and place of residence)

Property and descent Kinship systems shape the distribution of property in society by prescribing how lines of descent are determined. In patrilineal kinship systems, family lineage is traced through the family of the father. Inheritance is passed down through father's line. Matrilineal kinship systems are those in which ancestry is traced through the mother. Inheritance is passed down through mother's line. In bilateral kinship systems, descent is traced both through the father and the mother. place of residence: In patrilocal kinship systems, after marriage, a woman is separated from her own kinship group and resides with the husband or his kinship group. In matrilocal kinship systems, a woman continues to live with her family of origin. Neolocal residence is the practice of the new couple establishing their own residence. In the United States, newly married couples are expected to establish independent households.

false

Psychology is the social science that studies human society and social behavior t/f

The physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction.

Puberty

Puberty

Puberty is the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction.

Formal ceremonies mostly used by some pre-industrial societies and sometimes used in some modern/industrial societies that mark the entrance of young people into adulthood.

Puberty rites

The name for the time period of experiencing puberty

Pubescence

The term for a person experiencing/going through puberty

Pubescent

race vs ethnicity

Race is not distinguishable biologically from a single "race" gene—no universal genetic racial categories Race is socially constructed Race vs. ethnicity Race/biology: "The outward signs on which most definitions of race are based—such as skin color and hair texture—are dictated by a handful of genes. But the other genes of two people of the same "race" can be very different. Conversely, two people of different "races" can share more genetic similarity than two individuals of the same race (Page 80)." Race is socially constructed: Brazilians have three primary races (branco, preto, pardo) South Africa has four races (black, white, colored, Indian) Ghanaians refer to African Americans as "obruni" (white foreigner) Irish used to refer to anyone who isn't white as black Irish immigrants in the United States were once considered black Race vs ethnicity: Race tends to refer to physical characteristics that we apply socially to identify people Ethnicity has more to do with cultural associations For example, Hispanic or Latino people can be of any race

Having no color privilege (optional ethnicity and racial transparency )

Racial transparency: the privilege of having no color This can be hard to understand for members of the racial majority. Think people of color are obsessed with race. Whiteness is so obvious and normative that it is th default category. No energy need be spent on race relations to negotiate through everyday situations. Optional ethnicity Can be Irish only for St. Patrick's Day Can be Italian on spaghetti night

What color was the TV Teletubby that based on the clothing color choice was accused of something?

Rainbow

Role-taking

Referred to by Mead as the internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society

Pastoral Societies

Rely on domestic animals Lead on a nomadic life Fewer people produce food Complex division of labor Produce some items for sale

Human contact

Rene Spitz' study of infants in an orphanage revealed that children were deprived of

recidivism

Repeated criminal behavior.

opinion leaders

Respected individuals in the community.

true

Robin M. Williams analyzed American values and identified a set of values that are central to the American way of life (tf)

The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.

Role

true

Role conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status t/f

Expected behaviors ex) Police are expected to hold up the law

Role expectations

The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called

Role expectations

Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status.

Role strain

What does the play stage in childhood socialization say about the roles of children?

Roles are taken from significant people.

In what country did Karl Marx eventually help lead to the development of political/economic system in the early 1900's?

Russia

4 million teenagers are infected each year:

STDs

School socialization

School occupies large amounts of time and attention. Between the ages of 5 and 18, young people spend some 30 weeks a year in school. Often 35+ hours per week. The school plays a major role in socializing individuals. Much of this socialization seems to be deliberate. intended socialization in school- Class activities are planned for the deliberate purpose of teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, and other skills. Extracurricular activities such as school dances, clubs, and athletic events, are intended to prepare the student for life in the larger society. Schools also attempt to transmit cultural values, such as patriotism, responsibility, and good citizenship. A large amount of unintentional socialization also occurs within the school. Hidden curriculum refers to the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school.

Self

Self refers to the conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates us from other members of society.

true

Self-fulfillment is associated with the development of one's health and leisure habits. (pg. 14)

serial monogamy

Serial Monogamy permits a person to have multiple spouses or partners over his or her lifetime, but only one at a time.

paradigm

Set of shared concepts, methods, and assumptions that make up the scientific reality at any point in time.

In the article, Rite is Wrong, summarize what happened?

Several juniors/seniors were hazed by a group of the same age. Things were thrown at them and they were physically hurt - one girl even ended up in the hospital.

Flaws of Bureaucracy

Severe significant weaknesses no longer fulfill original goals new goal might be self-continuation - encourage beauracratic personality create alienation among employees Result in oligarchy a tendency based on the iron law of oligarchy

__________ is classification based on perceived sex.

Sex category

Prejudice and discrimination against women that can operate both individually and institutionally is known as

Sexism

Social identity

Shapes a person's life Can be positive or negative Illness or disability

Values

Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, wright or wrong, desirable or undesirable (m)

People that include parents, siblings, relatives, and others who have a direct influence on our socialization.

Significant others

Significant others

Significant others are specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, and other relatives, who have a direct influence on our socialization.

Silent Racism

Silent Racism: Passivity in Well-Meaning White People Some background: The perspective from which this author writes contends that sentiments against non-whites is pervasive in our society, and that no one is immune. Through socialization, all individuals are taught the that whites are more valuable, and our society operates under these assumptions. As such, every area of our society is based on racism and unless you are actively fighting against the status quo, you are taking part in the "broad white-racist worldview" (Feagin). "Silent Racism: Passivity in Well-Meaning White People" by Barbara Trepagnier (2010) Silent Racism: Unspoken negative thoughts, emotions, and assumptions about Black Americans that dwell in the minds of White Americans, including well-meaning Whites that care about racial equality, some of which are called "new abolitionists." Silent racism is not the same as "everyday racism" Everyday racism: Routine actions that go unquestioned by members of the dominant group, which in some way discriminate against members of a racial or ethnic category. Silent racism precedes everyday racism.

Singles

Single people today are 28% of the population. Men and women are marrying at a later age. Being single no longer holds the same stigma it once did, especially for women. Single women were once labeled "old maids". Now they have the image of being carefree, sexually active, unencumbered and free-thinking.

Cultural lag

Situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture

true

Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon is a popular trivia game to see how people are connected to the famous actor. t/f

The network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction.

Social Structure

Enforcement of norms or shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.

Social control

Following rules of behavior to help maintain order is part of

Social control

What is social control?

Social control is the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means.

Explain narcissism

Social historian Christopher Lasch considered the emphasis on personal fulfillment a personality disorder. He termed this disorder narcissism, which means extreme self-centeredness.

Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)

Social institution

System of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society

Social institution

___________ promotes the recognition of ideologies.

Social movement

false

Social networks have clear boundaries t/f

cultural relativism

Social scientists who attempt to keep an open mind toward cultural variation adopt an attitude of cultural

Network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction. The basis for social interaction

Social structure

_________ provides society with lasting traits

Social structure

false

Social structure provides a society with temporary traits t/f

Traditional definition of family

Social unit of people related through marriage, birth, or adoption who reside together in sanctioned relationships, engage in economic cooperation, socially approved sexual relations, and reproduction and child rearing.

What is reformulation?

Societies often adapt the culture traits they borrow to suit their own particular needs

What is reformulation?

Societies often adapt the culture traits they borrow to suit their own particular needs. For example, many of the societies in Africa, Asia, and South America that have adopted Christianity have blended Christian beliefs with elements of their traditional religions. Sociologists refer to this process of adapting borrowed cultural traits as reformulation.

True

Society consisits of people, culture consists of the material and nonmaterial products that people create (t/f)

true

Society consists of people, and culture consists of the material and nonmaterial products that people create t/f

agricultural society

Society where animals are used to help food production.

industrial society

Society where emphasis shifts from production of food to production of manufactured goods.

role set

Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status

role set

Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a (pg. 24)

What is a role set?

Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a role set. Each of us, because we hold more than one status, must deal with many role sets in our daily lives.

folk ways, mores, and laws

Sociologists distinguish between these three types of norms

social phenomena

Sociologists refer to observable facts or events that involve human society as

subculture

Some groups in society share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. The unique cultural characteristics of these groups form a

sanctions

Some people are motivated by ____, rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms. (pg. 16)

What is a rite of passage?

Something that marks the transition from one role to another.

What is a socialization agent?

Something that passes on social expectations.

Near what modern day continent were the islands in #7?

South America

Agents of socialization

Specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization

true

Stability, clear expectations, and creating order are all strengths of bureaucracies t/f

definitions of deviance

Statistical definition: Anything that varies too far from the average Assumes that what most people do is the correct way. Absolutist definition: Violation of values constitutes deviance. Assumes that everyone agrees on obvious, basic rules of society. It assumes that everyone knows how to act according to universally held values. Sometimes this absolutist view comes from the idea that deviance is something that does not allow someone to develop their innate potential, or fulfill the highest human values. functionalism: Functionalists believes that the label "deviant" should be applied to any behavior that they regard as bad for society, regardless of the frequency of its occurrence, or whether people disapprove of the act. alternative uses of absolutists: medical doctors: you either do or don't have a disease -Some suggest that the absolute values/norms come from the elite (powerful) in society according to their preferences and interests. (Conflict Theorists) -People who rely upon absolutist definitions sometimes refer to a higher power (maybe God) -People who don't believe or act like I do.. Reactivist: The deviant is someone who is so labeled by others. ... To whom the label has been successfully applied (Becker). -Reactivists reject the notion that deviance results from some innate quality of an act - they claim that this judgment depends exclusively on the reactions of the act's social audience. -In other words, sociologists who advocate this type of definition believe that it is impossible to define deviance using some type of objective criteria. Instead, they are interested in understanding the processes by which society and its members subjectively determine that certain people and behaviors are abnormal. Why is not deviant under reactivist definition? Someone who breaks a law, social norm, etc. and doesn't get caught. Normative / Relative Definition: A person or behavior is deviant if: 1) different and, 2) evaluated negatively or would likely be evaluated negatively if detected #2 is the important difference between a statistical and a normative definition Codified Norms - Norms become laws after the action of influential "moral entrepreneurs," who generate broad-based popular support for their positions. Problems with normative definition: "positive" deviance is "impossible" People may belong to multiple social groups at the same time. Some groups may evaluate certain behavior positively, while another group may evaluate the same behavior negatively. ...on the other hand, for some behaviors there is considerable consensus across groups on what should be considered deviant ex mob violence and mardi gras

A socially defined position in a group or in society.

Status

all the statuses a person holds at a given time is called

Status set

social institution

Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)

Political science

Study of the organization and operation of governments

Quiet racism

Subtle uneasiness, discomfort, fear around other groups (people usually don't feel like they are racist at all) Twice as many blacks as whites think racism is a big problem Twice as many whites as blacks think blacks have achieved racial equality 72% of whites believe that blacks overestimate the amount of discrimination against them 82% of blacks believe whites underestimate the amount of discrimination blacks suffer Almost half of whites oppose programs that make special efforts to help minorities get ahead

Tabula Rasa Theory

Suggests that each of us is born without a personality and we acquire our personality as a result of social experience

patriarchy

System in which men are dominant over women.

bilingual education

System of education in which non-English-speaking students are taught in their native languages until they are prepared to attend classes taught in English.

social institution

System of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society

A disability is an example of a social identity that shapes a person's life.

T

A minister is an example of someone with an achieved status.

T

Anticipatory socialization involves learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role to prepare for assuming that particular role in the future.

T

As we grow older, significant others become more important.

T

Ascribed statuses are not based on an individual's abilities, efforts, or accomplishments.

T

Consequences of early sexual activity are often negative.

T

Cultural environments determine the basic types of personalities that will be found in a society.

T

In traditional dating patterns, dating behavior usually followed a ritual pattern that all understood.

T

Individuals acquire an achieved status through their own direct efforts.

T

Prior to the 1860s, adolescence was not seen as a separate life stage.

T

Puberty is one aspect of adolescence that is found in every society.

T

Puberty is the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction.

T

Role-taking forms the basis of the socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us, thus learning to see ourselves through the eyes of others.

T

Socialization is the interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society.

T

Subcultural differences, i.e. the type of neighborhood in which an individual is raised, also affect personality.

T

Suicide cuts across all social categories, including sex, economic levels, race, religion, and nationalities.

T

The social problems of teenage drug and alcohol abuse are contributing factors to the rate of suicide among young people in the United States.

T

When identifying and comparing points of view while reading sociology, it is important to determine the nature of the source and read each source carefully.

T

Role-taking

Taking or pretending to take the role of others; learning to see ourselves through the eyes of others; theory developed by George Herbert Meade

equilibrium theory of social change 1

Talcott Parsons's view of social change in which society is likened to a living organism: change in one part of the social system produces change in all other parts as the system attempts to regain balance, or equilibrium.

reputational, subjective, and objective

Techniques used to rank individuals according to social class are (pg. 35)

What is an example of how technology is capable of changing society?

Technology can change society through what becomes popular, like the cell phones that most people today carry with them, and the fact that they have evolved into phones with computer capabilities. There are also needs that arise as a result of a growing use of technology that influences change, like Carpal Tunnel Syndrome causing changes in the workplace, or a growing need for more technology like floppy discs changing to compact discs and DVD's

What sociologists sometimes refer to as the combination of objects and rules

Technology is (mc)

homogamy

Tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own.

iron law of oligarchy

Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.

Generalized other

Th internalized attitudes, expectations and viewpoints of society according to Mead

Explain the "I" and "me" in role-making.

The "I" is the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity. The "me," on the other hand, is the part of ourselves that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society—the socialized self. During childhood, the "I" component is dominant. However, through the process of socialization, the "me" gains power by acting together with the "I," which in turn brings the "I" in line with expectations of society. Therefore, to develop as a well-rounded member of society, a person needs both aspects of the self.

true

The Arapesh and the Mundugumor were two societies in New Guinea that Margaret Mead conducted a study of cultural variation on in the 1930s. t/f

Edward L. Bernays

The Father of Public Relations Unlike Gramsci, did not think media influencing public opinion was a bad thing. Society is irrational and dangerous because of "herd instinct" . Manipulation is necessary. 1923 - Crystallizing Public Opinion 1928 - Propaganda Later renamed Public Relations Drew on the studies of his uncle, Sigmund Freud Worked closely with General Motors, Time, Proctor & Gamble, CBS, and NBC

The theory that refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others is known as

The Looking-glass self.

Marx- Mass Media

The Marxist Perspective Media control Refresher: Marxism is the notion that capitalism is unfair, exploitative, etc. Workers lack access to the means of production and must sell their labor to capitalists. The workers add surplus value to products and receive an unfair wage. Marxists believe the mass media supports this system though broadcasting of ideologies; and does little to introduce alternative ideas. "In every epoch, the ruling ideas are the ideas of the ruling class." (Marx, 1846) Mass media is a means for the ruling class to maintain their dominance. Media ensures the populace absorbs and accepts capitalist ideology. Supports ideas of working hard for a wage and consuming capitalist products. Preaches meritocracy The ROLE of the media is to shape how people think about the world. Rarely are people told about why some people live in luxury and others in poverty. Alternative viewpoints are rarely heard; and often presented as troublemaking or anti-nationalistic. The owners of mass media have a vested interest in maintaining the status quo. Government controls the media less now than in earlier eras. Instead, media conglomerates are granted freedom in exchange for supporting the government. Gramsci was an Italian Marxist

Family Violence

The National Violence Against Women Office estimates: 25% of women will be raped, physically assaulted, or stalked by an intimate partner in their lifetime. 22% experience physical assault 7-10% are raped by intimates 5% will be stalked by an intimate partner. Reasons victim stays in relationship: --belief that batterer will change --financial constraints --mandatory arrest laws

Gender Socialization (labeling)

The Process of Gender Socialization: Infancy (even before a baby's birth): colors decorations comments body language & treatment birth announcements, etc -School- Playground: Who plays with whom? What kinds of games are they encouraged to participate in? Boys taught to play sports and run around? Girls taught to play with other girls? Treatment by Teachers: okay for boys to interrupt, be more aggressive, to voice strong opinions "boys will be boys" How often do you hear: "girls will be girls"? Educational Tracking (labeling): research shows that people are often "tracked" into certain classes or types of classes based on teachers' or counselors' perceptions of them boys: Math and Science girls: Reading and English -Occupation- the higher the prestige ranking of an occupation, the fewer the women in it, and the lower the percentage of women of color occupational sex typing (def): when women or men are concentrated in a given occupation, or in particular jobs within an occupation or work organization males: leadership--> $ ex) bosses, presidents, doctors females: nurturing --> $ ex) nurses, teachers, secretaries

This theory that insists that each of us is born without a personality and we acquire our personality as a result of social experiences is known as

The Tabula Rasa.

Divorce

The United States leads the world in the number of people who divorce. More than sixteen million people have divorced but not remarried in the population today. Since 1960, the rate of divorce has more than doubled, although it has declined recently since its all-time high in 1980. The marriage rate is 6.8 marriages per 1000 people and the divorce rate, 3.6 per 1000 people. As of 11/13/15 Factors in divorce; In earlier eras, people died younger, and the average length of marriages was shorter. The cultural orientation toward individualism may predispose people to terminate a marriage in which they are unhappy. To people in unhappy marriages, divorce, though painful and financially risky, can be a positive option. The belief that couples should stay together for their children is giving way to a belief that a marriage with prolonged conflict is more detrimental than divorce.

Describe how equality and democracy represent traditional American values

The United States was founded on the principle of human equality. The Declaration of Independence proclaims, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." Many Americans believe that to have human equality, there must be an equality of opportunity and an equal chance at success.

sociological imagination

The ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives is what C. Wright Mills termed the

Sociological imagination

The ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life

sociological imagination

The ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life is what sociologist C. Wright Mills called

Margaret Mead

The anthropologist that conducted a now-classic study of cultural variation in the 1930s was

Margaret Mead

The anthropologist that conducted a now-classic study of cultural variation in the 1930s was (mc)

social darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

role

The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.

Cultural relativism

The belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture

assimilation

The blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity is called

Anthropology

The comparative study of past and present cultures

true

The concentration of the population in cities is referred to as urbanization. t/f

Self

The conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society

What is the id?

The drives and impulses in our unconscious mind.

barter

The exchange of one good for another.

What are roles?

The expected behavior that goes with a person's social status.

personal racism

The expression of racist attitudes by individual people Overt: open disdain in face-to-face interactions Subtle: almost unwitting differences in how people react to one another

Families and Social policy

The family is often blamed for many social problems the nation experiences. Social policies designed to assist families should recognize the diversity of family forms and needs and the interdependence of the family with other social conditions and social institutions.

false

The features of a culture can be divided into three levels of complexity: traits, folkways, and patterns t/f

social category

The following are all types of groups except

ethnocentrism

The following are examples of certain basic components of all cultures except

books

The following are examples of nonmaterial culture except

Books

The following are examples of nonmaterial culture except (mc)

differential association

The frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals. (pg. 33)

culture complex

The game of basketball is considered

A culture complex

The game of basketball is considered (mc)

in group

The group that a person belongs to and identifies with is called

What is age stratification?

The hierarchical ranking of different age groups.

false

The in-group represents people that interact with one another regularly on the Internet t/f

Incest taboo

The incest taboo, considered to be universal, is a cultural norm forbidding sexual relations and marriage between certain kin.

Herbert Spencer

The influence of Darwin led him to adopt a biological model of society. His work became known as social Darwinism

Manifest function

The intended and recognized consequence of some element of society

Looking glass self

The interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others

Socialization

The interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs and behavior patterns of society

Socialization

The interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society

Generalized other

The internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society

Generalized other

The internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society that we use to guide our behavior and reinforce our sense of self.

What is anticipatory socialization?

The learning of expectations associated with a role that will be taken on in the future.

hunting and gathering societies

The main form of food production in ____ is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals.

What is the generalized other?

The makeup of social roles and expectations in a person.

crime data types

The most common sources of crime statistics: --Official data: UCR - Uniform crime reports --victimization data: NCVS - National crime victimization survey --self-report data: National youth survey, Richmond youth survey

False

The most complex level of culture is the culture trait (t/f)

false

The most complex level of culture is the culture trait t/f

false

The most complex level of culture is the culture trait. t or f

Family

The most important agent of socialization in almost every society

social structure

The network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction

Peer vs. Family (in agents of socialization)

The norms and values imparted by the family usually focus on the larger culture. Family- Parents often become alarmed if they come to believe that the norms and values of the peer group are more important to their children than those of society as a whole. In peer groups, the focus is the subculture of the group. Peer-group goals are sometimes at odds with the goals of the larger society.

Nuclear Family

The nuclear family is comprised of one married couple residing together with their children.

Langauge

The organization of written or spoken symbols unto a standardized system (m)

false

The out-group is the web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of a person's interactions with other people t/f

Me

The part of ourselves that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society; the socialized self

Me

The part of ourselves that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society; the socialized self.

Significant others

The people closest to us that directly influence our socialization

Karl Marx

The people who own the means of production control society, according to ;He believed that society is divided between those who own the means of production and those who own only their labor

Herbert Spencer

The phrase "survival of the fittest," or the belief that the best aspects of society would survive over time, was coined by

material culture

The physical objects that people create and use form a group's

Material culture

The physical objects that people create and use form a group's (mc)

scapegoating

The practice of placing blame for one's troubles on an innocent individual or group is called

Internalization

The process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations

What is social control?

The process by which people are brought into conformity because of dominant social expectations.

Define socialization.

The process by which people learn the expectations of society.

What is resocialization?

The process by which social roles are altered or replaced.

In the blood initiation ceremony that we watched on video, where young men shoved things down their throats and up their noses, what was the purpose for doing this?

The purpose was to purify themselves of any of the mothers blood left over from birth.

Norms

The shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations (m)

Psychology

The social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms

psychology

The social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms

psychology

The social science that differs from sociology primarily in that it focuses on individual behavior rather than on group behavior is

sociology

The social science that studies human society and social behavior is

role expectations

The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called

false

The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances. t/f

Agents of socialization

The specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place

What is the superego?

The standards of society.

Social psychology

The study of how the social environment affects an individual's behavior and personality

History

The study of past events

Economics

The study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants

Personality

The sum of total behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristics of an individual

Personality

The sum total of all behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual

Personality

The sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values that are characteristic of an individual

Sociobiology

The systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior

Sociobiology

The systematic study of the biology basis of social behavior; behavioral traits rooted in genetic makeup

iron law of oligarchy

The tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people

ethnocentrism

The tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior is called

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior is called (mc)

Heredity

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to child

Heredity

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children

Heredity

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children (body build, hair type, eye color)

Heredity is

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.

Latent function

The unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society

latent function

The unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society. (pg. 1)

I

The unsocialized, spontaneous self-interested component of personality and self-identity

I

The unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity.

Marriage experience

The values of partners, as well as the roles they play, influence their experience of marriage. Among couples where both partners are employed, only 28% share the housework equally. With the arrival of the first child, women increase their housework and lessen their employment. 2/3 of women say the amount of work they have to get done during the day is a cause of stress. 1/2 say that they feel resentment about how little their mate helps around the house and about their lack of free time.

Functionalist perspective

The view of society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system

functionalist perspective

The view of society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.

Agents of Socialization

The views of Cooley and Mead provide theoretical explanations of the socialization process. Sociologists use the term agents of socialization to describe the specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place. Sometimes "enable" is too soft of a word. In the United States, the primary agents of socialization include the family, the peer group, the school, and the mass media.

What does the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development say about how people learn?

The world is only experienced through the senses.

exchange theory

Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.

conflict theory of social change

Theory that views social change as the result of conflicts between groups with opposing interests.

Pay Gap in genders

There are several explanations Pay gap is caused by Overt discrimination Pay gap influenced by Human capital Dual labor market theory Gender segregation by occupation -Pay gap is caused by Overt discrimination White men perpetuate their advantage over women and racial minorities, through labor union practices, legislation, harassment, and intimidation. -Pay gap influenced by Human capital System is equal Age, experience, education, marital status and hours worked influence worth in the labor market. What happens when we compare men and women with similar age, experience, education, marital status, and hours worked? -Dual labor market theory Women and men earn different amounts because they work in different segments of the market. Primary market Men Example - management in major corporation Secondary market Women/minorities Example - waiting tables, fast food cook

How can natural disasters produce social and cultural change?

These disasters can destroy whole communities

interactionist perspective.

These sociologists are interested in the ways in which individuals respond to one another in everyday situations. They are also interested in the meanings that individuals attach to their own actions and to the actions of others.

What does the imitation stage in childhood socialization say about the behavior of children?

They copy behaviors.

What is the disengagement theory?

They theory that as people age, they begin to take themselves out of society and have responsibilities gradually taken away from them.

What is the central task of adolescence?

To establish a consistent identity.

1. A minister is an example of someone with an achieved status.

True

1. Role conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status.

True

Extreme self-centeredness is referred to as narcissism.

True

Role conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status.

True

Self-fulfillment is associated with the development of one's health and leisure habits

True

Socialization processes differ from family to family.

True

Some latent functions of the mass media include teaching children about occupations and other social roles.

True

True/False: Adolescence is considered to be a relatively recent phenomenon in the U.S.A.

True

True/False: Durkeheim believed only the observable aspects of society were worth studying, not underlying feelings and thoughts of individuals.

True

True/False: Marx believed social conflict to be inevitable, it would happen.

True

True/False: Marx believed social conflict was necessary to promote POSITIVE social change

True

True/False: Max Weber believed that un-observable aspects of society, like people's thoughts and feelings, were proper sociological subject matter to be studies.

True

True/False: Members of a society generally do NOT uphold values to the same degrees

True

True/False: Sociologists believe all culture is taught and learned. It is NOT biological.

True

True/False: The glands that produce the hormones that control biological development are part of the endocrine system.

True

True/False: Values cause conflict within a society

True

True/False: Values help provide stability and order within a society

True

1. Ascribed statuses are not based on an individual's abilities, efforts, or accomplishments.

True A.

2. Competition occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.

True A.

3. The concentration of the population in cities is referred to as urbanization.

True A.

4. Passengers on a train are an example of an aggregate group.

True A.

5. Stability, clear expectations, and creating order are all strengths of bureaucracies.

True A.

6. The concentration of the population in cities is referred to as urbanization.

True A.

7. A disability is an example of a social identity that shapes a person's life.

True A.

7. A voluntary association is typically a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest.

True A.

Puberty is the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction.

True.

A minister is an example of someone with an achieved status.

True. (Something worked towards)

During puberty, an adolescent will

Undergo growth spurts in height and weight and develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

The most frequently used official data is the

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

What country is a postindustrial society

United States

False

Values are the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system (t/f)

false

Values are the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system t/f

Weber's Bureaucracy

Views bureaucracy in a positive light best way to organize large numbers of people to attain a large group create order by clearly defining tasks provides stability

Explain how wars and conquests affect social change

Wars and conquests are not as common as other sources of social change. However, they probably bring about the greatest change in the least amount of time. War causes the loss of many lives. It brings about the destruction of property and leads to the rise of new cities and towns that must be built to replace those destroyed. In addition, war causes changes in the economy as industry focuses on producing war materials rather than consumer goods. For example, after September 11, 2001, some industries contributed to the war on terrorism by providing military supplies and services. War can also promote advances in technology and medicine that can have civilian applications. War may also result in changes in government as new rulers come to power. These changes may contribute to new economic policies and political rights.

Hegemony

We all live in societies where there are power structures. According to Gramsci's theory of hegemony, these systems of power cannot be maintained by force alone. People have to do things, willingly and happily, in their everyday lives that keep the powerful people on top. -Every day behaviors that keep governments in power... ---People hanging flags from their homes --- People rising and removing their hats when the national anthem is sung ---People celebrating a country's independence day with parades and picnics ---People obeying nonsensical laws. People wearing designer clothing People shopping at chains instead of local stores Schools serving fast food in cafeterias Women displaying huge diamond engagement rings People celebrating days that have been manufactured by Hallmark, like Grandparent's Day Black Friday shopping

Personality

What John Locke believed we were all born without

leisure, physical fitness, and youthfulness

What are new values in the United States that might be grouped under the term self fulfillment, a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential?

Traits, complexes, patterns

What are the three levels of culture (short answer)

What is the ego?

What balances the id and superego.

Human interaction

What cases such as Anna, Isabelle, Genie and the institutionalized infants show that social and psychological development requires

are the unique cultural practices of various subgroups

What causes variation within societies?

expected behaviors

What is a role expectation? (pg. 24)

death

What is considered the severest sanction? (pg. 18)

clash of cultures

What is cultural discontinuity? (pg. 11)

manifest functions are obvious latent functions are unrecognized

What is the difference between a manifest function and a latent function? (pg. 5)

A subculture is a group with it's own unique values, norms, and behaviors. A counterculture is a group that rejects the values and norms.

What is the difference between a subculture and a counterculture? (pg. 11)

Physical objects; abstract human creations

What is the difference between material culture and no material culture (short answer)

for many women, the emphasis is less on career and more on marriage

What is the major difference between men and women when they are entering adulthood? (pg. 30)

Environment

What most scientists be to be the factors that have the most influence on personality

56%

What percentage of students were noted as having different values from their parents

Cultural environment

What sociological studies of feral children point to as a conclusion that our personalities and humanity come from

survival of the fittest

What was the phrase that was coined by Herbert Spencer to describe only the fittest societies surviving over time, thus upgrading the world as a whole?

Define self.

What we imagine we are.

counterculture

When a group rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns, the subculture that emerges is called a

What is internalization?

When behaviors are so burned into one's mind that the behaviors aren't questioned and are accepted as correct.

aggregate

When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)

exchange

When people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, a(n) ____ has taken place

New Guinea

Where did Margaret Mead live in the 1930s to conduct her study of cultural variation?

basketball player, actor, and musician

Which of the following are examples of achieved statuses

The Navajo of the Southwest

Which of the following are not examples of a subculture

navajo of the southwest

Which of the following are not examples of a subculture? (pg. 9)

the Peter Principle

Which of the following does the statement, "People are promoted into positions they are not qualified to perform" relate to

basic values

Which of the following forms the foundation of the American culture

narcissism

Which of the following is not a form of social interaction

self-fulfillment

Which of the following is not a traditional American core value

organic solidarity

Which term describes societies where increased job specialization forces members to depend on one another for aspects of their survival?

to determine what general traits are common to all cultures

Why did George Murdock examine hundreds of different cultures in the 1940s?

to determine what general traits are common to all cultures

Why did George Murdock examine hundreds of different cultures in the 1940s? (pg. 11)

so that societies can make sure that their basic needs are fulfilled

Why do cultural universals exist?

Feral children

Wild or untamed children

Feral children

Wild or untamed children with few human characteristics other than appearance; suggests that a person's personality comes from their cultural environment only

Consequences of Gender expectations

Women are denied access to power, influence, achievement, and independence in the public world. Men are denied access to nurturing, emotional, and other-oriented worlds that women traditionally inhabit tokenism (def): granting a few women high-level positions to indicate that the system operates fairly and without respect to sexual status ex) woman who is a sports-broadcaster on ESPN sexism (def): prejudice and discrimination against women structured inequality between men and women that is supported by norms and beliefs based on the belief that women are somehow inferior to men operates both individually, and institutionally (just like racism)

false

Young Americans do not recognize the connection between hard work and success t/f

Self

Your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society

social control

____ _____ is the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means (mc)

Cultural relativism

____ help(s) sociologists and anthropologists understand practices that seem strange or different from those of their own culture

ethnocentrism, vested interests, cultural lag

____ is one of the reasons that people resist cultural change (mc)

technology

_____ is the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment (mc)

internalization

_____ is the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations (mc)

Social movement

___________ promotes the recognition of ideologies. (pg. 20)

negative sanction

a ____ ____ is a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity (mc)

role

a behavior - the rights and obligations - expected of someone occupying a particular status

communaism

a belief held among some scientists that all scientific knowledge should be made available to everyone in the scientific community.

cultural relativism

a belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards.

ageism

a belief that one age is by nature superior to another age category.

corporations

a business organization that is owned by stockholders and is treated by law as if it were an individual person.

aptitude

a capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge

aptitude

a capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a specific body of knowledge

minority group

a catergory of people who share physical characteristics or cultural practices that result in the group being denied equal treatment.

conformity

a change in a persons behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people

public opinion

a collection of differing attitudes that members of a public have about a particular issue.

collectivity

a collection of people who have limited interaction with each other and who do not share clearly defined, conventional norms.

white ethnics

a collective reference to immigrants from the predominately Catholic countries of Ireland, Italy, France, Poland, and Greece.

baby boom generation

a collective term for the approximately 76 million children born in the United States from 1946 through 1964.

democratic socialism

a combination of a democratic government and a socialist economy.

culture patterns

a combination of a number of culture complexes into an interrelated whole.

self fulfillment

a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential is _____ (mc)

Self-fulfillment

a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential.

e-community

a community of people who interact through the Internet or other electronic communication.

voluntary childlessness

a conscious choice to remain childless.

conflict

a deliberate attempt to oppose, harm, control by force, or resist the will of another person or persons.

ideal type

a description of the essential characteristics of some aspect of society.

nuclear family

a family form that consists of one or both parents and their children.

extended family

a family form that consists of three or more generations of a family sharing the same residence.

matriarchy

a family in which the mother holds most of the authority.

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

a fatal disease caused by a virus that attacks an individual's immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to a host of deadly infections.

polyandry

a form of polygamy in which as woman is permitted to marry more than one man at a time.

Aggregate

a gathering of people without lasting organization

medicare

a government-sponsored insurance plan for elderly or disabled persons.

informal group

a group in which there is no official structure established or rules of conduct

public

a group of geographically scattered people who are interested in and divided by some issue.

aggregate

a group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction.

dyad

a group of people who share a common trait or status.

social category

a group of people who share a common trait or status.

counterculture

a group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns.

subculture

a group with its own unique values, norms, and behaviors that exists within a larger culture.

Reference Groups

a group with whom an individual identifies and whose attitudes and values are adopted can have both positive and negative effect on behavior

social class

a grouping of people with similar levels of wealth, power, and prestige.

profession

a high-status occupation that requires specialized skills obtained through formal education.

cyclical theory of social change

a historical view of social change in which societies are seen as rising and then falling or as continuously moving back and forth between stages of development.

courting buggy

a horse-drawn carriage received by Amish men during their teenage years.

formal organization

a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals.

crime syndicate

a large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence.

social movement

a long term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change (m)

Social Movement

a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.

multiple nuclei model

a model of urban structure proposed by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman in which the city is said to have a number of specialized centers devoted to different types of land use.

concentric zone model

a model of urban structure proposed by Ernest W. Burgess in which the typical industrial city is said to spread outward from the center in a series of circles within circles.

sector model

a model of urban structure proposed by Homer Hoyt in which the growth of a city is said to occur in wedge-shaped sectors that extend outward from the center to the edge of the city.

false

a negative sanction rewards a particular kind of behavior (tf)

Social Structure

a network of interrelated statuses ad roles that guide human behavior

voluntary association

a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest.

organized skepticism

a norm in scientific research in which no scientific finding or theory is exempt from questioning.

disinterestedness

a norm in scientific research in which scientists should seek truth, not personal gain.

universalism

a norm in scientific research that holds that research should be judged solely on the basis of quality.

unemployment rate

a percentage of the civilian labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment.

city

a permanent concentration of relatively large numbers of people who are engaged mainly in nonagricultural pursuits

Social Darwinism

a perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection.

urban sprawl

a phenomenon characterized by poorly planned development on the edge of cities and towns.

cultural pluralism

a policy that allows each group within a society to keep its unique cultural identity.

communism

a political and economic system in which property is communally owned.

self fulfilling prophecy

a prediction that results in behvaior that makes the prediction come true

peer group

a primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social charateristics

peer group

a primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and social characteristics

law of supply

a principle that states that producers will supply more products when they can charge higher prices and fewer products when they must charge lower prices.

law of demand

a principle that states that the demand for a product increases as the price of the product decreases and demand decreases as price increases.

plea bargining

a process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence.

differential association

a proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals.

negative sanction

a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity (m)

socioeconomic status

a rating that combines social factors such as level of education, occupational prestige, and place of residence with the economic factor of income in order to determine an individual's relative position in the stratification system.

vested interests

a resistance to any change that threatens a person's security or standard of living (m)

identification

a response to social influence brought about by an individual desire to be like the influences

formal sanctions

a reward or punishment that is given by some formal organization

Formal Sanction

a reward or punishment that is given by some formal organization or regulatory body, such as the government, the police, a corporation, or a school.

Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status is called:

a role

Negative Sanction

a sanction in the form of a punishment or the threat of punishment

Positive Sanction

a sanction in the form of a reward. Save and Exit

group

a set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.

total institution

a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and subjected to the control of officials of varied ranks.

total institution

a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a specific period of time and are subject to tight control

overurbanization

a situation in which more people live in the city than the city can support in terms of jobs and facilities.

central route

a situation in which ppl elaborate on a persuasive communication listen carefully to ones thinking (facts)

anomie

a situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.

oligopoly

a situation that exists when a few people control an industry.

unemployment

a situation that occurs when people do not have jobs but are actively seeking employment.

dating

a social behavior that allows individuals to choose their own marriage partners.

courtship

a social interaction similar to dating but with the sole purpose of eventual marriage.

status refers to:

a social position that a person holds

sociology

a social science that studies human society and social behavior.

Status

a socially defined position

status

a socially defined position in a group or in a society

People who interact in a defined territory and share a culture are collectively called:

a society

sociology of science

a sociological perspective that examines how scientific knowledge develops.

Robin M. Williams

a sociologist who identified a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life (m)

informal sanctions

a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group

informal sanction

a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group (m)

medicaid

a state and federally funded health-insurance program for people with little or no money.

What is sociological theory?

a statement of how and why specific facts are related

social gerontology

a subfield of gerontology that studies the nonphysical aspects of aging.

patriarchy

a system in which men are dominant over women.

class system

a system in which scarce resources and rewards are determined on the basis of achieved statuses.

caste system

a system in which scarce resources and rewards are distributed on the basis of ascribed statuses.

Ideology

a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies some social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a social group or by a society.

ideology

a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society (m)

ideology

a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society is an _____ (mc)

criminal-justice system

a system of police, courts, and corrections.

religion

a system of roles and norms organized around the sacred realm that binds people together in social groups.

education

a system of roles and norms that ensures the transmission of knowledge, values, and patterns of behavior from one generation to the next.

political institution

a system of roles and norms that governs the distribution and exercise of power in society.

what is research method?

a systematic plan for doing research

98% of the homes in the United States have _________________.

a television

novice phase

a term proposed by Daniel Levinson and his colleagues for the first three stages of the early adulthood era.

control theory

a theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as natural occurrences and conformity is seen as the result of social control.

strain theory

a theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society.

world-system theory

a theory of modernization by Immanuel Wallerstein, in which the spread of capitalism is seen as producing an international division of labor between more-developed and less-developed nations. According to this view, the more-developed nations control the factors of production and the less-developed nations serve as sources of cheap labor and raw materials.

modernization theory

a theory of modernization that argues that the more-developed nations of the world were the first to modernize because they were the first to industrialize.

labeling theory

a theory that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant.

exchange theory

a theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.

relative deprivation theory

a theory that states that certain people have a lesser portion of social rewards compared to other people or groups.

cultural transmission theory

a theory that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others.

Arbitration

a third party makes a decision that is binding on both parties (you can't change it)

tria

a three-person group.

sensate culture

a type of culture in Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change in which people seek knowledge through science.

idealistic culture

a type of culture in Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change that combines both ideational and sensate characteristics.

authoritarianism

a type of government in which power rests firmly with the state.

constitutional monarchy

a type of government in which the ruler, or monarch, is nothing more than the symbolic head of state. Constitutional monarchies are considered democratic because the ultimate power rests with elected officials.

revolutionary movements

a type of social movement, the goal of which is a total and radical change of the existing social structure.

false

a vested interest is a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential (tf)

evolutionary theory of social change

a view of social change in which change is seen as a process that moves toward increasing complexity.

sociological perspective *

a viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way

social network

a web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interactions with other people.

______ is considered to be the founder/ "Father" of sociology. a. Auguste Comte b. Karl Marx c. Emile Durkheim d. Max Weber e. Herbert Spencer

a. Auguste Comte

The first person to apply the scientific method and use statistical analysis to study his theories was ____. a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Herbert Spencer d. Auguste Comte

a. Emile Durkheim

Examples of non-material culture: a. books b. ideas c. beliefs d. rules

a. books

The definition of society: a. involves human products b. includes people c. covers a geographic area d. involves a common culture

a. involves human products

Examples of material culture: a. language b. buildings c. clothing d. automobiles

a. language

Which of the following did Marx NOT believe about the BEST "Worst" economic system? a. No government/social scientist intervention necessary to correct "ills" b. workers would revolt and create dictatorship c. creates the most inhumane, terrible working conditions d. creates deep, sharp divisions between social classes

a. no government/social scientist intervention necessary to correct "ills"

The concept of adolescence did not exist in the United States before ____. a. the civil war b. WWI c. the Korean War d. the Vietnam War

a. the civil war

2. A state of balance between cooperation and conflict is

accommodation. C.

7. Forms include compromise, truce, or mediation.

accomodation

Uniformity

across production lines results in uniform products

role performance

actual behavior of a person perfoming a role

fertility

actual number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age in a population.

What is the period between normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood called?

adolescence

The period between normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood is called

adolescence.

Specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place are:

agents of socialization

4. When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)

aggregate. B.

6. When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)

aggregate. B.

3. Society where animals are used to help food production.

agricultural society

What is the most widely used illegal drug among high school seniors?

alcohol

1. Which of the following are examples of achieved statuses?

all of the above D.

culture

all the shared products of human groups;These products include both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group.

social change

alterations in various aspects of a society over time.

charter schools

alternative schools which are funded by public money but are privately owned.

positive sanction

an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior (m)

urban ecology

an approach that examines the relationship between people and the urban environment.

dictatorship

an authoritarian type of government in which power is in the hands of a single individual.

absolute monarchy

an authoritarian type of government in which the hereditary ruler holds absolute power.

capitalism

an economic model in which the factors of production are owned by individuals and that is regulated by the forces of profit and competition.

socialism

an economic model in which the factors of production are owned by the government, which regulates all economic activity.

homeschooling

an education system in which a child's main education is undertaken by parents at home.

ritual

an established pattern of behavior through which a group of believers experience the sacred.

theory

an explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena

Narcissism

an extreme self-centeredness.

A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society is

an ideology.

culture trait

an individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need.

exchange

an individual, group, or societal interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions.

false

an informal sanction is a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency (tf)

competition

an interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.

cooperation

an interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people.

socialization

an interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society.

alzheimers disease

an organic condition that results in the progressive destruction of brain cells.

propaganda

an organized and deliberate attempt to shape public opinion.

stereotype

an oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a category of people

instinct

an unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern

The concept of 'sociological imagination' by C. Wright Mills refers to:

an understanding of how society affects culture

social inequality

an unequal sharing of social rewards and resources.

prejudice

an unsupported generalization about a category of people

migration rate

annual difference between in-migration and out-migration.

Learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role to prepare for assuming that role in the future:

anticipatory socialization

Playing house as a child is a form of

anticipatory socialization.

crime

any act that is labeled as such by those in authority is prohibited by law and is punishable by govt

In-Groups

any group that a person belongs to and identifies with

out group

any group that an individual does not belong to or identify with

Out-Groups

any group that the person does not belong to or identify with

reference group

any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they often adopt

according to Robert K. Merton what is dysfunction?

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation society

drug

any substance that changes mood, behavior, or consciousness.

symbols

anything that carries meaning recognized by people who share a culture.

symbol

anything that represents something else

symbol

anything that stands for something else and has a shared meaning attached to it. Language, gestures, images, sounds, physical objects, events, and elements of the natural world can serve as symbols as long as people recognize that they convey a particular meaning.

symbol

anything that stands for something else.

a capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge

aptitude

generalized other

are Internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society that we use to guide our behavior and reinforce our sense of self.

leaders

are people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others.

Operations

are performed to specific guidelines that maximize efficiency

Sanctions

are rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

folkways

are the common customs of everyday life;norms that do no have great moral significance attached to them.

norms

are the shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations

Role Expectations

are the socially determined behaviors expected of a person with a particular status

feral children

are wild or untamed children.

Another name for the physical objects of material culture

artifacts

The early sociologist who believed that to understand society a person needed to focus on and understand the elements of order (social statics) and change (dynamics). a. Karl Marx b. Auguste Comte c. Emile Durkheim d. Max Weber e. Herbert Spencer

b. Auguste Comte

Which was NOT one of the first 3 countries to experience the Industrial Revolution? a. Great Britian b. Russia c. France d. Germany

b. Russia

Norms: a. are expectations of behavior b. are actual behavior c. involve shared rules of conduct d. enforce cultural values

b. are actual behavior

The belief that society was just like an organism with interrelated parts that worked together to maintain the system. a. social model b. biological model

b. biological model

Karl Marx believed _____ to be the primary cause of social change. a. religion b. conflict c. symbolic interaction d. consensus

b. conflict

Adolescence is NOT a universal concept because_____. a. some societies want children to remain in school b. in some societies people go directly from childhood to adulthood c. adolescence is not the same experience for everyone d. there are no common characteristics of adolescence

b. in some societies people go directly from childhood to adulthood

Sociologists believe the greatest source of pressure to come from_______. a. parents b. peers (friends) c. schools d. jobs

b. peers (friends)

According to Durkheim, the "glue that holds society together" was _____. a. strong governmental policies b. shared values and beliefs c. a stable family life d. an expanding economy

b. shared values and beliefs

3. The exchange of a good or service is

barter. B.

UCR

becoming a UCR crime statistic: step 1: citizens notice crime step 2: citizen reports crime to police Police then must decide.. step 3: whether a crime as occurred step 4: what kind of crime is it step 5: the police must accurately report crime to the UCR or FBI

social interaction

behavior between two or more people that is given meaning by them

deviance

behavior that violates significant social norms.

exchagne theory

belief that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people

compliance

best describes the behavior of a person who is motivated by a desire to gain reward or avoid punishment

fecundity

biological potential for reproduction

During puberty, an adolescent will

both A and B (undergo growth spurts in height and weight and develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics)

6. A ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.

bureaucracy

In American society, adolescence generally is considered to include the ages between ___ and ____. a. 10, 16 b. 13, 18 c. 13, 21 d. 12, 18 e. 14, 20 f. 16, 18

c. 13, 21

The age to which education is mandatory in states is ____. a. 14 b. 15 c. 16 d. 18

c. 16

During what time frame did the Industrial Revolution take place? a. 13th to 14th century b. 15th to 16th century c. 17th to 19th century d. 20th to 21st century

c. 17th to 19th century

At what age does a juvenile/young person, no longer fall under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system. a. 14 b. 16 c. 18 d. 21

c. 18

Sociology was created as an academic subject in the ___. a. 1600's b. 1700's c. 1800's d. 1900's

c. 1800's

The rapid political changes that grew out of the Industrial Revolution and helped lead to the development of sociology, eventually led to which two political movements? a, Mexican/American Revolutions b. French/Russian Revolution c. American/French Revolution d. Mexican/Russian Revolution

c. American/French Revolution

What economic system did Marx believe was the BEST "Worst" one to study? a. Communism b. Socialism c. Capitalism

c. Capitalism

According to Karl Marx the most important influence on society was how its ______ was organized. a. Family life b. Government/politics c. Economy d. Education system

c. Economy

The change from a simple, labor intensive, cottage economy, to a large scale production of goods using machines in factories is known as ______. a. American Revolution b. Neolithic Revolution c. Industrial Revolution d. Scientific Revolution

c. Industrial Revolution

Which of the following is NOT an example of a natural science? a. Chemistry b. Physics c. Sociology d. Biology

c. Sociology

The establishment of a juvenile court system in this country_______. a. allows teen to be tried by other teens b. gives young people experience in running the legal system c. creates a separate legal status for young people d. allows young people to avoid any punishment for criminal behavior they commit

c. creates a separate legal status for young people

Mores: a. encourage conformity b. have a great moral significance c. encourage nonconformity d. affect the well-being of society

c. encourage nonconformity

Karl Marx believed which of the following scarce resources to be the basis of social conflict? a. intelligence and control of inventions b. military weaponry c. money and power (authority) d. lack of government provided housing

c. money and power (authority)

Mediation

calling in a third party who guides the two parties toward an agreement

evidence v example

can be increase if he argues a position apparently opposed to his or her self interest

race

catergory of ppl who share inherited physical characteristics and who are percieved by others as being a distinct group

cultural universals

certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures

which of the following is an example of an achieved status?

class

culture complexes

clusters of interrelated culture traits.

In class, we talked about the brown bag test as a form of _____________

colorism

technology

combination of objects and rules

cultural universals

common features that are found in all human cultures.

2. Legal disputes are an example of this.

conflict

marx

conflict between classes

Theoretical perspective that focuses on those forces in society that promote competition and change.

conflict perspective

The idea that MOST people agree on what is BEST.

consensus

7. Which of the following is not a form of accommodation?

control B.

Pros of McDonaldization

convinent, familiar

2. What alternatives does Tannen offer to the argument culture?

cooperation and agreement B.

Which of the following is not a method of sociological investigation?

correlation

What is a social interaction with the express purpose of eventual marriage?

courtship

source of communication

credibility, increasing trustworthiness, attractiveness

white collar crime

crime committed by an individual or group of high social status in the course of their professional lives

white-collar crime

crime that is committed by an individual or individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives.

feral children point strongly to the conclusion that our personality comes from our:

cultural environment

While race tends to refer to physical characteristics, ethnicity refers to ________.

cultural heritage

the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system is called:

cultural lag

Family socialization tends to be focused on teaching ******

cultural values and norms

All the share products of human groups, or the complete way of life of a people

culture

Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life is called...

culture shock

In most states, child labor laws prevent people from entering the labor force until age______. a. 12 b. 13 c. 14 d. 16

d. 16

Herbert Spencer was MOST influenced by _____ in forming his theory about society. a. Charles Dickens b. Charles Lyell c. Charles the Great (Charlemagne) d. Charles Darwin e. Charles Schultz

d. Charles Darwin

What is considered the severest sanction?

death

Socialization can be both _____________ and/or ________________.

deliberate; unintended

Role Set

different roles associated with a particular status

When prejudices become unfair treatment it is now

discrimination

institutionalized discrimination

discrimination that is an outgrowth of the structure of society.

legal discrimination

discrimination that is upheld by law.

What is any substance that changes mood, behavior, or consciousness?

drug

The negative consequences an element has for the stability of the social system.

dysfunction

4. A place where people interact with one another regularly on the Internet.

e-community

Compromise

each party gives up something they want in order to come to an agreement

Teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and less likely to finish high school are all consequences of:

early sexual activity

3. All of the following are types of societies except

economic. B.

racial inequality in economics health care and education

economically: Workers of color concentrated in lower-paying jobs Low wage jobs more susceptible to economic downturns Mass incarceration has a major impact on young men of color. Health care: People of color have less access to health care Leads to disparities in treatment (organ transplants) Leads to worse overall health People of color often live in less safe areas Past mistreatment of African Americans in experiments Tuskegee syphilis study education: Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Schools still very segregated African American and Latino/a students are actually more isolated from white students today than they were 30 years ago Teachers are mostly white Schools in poor districts have fewer resources Majority-white schools are rarely in poor districts The average black and Latino/a student attends a school in which at least 70% of the students are not white. In Southern California, two-fifths of Latino/a students and one-third of black students attend schools where 90-100% of the students are not white (Orfield, Siegel-Hawley, & Kucsera, 2011). In contrast, the average white student attends a school in which almost 80% of the students are white (Orfield & Lee, 2007).

Believing that every problem has a solution is part of which set of values?

efficiency and practicality

Four aspects to McDonalidzation

efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control

According to Robin Williams Jr., which of the following is a key value of the U.S. culture?

efficiency, freedom, science

peripheral route

emotions--- a situation to be persuade

Verstehen

empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions

___________ is the practice of selecting mates from within one's group.

endogamy

false

enforcing norms through either internal or external means is called internalization (tf)

Education

ensures the transmission of values, patterns of behavior, and certain skills and knowledge

the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture is called:

ethnocentrism

2. Interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward or a return for actions.

exchange

2. When people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, a(n) ____ has taken place.

exchange A.

2. Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.

exchange theory

6. Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.

exchange theory

5 types of social interaction

exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation

Anticipatory socialization is the learning of the _____ of a role in order to prepare for that role.

expectations, obligations, and rights

Which of the following methods of sociological investigation involves an investigation of cause and effect under highly controlled conditions?

experiment

genocide

extermination aimed at intentionally destroying an entire targeted population.

genocide

extermination aimed at the intentionallydestroying an entire population

narcissism

extreme self-centerdness (m)

true

extreme self-centerdness is referred to as narcissism (tf)

Peer group socialization is the same as family socialization.

f

Significant others are individuals that are not of any significance to help form our socialization

f

Tabula Rasa theory believes that individuals are born with some personality

f

The family is the least important agent of socialization in almost every society.

f

The looking-glass self refers to the non-active process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.

f

According to our lecture, sex and gender are two words that describe the same thing.

false

Matrilineal kinship systems are those in which ancestry is traced through the father. Inheritance is passed down through father's line.

false

When defining a behavior as deviant, social context does not matter.

false

our personalities are not influenced by whether or not we have brothers, sisters, both or neither

false

pavlov's dogs helped to prove that instinct is unchanging

false

dual-earner families

families in which both husband and wife have jobs.

The most important agent of socialization in almost every society is the

family

Composition of kinship systems is virtually the same thing as

family composition

Which of the following is an agent of socialization?

family, school, mass media

Theoretical perspectives on families

feminist theory-Reflect the gender hierarchies in society. symbolic interaction-Emerge so people can meet basic needs and develop relationships. Functionalism-Meet the need to socialize children and reproduce new members of society. Conflict theory-Reinforce and support power relations in society.

wild or untamed children; children with few human characteristics other than appearnce

feral children

Expressive Leaders

find ways to keep the group together and to maintain morale

folkways

focus on common customs of everyday life

interactionist perspective

focuses on everyday social interaction among individuals rather than on large societal structures such as politics and education

lableing theory

focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant.

functionalist perspective

focuses on society as a set of interelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system. assumes society is held together through consensus

Norms that do NOT have great moral significance attached to them; not following them does not have immediate impact on stability of society

folkways

In a preindustrial society what is the main economic activity

food production

true

for most Americans, individual effort is the key to personal achievement (tf)

polygyny

form of polygamy in which the man is permitted to marry more than one woman at time.

5. Large secondary group formed to achieve specific goals.

formal organization

Groups

foundation of social life. Thy differ in terms of size, life, organization, and purpose.

comte

founder of sociology. social order and change

The positive consequences that an element of society has for the maintenance of the social system.

function

Theory which says that society is made up of interrelated parts working together to produce a stable social system.

functionalist perspective

Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status (born with)?

gender and race

Socially constructed expectations for men and women are

gender roles

The process through which gender roles are learned is known as

gender socialization

4. A set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.

group

secondary group

group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature

society

group of people sharing a common culture and unity.

Formal Group

has clearly defined structure, goals, and activities

Informal Group

has no official structure or rules of conduct

Electronic Communities

have arisen with arrival of internet some reflect with primary-group dynamics

mores

have great moral significance attached to them; violation of ___endangers the well-being and stability of society.

Preindustrial Societies

held together by mechanical solidarity

Industrial Societies

held together by organic solidarity

Instrumental Leader

help find specific means that will help the group reach its goals

personality and social behavior can be determined by:

heredity, instinct, and nature

What is the tendency of individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own?

homagamy

bourgeoisie and proletariat

how karl marx divided people into classes

weber

how society impacts the individual

The description of the essential characteristics of some aspect of society.

ideal type

what of the following is non-material culture?

ideas

credibility

if the source of communication is both expert and trustworthy she or he is likely to have an impact on the beliefs of the audience

formal group

include a variety of groupings such as schools, businesses, and governmental agencies.

3. Society where emphasis shifts from production of food to production of manufactured goods.

industrial society

Leaders

influence the attitude and opinions of others

A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group.

informal sanction

an unchaning, biologically inherited behavior pattern

instinct

_____________ can be defined as established laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these practices have racist intentions.

institutional racism

mass media

instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between those sending the info and those receiving it

spencer

interdependent parts

The process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations.

internalization

resocialization

involves a break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms

Rationality

involves subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control (Industrialization has increased the degree of rationalism in our society)

5. The tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.

iron law of oligarchy

Bureaucracy

is a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures (They existed in ancient Egypt and China, but rose to prominence during the Industrial Revolution)

bureaucracy

is a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.

Social Institution

is a system of statuses and roles organized to satisfy one or more of society's basic needs

Achieved Status

is acquired through a person's direct efforts, such as education

Ascribed Status

is assigned according to qualities beyond a person's controls, such as age

positivist perspective ( one of two major sociological perspectives on deviance)

is deviance real: Yes Positivists study "actual" deviance Accept common definitions What distinguishes deviants from non-deviants? Biological, psychological, & sociological factors Positivist perspective: statistical absolutist normative/relative

Role Performance

is the actual behaviors of a person with a particular status. They may or may not be the expected behaviors

aptitude

is the capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge.

social integration

is the degree of attachment people have to social groups or to society.

Technology

is the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment.

Endogamy

is the practice of selecting mates from within one's group. -The group may be based on religion, territory, racial identity, and so forth. Endogamy reflects societies traditional distaste for relationships that cross identified social boundaries. In some societies, these are formalized or codified as laws. In the U.S., we practice informal rules of endogamy related to: Religion Race/Ethnicity Social Class Educational background Age

internalization

is the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality

personality

is the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.

Adolescence

is universal (?)

Weaknesses of official data include

it emphasizes street crime

Weaknesses of self-report data include

it relies on the memory of the offender

The organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system

language

Formal Organizations

large, complex secondary groups that have been established to achieve specific goals (Examples: schools, businesses, religious organizations, and labor unions)

Fifteen

largest number that works well with a group

Written rules of conduct that are enacted and enforced by the government

laws

instrumental leaders

leaders who are task-oriented.

4. People who influence the attitudes and opinions of others are said to be

leaders. B.

What are new values in the United States that might be grouped under the term self fulfillment, a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential?

leisure, physical fitness, and youthfulness

The intended and recognized consequences an element has for a society.

manifest function

stigma

mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society

a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life is called:

master status

7. One status tends to take rank above all others. This status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity is called a(n)

master status. C.

deviance

may be applied to: -A behavior -A physical condition -A type of person

Any of the materials and methods used to produce goods and services.

means of production

A system in which success is based on hard work and natural talent is known as a

meritocracy

___________________ is a sexually exclusive marriage with one spouse or partner.

monogamy

wealth

most obvious dimension of social stratification because it is made up of the value of everything the person owns and money earned through salaries and wages.

migration

movement of people from one specified area to another.

Which of the following sociological perspectives recognizes the cultural diversity of the US and promotes equal standing for all cultural traditions?

multiculturalism

2. Which of the following is not a form of social interaction?

narcissism C.

false

narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others (tf)

Subjects/Disciplines that explain occurrences and phenomena of the natural world.

natural sciences

dysfunctional

negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system

A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.

negative sanctio

___________ is the practice of the new couple establishing their own residence.

neolocal residence

social structure

network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction

religion is an example of:

non material culture

The abstract creations of humans

non-material culture

secondary deviance

nonconformity that results in the individuals who commit acts of primary deviance being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true.

primary deviance

nonconformity undetected by authority in which the individuals who commit deviant acts do not consider themselves to be deviant, and neither does society.

Which of the following sociological concepts refers to rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members?

norms

true

not all culture traits change at the same rate, as is indicated by cultural lag (tf)

mortality

number of deaths in a society.

population

number of people living in an area at a particular time.

doubling time

number of years necessary for a population to double in size, given its current rate of growth.

Role Strain

occurs when a person has difficulty fulfilling the role of one status

Role Conflict

occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status interferes with a second status

role conflict

occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status.

Exchange

occurs when people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions can be tangible or intangible

Competition

occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attainn common in Western societies -can lead to psychological stress, a lack of cooperation, and conflict

Cooperation

occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person, a social process that gets things done may be used along with competition to motivate members to work harder for the group

competition

occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain

cooperation

occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people

Ethnocentrism is Vested interests are Cultural lag is

one of the reasons that people resist cultural change.

A group can be a

one-time meeting or a lifetime Interaction is not continuous; there are breaks

6. Impersonal relationships are due to job specialization.

organic solidarity

3. Which term describes societies where increased job specialization forces members to depend on one another for aspects of their survival?

organic solidarity A.

resource mobilization

organization and effective use of resources as essential to social movements.

Economic Institution

organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

Advertising influences all of the following except

our individualism

logical v emotional

our opinions are influenced by the experts who are both experts and trustworthy

slavery

ownership of one group of people by another group.

Calling all people from the continent of Asia "Asian" is an example of a

panethnic label

In which of the following methods of sociological investigation--investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities?

participant observation

3. Society that lives a nomadic life and relies on domesticated animals.

pastoral society

young-old

people aged 65 to 74.

middle-old

people aged 75 to 84.

old-old

people aged 85 and older.

significant others

people closest to us (parents, siblings, relatives, and others) who directly influence our socialization

Social Categories

people with a shared trait or status who do not interact with each other

Traditional American values

personal achievement, equality & democracy,freedom,work,morality, progress & material comfort, efficiency & practicality, self fulfillment

most Social Scientists assume

personality and social behavior resulting from a blending of hereditary and social environmental influences.

material culture

physical objects that people create to form a groups _____culture

zero population growth

point at which nearly equal birthrates and death rates produce a growth rate of zero.

false

political science is the study of past events t/f

_______________ is the practice of a woman having more than one husband.

polyandry

______________ is the practice of men or women having multiple marriage partners.

polygamy

Polygamy usually involves _____________, one man having more than one wife.

polygyny

function

positive consequence, an element of society has for the maintanence of the social system

An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior.

positive sanction

What are the different types of sanctions?

positive sanctions, negative sanctions, formal sanctions, and informal sanctions

3. Society that places emphasis on the roles of science and education.

postindustrial society

3. All of the following are examples of preindustrial societies except

postindustrial. D.

What are the 3 broad categories... which are

preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial

4. A small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis.

primary group

state

primary political authority in society.

Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

prison

modernization

process by which a society's social institutions become increasingly complex as the society moves toward industrialization.

The peasant workers who according to Marx owned only their labor (ability to work).

proletariat

Religion

provides a shared, collective explanation of the meaning of life (what life means to you)

negative sanctions

punishments suchs as jail times, tickets

the principle of Verstehen

putting yourself in the place of others and trying to see situations through their eyes

_______________ is subtle uneasiness, discomfort, or fear around other groups.

quiet racism

___________ is the privilege of "having no color" or of being the "default race".

racial transparency

What did we define as "The belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups so different in their social behavior and mental and physical capacities that they can be ranked as superior or inferior"?

racism

laws

range from simple folkways to very strict mores;a written rule of conduct that is enacted and enforced by the government

5. Features of human behavior subjected to control and measurement.

rationality

6. An example of a weakness in bureaucracies.

red tape

7. A complaint about bureaucracies is the ________ often involved in dealing with them.

red tape C.

spiral of silence

refers to a belief that as more people accept common opinions the people who disagree are less likely to voice their views.

egalitarian

refers to a family in which the mother and father share power.

society

refers to a group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and have a feeling of unity.

polygamy

refers to a marriage with multiple partners.

me

refers to a part of the identity that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society; the socialized self.

zero tolerance

refers to a set of policies created to prevent school violence.

Cultural Lag

refers to a situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture.

Sociological perspective

refers to a viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way.

nonmaterial culture

refers to abstract human creations, such as language, ideas, beliefs, rules, skills, family patterns, work practices, and political and economic systems.

labor force

refers to all individuals 16 and older who are employed in paid positions or who are seeking paid employment.

Verstehen

refers to an empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions.

Manifest function

refers to an intended and recognized consequence of some element of society.

instinct

refers to an unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern.

crime

refers to any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government.

profane

refers to anything considered to be part of the ordinary world and thus commonplace and familiar.

sacred

refers to anything that is considered to be part of the supernatural world and that inspires awe, respect, and reverence.

mechanical solidarity

refers to close-knit social relationships common in pre-industrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks.

organic solidarity

refers to impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization.

schooling

refers to instruction by specially trained teachers who follow officially recognized policies.

mass media

refers to newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, films, and other forms of communication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the individuals sending the information and those receiving it.

material culture

refers to physical objects created by human groups. Sociologists and anthropologists use the term artifacts to refer to the physical objects of material culture.

culture

refers to shared products of human groups, including both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by the group.

social capital

refers to social networks and the reciprocal norms associated with these networks that encourage people to do things for each other.

division of labor

refers to specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities.

gender

refers to the behavioral and psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women.

self

refers to the conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates us from other members of society.

looking glass self

refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others

looking-glass self

refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.

glass ceiling

refers to the invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper-level positions in business.

wage gap

refers to the level of women's income relative to that of men.

Dysfunctional

refers to the negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system.

second shift

refers to the phenomenon of individuals having to complete household duties after working away from home.

segregation

refers to the physical separation of a minority group from the dominant group.

matthew effect

refers to the tendency for honors and recognition to go to those scientists who have already achieved recognition. On the other hand, they tend to be withheld from scientists who have not yet made their mark.

social sciences

related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior

social sciences

related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior.

collective behavior

relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations.

Cons of McDonaldization

removal of human aspect, no room for innovation, reduction of face-to face interactions

recidivism

repeated criminal behavior

Bourgeoisie

represent the wealthy that use the workers

Proletariat

represent workers

The concept of radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment is called:

resocialization

factors of production

resources that can be used to produce and distribute goods and services

prestige

respect, honor, recognition, or courtesy an individual receives from other members of society.

sanctions

rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

positive sanctions

rewards,things like smiles, financial rewards, and praise.

1. The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.

role

6. The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.

role

conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses is called:

role conflict

1. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called

role expectations. D.

a number of roles attached to a single status is called:

role set

1. Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status.

role strain

tension among the roles connected to single status is called:

role strain

scientific method

s an objective, logical, and systematic way of collecting empirical data and arriving at conclusions.

corrections

sanctions - such as imprisonment, parole, and probation - used to punish criminals.

demography

scientific study of populations.

7. A group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature.

secondary group

control theory

see deviance as a natural occurrence and conformity as the result of social control

What is the sociological perspective?

seeing the general in the particular

Major data sources for investigating crime trends can be classified as

self-report, official, and victimization data

ethnicity

set of cultural characterisitcs that distinguish one group from another

_______ refers to biological identity while _______ refers to learned behaviors associated with sex.

sex; gender

values

shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.

values

shared beliefs about what is good/bad, right/wrong, desirable/undesirable.

norms

shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.

norms

shared rules of conduct;expectations

cultural lag

situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture (m)

role strain

situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role

The famous Thomas theorem argues that

situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences

In 2012, 90% of U.S. media was controlled by

six media conglomerates

primary group

small group of ppl who interact over a relativity long period of time ona direct and personal basis

6. A ____ is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or a common status.

social category B.

Theoretical orientation proposed by Herbert Spencer that says that societies evolve toward stability and perfection.

social darwinism

narcissism

social historian Christopher Lasch described an emphasis on personal fulfillment as a personality disorder. He termed this extreme self-centerdness ____ (mc)

7. Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)

social institution. B.

How people relate to one another and influence each other's behavior.

social interaction

reactionary movements

social movement with a goal to reverse current social trends.

revisionary movements

social movements that try to improve or revise some part of society through social change.

conservative movements

social movements that try to protect from change what they see as society's prevailing values.

6. Group without clear boundaries or common identity.

social network

d

social order

The process by which the overall structure of a society remains relatively stable.

social statics

learning basic skills, behavior patterns of society, and values and beliefs are 3 processes of:

socialization

the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture is called:

socialization

Families reproduce society biologically, but families also reproduce society ____________ through the socialization of children.

socially

role expectations

socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role

James M. Henslin

sociologist that suggested that values such as education might be considered core values (m)

sanctions

some people are motivated by ____, rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms (mc)

vested interest

someone is said to have a ____ _____ is they resist any change that threatens their security or standard of living (mc)

mentor

someone who fosters an individual's development by believing in the person, sharing the person's dreams, and helping the person achieve those dreams.

Competition

sometimes considered basis of capitalism and democracy

gender roles

specific behaviors and attitudes that a society establishes for men and women.

agents of socialization

specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place

agents of socialization

specific individuals, groups, and institutions that provide the situations in which socialization can occur.

significant others

specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, and other relatives, who have a direct influence on our socialization.

5. In a bureaucracy, what is employment typically based on?

specific qualifications D.

which of the following is not a part of nonverbal communications?

speech (gestures, body movements, facial expressions)

knowledge-gap hypothesis

states that as new information enters society, wealthy and better-educated members acquire it at a faster rate than poor and less-educated people.

resource-mobilization theory

states that even the most ill-treated group with the most just cause will not be able to bring about change without resources.

Which definition of deviance states that anything that is too far from normal is deviant regardless of whether it is negative evaluated by society?

statistical definiton

1. A socially defined position in a group or in society.

status

6. A socially defined position in a group or in society.

status

ascribed status

status that is assigned according to standards that are beyond a person's control is called a

achieved status

status that is obtained by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or ability is called a

master status

status that plays the greatest role in shaping a persons life and determining his or her social identity

Overgeneralized beliefs that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group are known as

stereotypes

urban legends

stories that are untrue but that seem realistic and teach a lesson.

The following are characteristics of adolescents EXCEPT

strong ability to multitask

mores

strong moral significance

Deborah Tannen, a professor of linguistics

studied whether one form of interaction dominates American culture. suggested that Americans live in an argument culture.

criminologist

study of crime

Sociologist categorize societies according to

subsistence strategies, or the ways societies use technology to meet the needs of their members

6. A ____ is the way society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.

subsistence strategy D.

In which of the following methods of sociological investigation-subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview?

survey

cultural pluralism

switzerland because it recongnizes for four languages

Anything that stands for something else and has a shared meaning.

symbol

Interaction between people that takes place through the use of symbols.

symbolic interaction

true

symbolic interaction is where interactionists focus on how people use symbols when interacting

Anything that stands for something else and has a generally shared meaning

symbols

Which of the following is an element of culture?

symbols, language, norms and values

theory

systematic explanation of the relationship among phenomena

In the United States, the primary agents of socialization include the family, the peer group, the school, and the mass media

t

Resocialization is directed toward changing an individual's personality and social behavior

t

Total institutions are primarily concerned with resocializing their members to help them learn new values and norms

t

this theory that insists that each of us is born without a personality and we acquire our personality as a result of social experiences is known as:

tabula rasa

role-taking

taking or pretending to take the role of others.

Alcohol and drug use, age and gender, and family relations are some of the factors that affect:

teenage suicide

Truce

temporarily brings a halt to the competition or conflict until a compromise can be reached

Competition and Conflict

tend to lead to encourage social change

Exchange, Cooperation ,and Accommodation

tend to stabilize the social structure

ethnocentrism

tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups.

The theory that refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others is known as

the Looking-glass self.

The most frequently used type of victimization data is

the NCVS

5. Which of the following does the statement, "People are promoted into positions they are not qualified to perform" relate to ?

the Peter Principle B.

6. Which of the following does the statement, "People are promoted into positions they are not qualified to perform" relate to ?

the Peter Principle B.

power

the ability to control the behavior of others, with or without their consent.

Sociological imagination

the ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives.

external debt

the amount owed to foreign individuals, organizations, companies, and governments

agenda setting

the argument that the media sets the boundaries of public debate by deciding which issues will receive coverage and which will not.

tracking

the assignment of students to different types of educational programs

gender identity

the awareness of being masculine or feminine as those traits are defined by culture.

role

the behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status

Role

the behavior, or the rights and obligations attached to a status

attitude of cultural relativism

the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture

sexism

the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other.

racism

the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is naturally superior to other races or ethnic

racism

the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is naturally superior to other races or ethnic groups.

Which of the following theories of socialization argues that human behavior is instinctive simply our nature?

the biological theory

assimilation

the blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture or identity.

social psychology

the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole

resocialization

the breaking with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms

life structure

the combination of statuses, roles, activities, goals, values, beliefs, and life circumstances that characterize an individual.

anthropology

the comparative study of various aspects of past and present cultures Group behavior in advanced societies. Studying cultural traits of neighborhoods in large cities

Anthropology

the comparative study of various aspects of past and present cultures.

urbanization

the concentration of the population in cities.

3. Urbanization is

the concentration of the population in cities. D.

function

the consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system

Conflict

the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person has few rules of accepted conduct can reinforce group boundaries and loyalty

conflict

the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person.

2. Conflict is

the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person. A.

6. Conflict is

the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person. A.

conflict

the deliberate attempt to control by force, oppose, harm, or resist the will of another person or persons

discrimination

the denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership.

5. The specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities is

the division of labor. A.

the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is called

the dramaturgical analysis

impression management

the effort people make in playing their roles well and managing the impressions that the audience receives

political science

the examination of the organization and operation of governments voting patterns and political groups

police discretion

the fact that police can choose when and when not to give tickets and punishment based on their own judgement

The most important agents of socialization in the Unites States are:

the family, peer group, school, and mass media

early adulthood

the first era of adulthood, spanning ages 17 through 39.

digital divide

the gap between those with access to new technologies and those without.

Reciprocity

the idea that if you do something for someone then that person owes you something in return.

7. Reciprocity is

the idea that if you do something for someone then that person owes you something in return. B.

Reciprocity

the idea that if you do something for someone, that person owes you something in return, basis of exchange interactions

reciprocity

the idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return.

media convergence

the idea that mass media are merging and are no longer separate entities.

Exchange Theory

the idea that people are motivated by self-interest in their interactions with other people, the idea that rewarded behavior is repeated

dramaturgy

the idea that social interaction is like a drama being performed on a stage

religiosity

the importance of religion in a person's life.

symbolic interaction

the interaction between people that takes place through the use of symbols.

socialization

the interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society

generalized other

the internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society

technology

the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment (m)

true

the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment are called technology (tf)

anticipatory socialization

the learning of rights, obligations, and expectations of a role in preparation for assuming that role at a future date.

true

the long history of immigration has influenced American culture (tf)

the theory that refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others is known as:

the looking-glass self

subjugation

the maintaining of control over a group through force.

monogamy

the marriage of one man to one woman.

gatekeepers

the media executives, editors, or reporters who can open or close the "gate" on a particular news story.

totalitarianism

the most extreme form of authoritarian government, in which government leaders accept few limits on their authority.

The Family

the most universal social institution, takes responsibility for raising the young and teaching them accepted norms and value

social structure

the network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interaction

dependency ratio

the number of workers for each person receiving Social Security benefits.

Master Status

the one that plays the greatest role in a person's life, it can be ascribed or achieved

me

the part that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society- the socialized self

adolescence

the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood.

graying of america

the phenomenon of the growing percentage of elderly Americans as part of the total U.S. population.

puberty

the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction.

segregation

the physical separation of a minority group from the dominant group.

Function

the positive consequence an element of society has for the maintenance of the social system.

police discretion

the power held by police officers to decide who is actually arrested.

racial profiling

the practice of assuming non white americans are more likely to comming crimes than white Americans

barter

the practice of exchanging one good for another.

racial profiling

the practice of focusing criminal investigations on a person or group of people based on their race.

cultural relativism refers to:

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Exogamy

the practice of selecting mates from outside one's group.

Internalization

the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations. Save and Exit

internalization

the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations (m)

reformulation

the process of adapting borrowed cultural traits (m)

Reformulation

the process of adapting borrowed cultural traits.

plea bargaining

the process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence

diffusion

the process of spreading culture traits from one society to another (m)

rationality

the process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control.

Role Exit

the process people go through to detach from a role that was previously central to their social identity

science

the pursuit of knowledge through systematic methods.

social stratification

the ranking of individuals or categories of people on the basis of unequal access to scarce resources and social rewards.

emotional contagion

the rapid transmission of emotions or behaviors through a crowd

according to Robert k merton, what is manifest function?

the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

manifest function

the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern,

suffrage

the right to vote.

the theory that refers to seeing ourselves as others see us in addition to taking on or pretending to take on the roles of others is known as:

the role-taking theory

According to Marx, in every era, the most influential ideas are the ideas of ____________.

the ruling class

corrections

the sanctions that are used to punish criminals

Psychology

the science that deals with the behavior and thinking of individuals.

sociology

the science that studies human society and social behavior

gerontology

the scientific study of the processes and phenomena of aging.

middle adulthood

the second era of adulthood, spanning the ages of 40 through 59.

cultural lag

the situation called in which some aspects of a culture change less rapidly than other aspects of the same culture

the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction is called:

the social construction of reality

Which of following sociological perspectives sees society as an arena of inequality that generations conflict and change?

the social-conflict theory

Which of the following theories of socialization argues that Self is that part of an individual's personality which develops only with social experience by taking the role of other?

the sociological theory

Informal Sanction

the spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or individuals.

Diffusion

the spread of cultural traits - ideas, acts, beliefs, and material objects - from one society to another.

diffusion

the spreading of culture traits from one society to another

Accommodation

the state of balance between cooperation and conflict

accommodation

the state of balance between cooperation and conflict.

which of the following sociological perspecitves sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability?

the structural-functional approach

Social psychology

the study of how an individual's behavior and personality are affected by the social environment.

social psychology

the study of how the social environment affects an individual's behavior and personality

Political science

the study of organization and operation of governments.

History

the study of past events.

Economics

the study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their wants and needs.

the global perspective refers to:

the study of the larger world and our society's place in it

personality

the sum of total behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual

personality

the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.

Which of the following sociological perspectives that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals?

the symbolic-interaction approach

Political Institution

the system of norms that governs the exercise and distribution of power in society

criminal justice system

the system of police, courts, and corrections

What is sociology?

the systematic study of human society

sociobiology

the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior

heterogamy

the tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics different from their own.

homogamy

the tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own.

ethnocentrism

the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others (m)

elaboration likelihood model

the theory that there are two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change

late adulthood

the third and last era of adulthood, spanning ages 65 and over.

hidden curriculum

the transmission by schools of cultural goals that are not openly acknowledged.

heredity

the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children

heredity

the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.

alternative medicine

the treating of illnesses with unconventional methods such as acupuncture, biofeedback, massage, meditation, yoga, herbal remedies, and relaxation techniques.

false

the two basic means through which norms are enforced are values and beliefs (tf)

Latent function

the unintended and unrecognized consequence of some element of society.

according to Robert K Merton, what is latent function?

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

i

the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity

i

the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of the personality and self-identity.

managed care

the use of health-insurance plans to help control health care costs.

terrorism

the use of threatened or actual violence in the pursuit of political goals.

protectionism

the use of trade barriers to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition.

what is culture?

the ways of thinking, ways of acting and material obejects that together form a people's way of life

Social Networks

the web of relationships across groups that occurs because of the many groups people belong to no clear boundaries

A GENERAL set of assumption about the nature of a phenomena (in sociology, the nature of social life).

theoretical perspective

A systematic explanation of the relationships among phenomena.

theory

strain theory

theory of deviant behavior that views of deviance as the natural growth of the values, norms, and structure of society

cultural transmission theory

theory views deviance as a learned behavior

Someone is said to have a vested interest if

they resist any change that threatens their security or standard of living

Triad

three people

As children grow older and into adolescence, peer groups become increasingly influential agents of socialization.

true

As we grow older, significant others become more important.

true

Gender is not the same as biological sex.

true

In patrilineal kinship systems, family lineage is traced through the family of the father. Inheritance is passed down through father's line.

true

Role-taking forms the basis of the socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us, thus learning to see ourselves through the eyes of others.

true

Self-fulfillment is associated with the development of one's health and leisure habits

true

Sociology treats race as a social construct.

true

When defining a behavior as deviant, the situation matters.

true

When defining a behavior as deviant, who you are matters.

true

heredity characteristics include body build, hair type, eye color, and skin pigmentation

true

Dyad

two people

ideational culture

type of culture in Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change in which people seek truth and knowledge through faith or religion.

monarchy

type of government in which one person rules. In a monarchy, the ruler comes to power through inheritance.

democracy

type of government in which power is exercised through the people.

hunting and gathering societies

types of societies characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence.

instinct

unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern that is most often applied to animal behavior.

latent function

unintended and unrecognized consequencess of some element of society

The "hidden curriculum" or the "unwritten curriculum" are terms that represent the unwritten, unofficial, values and perspectives that students learn in school as a form of

unintended socialization

The movement or migration of people to cities from the rural areas.

urbanization

terrorism

use of threatened or actual violence in the pursuit of political goals

Define Boundaries

use of uniforms, gestures, handshakes, or language

Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable, acceptable or unacceptable

values

which of the following sociological concepts refers to culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living?

values

What are six factors that stimulate social change?

values and beliefs, technology, population, diffusion, the physical environment, and wars and conquests

The empathetic understanding of the meaning others attach to their actions.

verstehen

Having a(n) _____ in the status quo can cause a person to become resistant to change

vested interest

subsistence strategies

ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.

techniques of neutralization

ways of suspending moral beliefs to commit deviant acts.

role taking

we not only see ourselves as other see us, but actually take on, or pretend to take on, the roles of others

5. Is dominance by small groups seen as a strength or weakness of a bureaucracy?

weakness B.

according to emile Durkheim's study of suicide, who is more likely to commit suiced?

wealth, protestant men

technology

what sociologists sometimes refer to as the combination of objects and rules

feral children

wild or untamed children; children with few human characteristics other than appearance

laws

written laws of conduct enforced by government

language

written or spoken symbols organized into a communication system.

self

you conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment form other members of society

What are 5 characteristics of adolescence?

• Biological growth and development • Undefined status • Increased decision making • Increased pressure • The search for self

What are 3 important functions of dating?

• Form of entertainment • Being a mechanism for socialization • Meeting basic psychological needs

in the United States, three primary agents of socialization include:

• family and peer groups • school • mass media

what are 4 principal factors that social scientists see influencing personality and behavior?

• heredity • birth order • parents • cultural environment

List 5 different types of drugs:

• medicine • alcohol • cigarettes • marijuana • heroin

Early sexual activity is influenced by 3 factors:

• social and economic factors • subcultural factors • religious participation

Individuals acquire an achieved status through their own direct efforts.

(Achieved Status)

Personality traits determine

* How we adjust to our environment and how we react in specific situations. * Each individual's own way of interacting with other people and his/her social environment.

According to the information presented in the lecture, what can be said about personality?

* It is the behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values of a person. * It can develop throughout a person's life. * It affects how a person reacts and adjusts in his or her environment.

Socialization encompass the following processes:

* Learning basic skills * Learning behavior patterns of society * Learning values and beliefs

An aptitude is

* The capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge. * A natural talent for music or art. * Learned as well as inherited.

During puberty, an adolescent will

* Undergo growth spurts in height and weight. * Develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

dispositional view

***

group think

***

hindsight bias

***

social influence

***

Achieved status

- Acquired through one's efforts or special skills - Athlete, parent, high school graduate, nurse

Personality may be influenced by:

- Birth order - Characteristics of parents

Ascribed status

- Not based on abilities or accomplishments - Teenager, daughter, one's heritage - Assigned according to quantities beyond one's control

What are traditional dating patterns?

- Referring to the dating system in the 1940s and 1950s

Master status

- Strongly connected to one's social identity - Can be achieved or ascribed - Sports figure, doctor, professor

Name the five characteristics of adolescents

-Biological growth -Undefined status -Increased decision making -Increased pressures - Search for self

What are the characteristics of adolescents?

-Biological growth -Undefined status -Increased decision making -Increased pressures - Search for self

Kinship Categorization

-Composition -Marriage Patterns -Residence -Descent -Authority

What factors determine if a person is more likely to have early sexual activity?

-Family income level -Parents marital status -Religious participation

the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification

-Functionalist Perspective -Conflict Perspective -Interactionist Perspective -Feminist Perspective

What are some factors associated with regular use of drugs by teenagers?

-Having friends who regularly engage - Social and academic adjustment problems

Explain the difference between adolescence and puberty.

-Is the period of psychological and social transition between child to an adult.(sexual maturity -Physical changes (Bodily change)

Antonio Gramsci

-The ideological role of the media is to persuade us that it is in our best interest to accept the dominance of this elite. -Popular culture contributes to the manufacturing of consent for bourgeoisie power within capitalist societies. -Gramsci theorized how people are influenced into accepting the dominance of a power elite. -This elite is able to rule because the rest of the population allow it to do so. -Introduced and used the concept of HEGEMONY - (hedge iminy) Political or economic dominance -This elite is able to rule because the rest of the population allow it to do so. -Hegemony can also be applied to the power relations found in gender, sexuality and race.

Secondary Groups

-interaction is impersonal and temporary -involve only part of a member's self -casual and limited -importance of person linked to his or her function -members can be replaced

Socialization encompasses the following processes

-learning values and beliefs -learning basic skills -earning behavior patterns of society

Define Purpose

-set goals -assign tasks -makes decisions Control Members' Behaviors

intersectionality

-sexuality -disability -racial identity -nationality -gender

Preindustrial Societies

-societal relationships based on values -strong sense of group solidarity -traditional values are strong

Primary Groups

-the most intimate type -fundamental in forming the social nature and ideas of the individual -small group that interacts over a long period of time on a personal basis -involves entire self of a member

What factors lead to the development of adolesence as a distinct life stage?

1. Extending education requirements 2. Restricting child labor 3. Creating a juvenile justice system

What are the 6 things that shape the process of socialization?

1. Family 2. Media 3. Peers 4. Religion 5. Sports 6. School

What are the 3 things that the development of the self rely on?

1. How we think we appear to others 2. How we think others judge us 3. How these two make us feel

What are the 3 parts of the psyche in the psychoanalytic theory?

1. Id 2. Ego 3. Superego

What are the 3 stages to childhood socialization?

1. Imitation 2. Play 3. Game

What are the 4 consequences of socialization?

1. It establishes self-concept 2. It creates the ability to view things from another perspective 3. It creates the tendency for people to act in acceptable ways 4. It makes people reflections of their culture

What are the 2 types of reinforcement?

1. Positive 2. Negative

What are the 3 levels of moral development?

1. Preconventional 2. Conventional 3. Postconventional

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operational

Identify any 2 general examples of puberty rites, as named by textbook authors.

1. Tests of manliness 2. Tests of strength/ endurance

List at least 4 different general characteristics/features that make up any culture.

1. clothing 2. government 3. architecture 4. food

female headed house holds

1/2 of all children can expect to live with only one parent at some point in their lives. Numbers are growing due to: Pregnancy among unmarried High divorce rate Teen mothers are less likely to marry than in the past. Single fathers tend to get more help than single mothers.

What was the Dixie Chic wearing that caused cultural controversy in her school?

A Confederate flag on her t-shirt

social category

A ____ is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or a common status

subsistence strategy

A ____ is the way society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.

Major forms of Mass Media include:

A books and films B magazines and newspapers C radio and television D all of these answers are correct ANSWER: D

Resocialization

A break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms; can be voluntary or involuntary

Aptitude

A capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge

How does population stimulate social change?

A change in the size of the population may bring about changes in the culture. For example, food brought to this country by immigrant groups have become common in many American kitchens. Population increases and decreases affect the economy. For example, by increasing the demand for goods and services, a growing population may increase employment and stimulate the economy. An increase in the general population also means that there are more people occupying the same amount of space, which creates more crowded conditions. In addition, the larger population brings increased demand for energy, food, housing, schools, stores, and transportation. People also bring about changes simply by moving from one place to another. Migrations of people within a country can cause social changes, such as the loss of regional distinction within the country. Social and cultural changes also result from changes in the average age of a population. When fewer people are having babies, for example, there is less need for schools, recreation centers, and other services geared toward children.

self-fulfillment

A commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential is

False

A counterculture is a subculture (t/f)

true

A function is the consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system t/f

Theoretical perspectives

A general set of assumptions about the nature of things

theoretical perspective

A general set of assumptions about the nature of things.

Horizontal mobility

A groundskeeper who moves from a school to a church and remains a groundskeeper is experiencing _____. (pg. 36)

secondary group

A group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature.

Social institutions

A group of compromised statuses & roles organized to satisfy basic needs of society - Focus on family, economy, politics, education, and religion Media, medicine and science

Society

A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity (m)

society

A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity is a

Society

A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity is a (mc)

What is an age cohort?

A group of people born in the same period.

false

A group that accepts the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society is a subculture sociologists refer to as a counterculture. t/f

subculture

A group that shares values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population

Subculture

A group that shares values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population (m)

formal organization

A large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals

false

A latent function is the intended and recognized consequence of some element of society t/f

stigma

A mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society. (pg. 32)

true

A minister is an example of someone with an achieved status. t/f

Define personality.

A person's relatively consistent pattern of values and beliefs.

Total institution

A place in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and are subject to tight control

e-community

A place where people interact with one another regularly on the Internet

Peer group

A primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics

negative sanction

A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

What is negative reinforcement?

A punishment.

bureaucracy

A ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures

What is positive reinforcement?

A reward.

group

A set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.

Total institution

A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and are subject to tight control

primary group

A small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis.

What is a social movement?

A social movement is a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change

status

A socially defined position in a group or in society

conflict perspective

A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups

accommodation

A state of balance between cooperation and conflict is

The Yanomamo and the San

A study of which two groups provided examples of how different value systems produce different cultures (mc)

What is the social learning theory?

A theory that states that identity formation is a learned response from external social stimuli.

voluntary association

A typically nonprofit organization which is formed to pursue some common interest is a

Sociological perspective

A viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way

true

A voluntary association is typically a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest t/f

What is the life course perspective?

A way to describe and analyze the connections between people, their life events, their roles, and the social and historical aspects of those things.

What issue were the shop owners and the 2 gay men "arguing" about?

A wedding cake

A negative sanction is a. a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity. b. a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency. c. the main source of social change. d. a value.

A. a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.

Marriage systems can be categorized by:

A. Number of Partners B. Property and decent C. All of these answers are correct D. Place of residence answer: C

Unintended Socialization *****

A. all of these answers are correct B. can communicate ideology C. can have greater effects on children than deliberate socialization D. includes the unwritten curriculum in school Answer: A

A major weakness of victimization data is that

A. all of these are correct B. it doesn't measure murder C.it relies on the memory of the victim D. the wording of the question can affect the answer answer: A

Gender Socialization affects:

A. social and political attitudes B. relationships with others D. all of these answers are correct E. perceptions about other people Answer: D

Schools engage in gender socialization through

A. treatment by teachers B. all of these answers are correct C. playground interactions D. educational tracking answer: B

power

Ability to control the behavior of others with or without their consent

non material culture

Abstract human creations form a group's ____culture

true

Accommodation is a state of balance between cooperation and conflict t/f

Primary group

According to Cooley, the interactions with this group is how children develop a sense of self

I

According to Mead, is the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity

Me

According to Mead, the socialized self

principle of imminent change

According to Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change, the principle of immanent change is the natural tendency of a society's structure to swing back and forth between an ideational and sensate culture.

false

According to the Peter Principle, in a hierarchy no one ever rises to their level of incompetence. t/f

core nations

According to the world-system theory of modernization, core nations are those more developed nations that are at the center of the world economy and upon which less developed nations are economically dependent.

peripheral nations

According to the world-system theory of modernization, peripheral nations are less developed nations that are economically dependent on the core, or more developed, societies.

semiperipheral nationsq

According to the world-system theory of modernization, semiperpheral nation are nations which are between core nations and peripheral nations in terms of industrialization and level of exports.

medical model

According to this model, deviance is a behavior or condition that falls outside of a normative boundary and is caused by biological factors (or is best thought of in terms similar to biologically based illnesses). -The medical model may employ either statistical or absolutist definitions -- for example: Some people believe that those who fall outside of some form of statistical boundary have a physical or mental abnormality

Role performance

Actual role behavior May or may not reflect societal expectations

The period between normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood is called

Adolescence

The period between normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood.

Adolescence

The stage of life between the normal onset of puberty until maturity; usually terminating at the age of majority.

Adolescence

Adolescence

Adolescence is the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood.

At what age are people in the conventional level of moral development? How is the moral judgment developed?

Adolescence. Moral judgment is developed from cultural norms.

The term for a person experiencing/going through adolescence

Adolescent

At what age are people in the postconventional level of moral development? What are people able to consider? What does this show?

Adulthood. People are able to consider abstract ethical questions, which shows maturity in moral reasoning.

How has advertising affected American values?

Advertisers have attempted to sell their products to American consumers by explaining how their products will enhance consumers' material comfort and lead to self-fulfillment. Advertisers have tapped into American values to influence people's perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors.

What is ageism?

Age prejudice and discrimination.

What factors affect teenage suicide?

Alcohol or drug use -Triggering Events Age -Sex -Family relations

true

All groups create norms to enforce their cultural values t/f

What is a master status?

All individuals hold many statuses. For most people, one status tends to take rank above all others. This status plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity. This status is called a master status.

The military

All of the following are examples of a counterculture except (mc)

postindustrial

All of the following are examples of preindustrial societies except

economic

All of the following are types of societies except

Culture

All the shared products of human groups, including both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group (m)

What did the word Nacirema mean?

American

sandwich generation

Americans caught between the needs of their children and their aging parents.

Freedom is an important value for most Americans. What freedoms do most Americans seem to value the most?

Americans particularly value personal freedoms of choice such as the freedom of religion, speech, and press, which are guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution.

What is the difference between a positive and a negative sanction?

An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior is a positive sanction. A negative sanction is a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.

The belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture

An attitude of cultural relativism is (mc)

Intended socialization

An example being a mother instructing her child on the importance of telling the truth

red tape

An example of a weakness in bureaucracies

theory

An explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena.

All of the following helped establish adolescence as a distinct life stage in the United States except:

An increase in the number of puberty rites performed

manifest function

An intended and recognized consequence of some element of society is a

focuses on how people use symbols when interacting

An interactionist perspective

Instinct

An unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern

Instinct

An unchanging, biologically-inherited behavior pattern

Agricultural Societies

Animals are used to plow fields Irrigation increases crop yields Many members are able to engage in specialized roles Cities are formed Leaders are often hereditary Marked by powerful armies and the construction of roads Abandon bartering in order to trade easier Power often unequally distributed

true

Anomie is the situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable. (pg. 31)

Learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role to prepare for assuming that role in the future.

Anticipatory socialization

Learning the rights, responsibilities, and obligations of a role in preparation for assuming that role in the future

Anticipatory socialization

Playing house as a child is a form of

Anticipatory socialization

Anticipatory socialization

Anticipatory socialization is the learning of rights, obligations, and expectations of a role in preparation for assuming that role at a future date.

Symbol

Anything that represents someone else

Noam Chomsky

Argues that popular culture can be used to divert people's attention from real issues such as their conditions of employment. It is only the intellectual and educated classes in society, largely the professional classes, who must be persuaded to agree with the ideological values of the ruling elite. Argues that the media manipulates populations to prevent them rebelling against the powerful or dominant classes. This is done through 'manufacturing consent' - by filtering available information through the media and therefore controlling the audience's ideas and thoughts. Example of "manufacturing consent": In 1985, only 6% of Americans thought drug abuse was the nation's number one problem. In 1989, that number had grown to 64%. In 1990, before the first Gulf War, that number had fallen to less than 10%. What happened between 1984 and 1989 to cause such concern in U.S. citizens? What happened between 1989 and 1990 to cause such a lack of concern in U.S. citizens?

Peer groups Cohort Effects (Agents of socialization)

As children grow older, forces outside of the family increasingly influence them. Children begin to relate more and more to their peer groups. Peer Group: A primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics. Cohort Effects: Shared experiences by people based on their date of birth. Peer groups are particularly influential during the pre-teenage and early teenage years. Winning peer acceptance is a powerful force in the lives of young people. To win this acceptance, young people willingly adopt the values and standards of the peer group. Young people often shape themselves into the kind of person they think the group wants them to be.

true

Ascribed statuses are not based on an individual's abilities, efforts, or accomplishments t/f

life expectancy

Average number of years a person born in a particular year can be expected to live.

Internalization is a. an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior. b. the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations. c. extreme self-centeredness. d. a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.

B. the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations.

Some people are motivated by ____, rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms. a. internalization b. sanctions c. narcissism d. self-fulfillment

B. Sanctions

What can be the consequences of early sexual activity?

Babies have lower birth weight -More likely to be a teen parent Teens are less likely to finish high school and college Experience learning difficulties -Emotional stress

false

Basic components of a culture vary from society to society t/f

Which of the following are examples of achieved statuses?

Basketball player, actor, and musician

deviance

Behavior that violates significant social norms is called

deviance

Behavior that violates significant social norms. (pg. 31)

What was it being accused of?

Being gay

false

Bell believed the established American values are stronger due to narcissism t/f

step family

Blended families demand both parents and children learn new roles. The lack of support systems cause stress resulting in high probability of divorce. The divorce rate for second marriages, when only one partner has children, is over 65 percent. When both partners have children, the rate rises to 70 percent. The divorce rate for third marriages is 73 percent. Regular ol' divorce rate is about 53%

The merging of adolescent behavior and that of adults

Blurring of adolescence

Color-blind racism

Bonilla-Silva (2003): Saying that race is no longer important is an attempt to maintain White privilege without appearing racist.

The people who controlled society, according to Karl Marx, by owning and controlling the means of production.

Bourgeoisie

sociological perspective

By adopting a ____, you can look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions

false

By adopting a sociological imagination, you can look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions. t/f

What is the correct order of the continuum of dating and courtship?

Casual dating, steady dating, engagement, marriage

Cultural universals

Certain features that are developed to ensure fulfillment of some needs of society that are common to all cultures (m)

cultural universals

Certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures.

Families and globalization

Changes at the global level are producing transnational families, families where at least one parent lives and works in a different nation than the children. Patterns of migration, war, and economic development have a profound effect on the social structure of families.

The concept of the Looking-Glass Self was developed by

Charles Horton Cooley.

At what age are people in the preconventional level of moral development? How are they thinking about right and wrong?

Childhood. Right and wrong are judged in terms of obedience and punishment based on their needs and feelings.

Prior to the 1860s,

Children were treated as small adults

The reading: Still a Man's world

Christine Williams Still a Man's World: Men Who Do "Women's Work" We tend to focus on women in male dominated occupations. This work focuses on men in female dominated occupations. What does Williams mean by "still a man's world"? What jobs does Williams focus on? Nurses, teachers, librarians, social workers What is the glass ceiling? an unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities What is the glass escalator? Men in female-dominated careers rise higher and faster than women in their own fields. What mechanisms aid the glass escalator? Hiring decisions Tracking into administration - sometimes unwanted pressure

Cohabitation

Cohabitation has become common among single people. More than three times as many couples live together without being married now than in the 1970s. Estimates are that one-quarter of all children will at some time during their childhood live in a family headed by a cohabiting couple.

Hunter-Gatherer Societies

Collect wild plants Hunt for wild animals Move constantly Rarely exceed 100 members Family is the main social unit

true

Competition occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain t/f

false

Competition occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person t/f

Culture effects personality traits through:

Competitiveness, individualism, and assertiveness

Composition (kinship category)

Composition of kinship systems refers mainly to the composition of families.

Identify the home country of any of the major sociologists we have studied. Comte - Marx - Weber - Spencer - Durkheim -

Comte - France Marx - Germany Weber - Germany Spencer - England Durkheim - France

urbanization

Concentration of the population in cities.

Conflict perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)

Conflict Perspective Conflict theory asserts that social problems occur when dominant groups mistreat subordinate ones, and thus advocates for a balance of power between genders. Men subordinate women in order to maintain power and privilege in society Frederich Engels compared the family structure to the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat women had less power than men in the household because they were dependent on them for wages Men, like any other group with a power or wealth advantage in Conflict Theory, fought to maintain their control over resources (in this case, political and economic power). Conflict between the two groups caused things like the Women's Suffrage Movement and was responsible for social change.

Dysfunctional

Containing a negative consequence for the ability of the social system

The looking-glass self

Cooley: The looking-glass self refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.

A social interaction with the express purpose of eventual marriage.

Courtship

crime

Crime is a type of deviant behavior, but not all deviant behavior would be called crime. Deviance becomes crime when it is designated by the institutions of society as violating such a law or laws. Criminology is the study of crime from a scientific perspective. Personal crimes - murder, aggravated assault, rape, robbery Property crimes - burglary, larceny, auto theft, arson Victimless crimes - gambling, illegal drug use, prostitution Hate crimes - assaults and other malicious acts motivated by bias white collar or elite crime: Examples: embezzlement, insider trading, tax evasion In terms of dollars, white-collar crime is much more consequential for society than street crimes. organized crime: Crime committed by organized groups, typically involving the provision of illegal goods and services to others. Organized crime syndicates include any group that exercises control over large illegal enterprises, such as the drug trade, illegal gambling, prostitution or weapons smuggling. These industries are organized in the same kind of hierarchy as legitimate businesses.

True

Criminologist Edwin Sutherland developed the idea of subcultures in the 1920s (t/f)

Certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society are common to all cultures

Cultural universals are (mc)

Culture patterns

Culture complexes combine to form larger levels called (mc)

True

Culture consists of all the shared products of human groups (t/f)

true

Culture consists of all the shared products of human groups t/f