SOCIOLOGY QUIZ #1

Social Facts

According to French sociologist Emile Durkheim, These are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person.

Physical Energy

According to Sigmund Freud, the id remains with us throughout life in the form of

Patiarchy

According to feminist theorists, we live in a(n) _________, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine."

Sensorimotor

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, in the __________ stage, children understand the world only through sensory contact and immediate action because they cannot engage in symbolic thought or use language.

Id

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.

Ego

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of individuals.

Superego

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, the ___________ is first expressed as the recognition of parental control and eventually matures as the child learns that parental control is a reflection of the values and moral demands of the larger society.

sociological imagination

According to sociologist C. Wright Mills, the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society is referred to as the

Role Taking

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, _________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.

Activity

According to sociologist John Lofland, body piercing, "surfing" the Internet, and fad diets where a person eats large quantities of one specific food such as grapefruit or popcorn are all examples of a/an ___________ fad

Family

According to the text, the __________ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.

Cultural Lag

All parts of culture do not change at the same pace. Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________, which is the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institutions.

Fashion

A __________ is a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad.

Peer Group

A __________ is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age.

Child Maltreatment

includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional mistreatment of children and young adolescents.

Subculture

is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.

Society

is a large social grouping that occupies the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

Society

is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

Race

is a term used by many people to specify groups of people distinguished by physical characteristics such as skin color.

Instinct

is an unlearned, biologically determined behavior pattern common to all members of a species that predictably occurs whenever certain environmental conditions exist.

Reflex

is an unlearned, biologically determined involuntary response to some physical stimuli include a sneeze after breathing some pepper in through the nose or the blinking of an eye when a speck of dust gets in it.

Symbol

is anything that meaningfully represents something else and includes signs, gestures, written language, and shared values.

Radical socialization

is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one's racial or ethnic status as it relates to our identity, interpersonal relationships, and location in the social hierarchy.

Culture Shock

is the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumption about life.

Culture

is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

Urbanization

is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas.

Class

is the relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources.

Sociobiology

is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

Diffusion

is the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another through such means as exploration, military endeavors, the media, tourism, and immigration.

Symbolic interactionist

perspective, society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.

Sex

refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

Ethnicity

refers to the cultural heritage or identity of a group and is based on factors such as language or country of origin.

Gender

refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences, referred to as femininity and masculinity.

Ethnocentrism

During Olympic Games, competition and the spirits of nationalism and patriotism encourage people to think of their own nation as "the best." This illustrates the principle of _______________

Anomie

French sociologist Emile Durkheim observed that rapid social change and a more specialized division of labor produce strain in society; these strains lead to a breakdown in traditional organization, values, and authority and to a dramatic increase in

Verstehen

German social scientist Max Weber stressed that sociologists should employ ____________(understanding or insight) to gain the ability to see the world as others see it.

Formal operational

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, by the __________ stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract thought and understand places, things, and events they have never seen. They can think about the future and evaluate different options or courses of action.

Concrete operational

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, during the __________ stage, children think in terms of tangible objects and actual events. They can draw conclusions about the likely physical consequences of an action without always having to try the action out. Additionally, they begin to take the role of others and start to empathize with the viewpoints of others.

Social Environment

In the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to

Non material culture

Language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family patterns, and political systems are examples of

Negative Sanction

Luke has just received a stern lecture from his mother about his lack of motivation. According to sociologists, Luke has just received a

informal norms

Norms considered to be less important are referred to as __________, which are unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity.

Qualitative research

Researchers in one study systematically analyzed the contents of the notes of suicide victims to determine recurring themes, such as feeling of despair or failure. They hoped to determine if any patterns could be found that would help in understanding why people might kill themselves. This is an example of

Double-consciousness

Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois observed that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color: an identity conflict of being black and American. Du Bois referred to this duality as __________.

Variable

Sociologists conducting research may formulate a(n) _________, which is a statement of the relationship between two or more variables.

Mores

Some norms are considered to be highly essential to the stability of society. _________ are strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture.

Self

The __________ represents the sum total of perceptions and feelings that an individual has of being a distinct and unique person

Taboos

The strongest mores are referred to as __________. They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

Neglect

What is the most frequent form of child maltreatment?

Criminal Law

______ deals with public safety and well-being. When these types of law are violated, fines and prison sentences are the most likely negative sanctions, although in some states the death penalty is handed down for certain major offenses.

Laws

________ are formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.

Civil Law

________ deals with disputes among persons or groups. Persons who lose these types of lawsuits may encounter negative sanctions such as having to pay compensation to the other party or being ordered to stop certain conduct.

Socialization

________ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

Field research

______is the study of social life in its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work, and play.

Global interdependence

a relationship in which the lives of all people are intertwined closely and any one nation's problems are part of a larger global problem.

Values

are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

Personal Troubles

are private problems that affect individuals and the networks of people with which they associate regularly; these problems must be solved by individuals within their immediate social setting

Public Issues

are problems that affect large numbers of people and often require solutions at the societal level

Drives

are unlearned, biologically determined impulses common to all members of a species that satisfy needs such as those for sleep, food, water, or sexual gratification

Technology

as the knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed.

In a study of African American families, sociologist Janice Hale Benson found that __________.

both daughters and sons are socialized toward autonomy, independence, self confidence, and nurturance of children

Material Culture

consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.

Theory

defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events

Beliefs

which is the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.

Sociology

systematic study of human society and social interaction

Functionalist

theorists tend to believe that shared values are essential for societies and have conducted most of the research on "core" values. Sociologist Robin Williams has identified ten "core" values as being important to people in the United States.