Sociology Quiz 3.

According to Freud, the __________ is expressed in recognition of parental control and later of the demands of society. a. ​superego b. ​libido c. ​id d. ego​

a. ​superego

One of the primary agents of gender socialization is __________. a. ​the family b. ​social media c. higher education d. the workplace

a. ​the family

Sociologist George Herbert Mead's concept of the __________ other refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.​ a.generalized b. ​significant c. ​perceived d. ​secondary

a.generalized

According to Piaget, in the __________ stage, children are unable to engage in symbolic thought or use language. a. ​concrete operational b. ​sensorimotor c. ​formal operational d. ​preoperationa

b. ​sensorimotor

A kindergartner, nervous because he is about to attend his first day of school, receives advice from his older sister (who is in the sixth grade) about how to act. This is an example of __________. a. ​self-representation b. ​acculturation c. ​assimilation d. ​socialization

d. ​socialization

Which of these statements about socialization is false? a. ​Socialization is complete by the time we reach late middle age. b. ​Socialization involves both formal and informal processes. c. ​Socialization is essential for an individual to live in society. d. ​Socialization enables us to adapt to new environments.

a. ​Socialization is complete by the time we reach late middle age.

__________ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior. a. ​Sociobiology b. ​Cybernation c. ​Genetic analysis d. ​Psychophysiology

a. ​Sociobiology

Which of these is not an example of a total institution? a. ​a university residence hall b. ​a prison c. ​basic training for the military d. ​a monastery

a. ​a university residence hall

Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness see the world __________. a. ​as a safe and comfortable place b. ​with suspicion and fear c. ​as a hostile place d. ​as a non-trustworthy and abusive place

a. ​as a safe and comfortable place

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which explores how people's ability to think and process information changes over time. a. ​cognitive development b. ​symbolic interactionism c. ​psychoanalysis d. ​psychosocial development

a. ​cognitive development

Psychologist Jean Piaget showed children two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. After the children agreed that both glasses held the same amount of water, Piaget poured the water from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and then asked them about the amounts of water in each glass. Tamara noted that both containers still had the same amount of water, even though they were different shapes and sizes. This would indicate that Tamara is in the __________ stage of cognitive development. a. ​concrete operational b. ​preoperational c. ​sensorimotor d. ​formal operational

a. ​concrete operational

According to the sociological perspective, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following is not one of the components of our self-concept? a. ​creative self b. ​social self c. ​active self d. ​physical self

a. ​creative self

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure-seeking drives. a. ​ego b. ​superego c. ​id d. ​libido

a. ​ego

Sociologists use the term __________ for the specific messages and practices that teach what it means to be female or male in a specific group or society. a. ​gender socialization b. developmental psychology c. ​sexual development d. ​cultural acquisition

a. ​gender socialization

Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna, a child who was kept in an attic‑like room in her grandfather's house, because __________. a. ​he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation b. ​he was attempting to determine how children develop a generalized other c. ​he was studying the parenting habits of young, unmarried mothers d. ​he was interested in the impact of sexual abuse on later human behavior

a. ​he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others. a. ​looking-glass self b. ​significant other c. ​process of role-taking d. ​subconscious

a. ​looking-glass self

According to Freud, "It's wrong to steal" is an expression of the ________. a. superego b. libido c. ego d. id

a. superego

____________Theorists assert that students have different experiences in the school system depending on their social class, their racial—ethnic background, the neighborhood in which they live, and their sex/gender. a. ​Conflict b. ​Symbolic interactionist c. ​Postmodern d. ​Functionalist

a. ​Conflict

Sociologist __________ divided the self into the "I" and the "me." a. ​George Herbert Mead b. ​Erik Erikson c. ​Charles Horton Cooley d. ​Neil Smelser

a. ​George Herbert Mead

​ Sociologist __________ divided the self into the "I" and the "me." a. ​George Herbert Mead b. ​Erik Erikson c. ​Charles Horton Cooley d. ​Neil Smelser

a. ​George Herbert Mead

​ According to psychologist Jean Piaget, toward the end of the second year of life, children begin to use words as mental symbols and to form mental images. He referred to this as the __________ stage. a. ​preoperational b. ​formal operational c. ​concrete operational d. ​sensorimotor 0

a. ​preoperational

The basic assumption in the psychoanalytic approach of __________ is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual. a. Sigmund Freud b. Jean Piaget c. Charles Horton Cooley d. George Herbert Mead

a. Sigmund Freud

According to sociologists Langhout and Mitchell, the __________ results in minority children being punished disproportionately in schools. a. hidden curriculum b. authoritarian agenda c. media program d. discipline scenario

a. hidden curriculum

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. Which of the following is not one of the states? a. libido b. id c. ego d. superego

a. libido

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the __________ stage of self- development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them. a. preparatory b. assimilation c. game d. play

a. preparatory

The process by which individuals' feelings, thoughts, appearance, and behavior have a direct influence on agents of socialization that are attempting to influence them is called __________. a. reciprocal socialization b. primary socialization c. secondary socialization d. tertiary socialization

a. reciprocal socialization

Research indicates that young people in the United States between the ages of 12 to 17 spend an average of almost __________ hours a month watching video on television. a. 50 b. 100 c. 25 d. 10

b. 100

__________ theorists emphasize that the family is the source of our specific social position in society. a. Symbolic interactionist b. Conflict c. Postmodern d. Functionalist

b. Conflict

Which of these is not a step in the process of the looking-glass self? a. We imagine how our personality and appearance look to others. b. We evaluate the attitudes that we perceive from others in terms of their correctness. c. We imagine how others judge the personality and appearance we present. d. We develop a self-concept based on our perception of the attitudes of others.

b. We evaluate the attitudes that we perceive from others in terms of their correctness.

During which life stage does one's focus tend to shift from the physical and active dimensions of self toward the social and psychological aspect? a. between infancy and early childhood b. between early and late childhood c. in late adulthood d. in middle age

b. between early and late childhood

Luther's pastor is a very important influence in his life. Many of Luther's actions are attempts to win the approval of his pastor. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the pastor is one of Luther's __________. a. reference group members b. significant others c. secondary group members d. generalized others

b. significant others

According to __________, we cannot form a sense of self without intense social interaction with others. a. conflict theory b. the symbolic interactionist approach c. postmodern sociology d. the sociobiologist perspective

b. the symbolic interactionist approach

Why is socialization such an important process for human beings? a. ​Human beings are not capable of informal learning processes. b. ​Achieving full human potential requires interaction with others. c. ​Human beings have an instinctive knowledge of society that is triggered by socialization. d. ​Unlike other animals, humans have no biological drives.

b. ​Achieving full human potential requires interaction with others.

​ __________ is the term for the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society. a. ​Significant other b. ​Agent of socialization c. ​Social reference d. Interaction forum​

b. ​Agent of socialization

What is it that sets peer groups apart from schools and families as agents of socialization? a. ​Peer groups are more likely to teach cultural norms than are families or schools. b. ​Unlike schools and families, peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority. c. ​Peer groups tend to be larger than most families. d. ​Unlike schools and families, peer groups are sources of informal socialization.

b. ​Unlike schools and families, peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority.

The significant difference between childhood socialization and adult socialization is that ____________________________. a. ​family is more involved in adult socialization than in childhood socialization b. ​adult socialization involves greater freedom of choice than does childhood socialization c. ​childhood socialization is fairly complete; there is little left for adulthood d. ​there is much less to learn during adulthood

b. ​adult socialization involves greater freedom of choice than does childhood socialization

With regard to African American families,______________________________. a. ​both daughters and sons are socialized toward autonomy, independence, self‑confidence, and nurturance of children b. ​children had "othermothers" who played an important role in their socialization c. ​children are taught to think of gender strictly in "male-female" terms and very conventional roles d. ​gender socialization followed the same pattern as in white, middle‑class families.

b. ​children had "othermothers" who played an important role in their socialization

According to the text, the __________ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies. a. ​mass media b. ​family c. ​school d. ​peer group

b. ​family

Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________. a. ​developmental psychology b. ​gender socialization c. ​sexual development d. ​cultural acquisition

b. ​gender socialization

A __________ is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age. a. ​reference group b. ​peer group c. ​social group d. ​primary group

b. ​peer group

The research of sociologist William Corsaro suggests that the __________ is the most significant arena in which children and young people acquire cultural knowledge. a. ​school b. ​peer group c. ​family d. ​mass media

b. ​peer group

Which of these is not one of the socializing functions of the media discussed in the text? a. ​introducing us to a wide variety of people b. ​providing the emotional support lacking in many families c. ​providing an array of viewpoints on current issues d. entertaining us by allowing us to live vicariously

b. ​providing the emotional support lacking in many families

Which of these is the correct sequence of psychologist Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. ​concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational, and sensorimotor b. ​sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational c. ​preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, and concrete operational d. ​preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, and sensorimotor

b. ​sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Sociologist George Herbert Mead coined the term __________ others for those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self. a. ​generalized b. ​significant c. ​perceived d. ​primary

b. ​significant

In the framework presented by sociologist George Herbert Mead, when young children join T-ball teams and begin to learn to play baseball, they are entering the __________ stage of self-development. a. preparatory b. assimilation c. game d. play

c. game

Psychologist Carol Gilligan believes that women and men often have divergent views on morality. She argued that men are more concerned with __________, whereas women are likely to consider the __________ involved in the situation. a. social relationships; ethics b. social skills; social norms c. law and order; social relationships d. themselves; feelings of others

c. law and order; social relationships

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to __________. a. ​contact with others b. ​cultural tradition c. social influence d. ​heredity

c. social influence

__________ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society. a. ​Acculturation b. ​Assimilation c. ​Socialization d. ​Self-representation

c. ​Socialization

__________ are the most likely to emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept. a. ​Conflict theorists b. ​Functionalists c. ​Symbolic interactionists d. ​Postmodern theorists

c. ​Symbolic interactionists

A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school basketball team, reads articles about the best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This is an example of __________. a. ​a rite of passage b. ​resocialization socialization c. ​anticipatory socialization d. ​occupational socialization

c. ​anticipatory socialization

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, by the __________ stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract thought and understand places, things, and events they have never seen. They can think about the future and evaluate different options or courses of action. a. ​preoperational b. ​concrete operational c. ​formal operational d. ​sensorimotor

c. ​formal operational

In psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, during the __________ level, children view evil behavior as that which is likely to be punished, and good behavior as obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences. a. ​postconventional b. ​conventional c. ​preconventional d. ​subconventional

c. ​preconventional

The "I" is the __________ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person. a. ​objective b. ​neutral c. ​subjective d. ​imaginary

c. ​subjective

A(n) __________ is a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institutions. a. ​universal institution b. ​bureaucratic institution c. ​social institution d. ​total institution

d. ​total institution

Which is an example of child neglect? a. ​A parent slaps her child across the face for spilling a cup of juice. b. A parent washes her child's mouth out with soap for cursing. c. ​A parent grounds his child for one week for missing curfew. d. A parent fails to provide three meals per day for his child.

d. A parent fails to provide three meals per day for his child.

Which of these statements about the self or self-concept is false? a. One's sense of self is not present at birth. b. In early childhood, one's focus is on the physical and active self. c. Self-concept is the basis for communication with others. d. Self-concept is fixed in childhood and unchanging after.

d. Self-concept is fixed in childhood and unchanging after.

__________ focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization. By contrast, __________ assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior. a. Sociobiologists; psychologists b. Sociobiologists; sociologists c. Psychologists; sociologists d. Sociologists; sociobiologists

d. Sociologists; sociobiologists

During which life stage is socialization the most important? a. middle age b. late adulthood c. early adulthood d. childhood

d. childhood

Sociologist William Corsaro states that __________ is an established set of activities or routines, artifacts, values, and concerns that children produce and share and that emerges through interaction as children "borrow" from the adult culture. a. transitional society b. universal society c. social culture d. peer culture

d. peer culture

Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, there will be silence for eight hours a day and fasting from food on a regular basis. Joe will experience ______ resocialization. a. involuntary b. forced c. anticipatory d. voluntary

d. voluntary

__________ theorists emphasize that socialization reaffirms and reproduces the class structure in the next generation rather than challenging the conditions that presently exist. a. ​Postmodern b. ​Functionalist c. ​Symbolic interactionist d. ​Conflict

d. ​Conflict

Which of these statements about racial socialization is false? a. ​Ethnic values and attitudes begin to solidify within children as early as age 4. b. ​The most important aspects of racial identity are learned within one's family. c. ​Racial socialization involves direct statements and indirect activities. d. ​Racial attitudes must be taught intentionally, using direct messages.

d. ​Racial attitudes must be taught intentionally, using direct messages.

Which of these is not an example of a rite of passage? a. ​a quinceañera b. ​an annual dinner honoring all retiring employees c. ​a wedding d. ​a weekly religious service

d. ​a weekly religious service

We are exposed to many __________ throughout our lifetime. According to the text, the most pervasive ones in childhood include the family, the school, peer groups, and the mass media. a. ​moral structures b. ​total institutions c. ​counter groups d. ​agents of socialization

d. ​agents of socialization

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which explores how people's ability to think and process information changes over time. a. ​psychosocial development b. ​psychoanalysis c. ​symbolic interactionism d. ​cognitive development

d. ​cognitive development

George Herbert Mead breaks down the development of the self into three stages. Which of these is not one of them? a. ​preparatory b. ​play c. ​game d. ​conventional

d. ​conventional

Rachelle and Luis really want a new sports utility vehicle, but have recently had their first child. Luis says to Rachelle that the car will have to wait until sometime when they have more resources. His attitude is an illustration of the __________. a. ​libido b. ​superego c. ​id d. ​ego

d. ​ego

The case of Genie, a neglected and abused child, illustrates that ________________. a. ​children who have experienced extreme isolation do not live long enough to reach adulthood b. ​isolated children actually recover more quickly from cognitive damage than physical damage c. ​with proper therapy, children who have been isolated can eventually become fully developed and independent d. ​it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential

d. ​it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential

​ According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others. a. ​significant other b. ​subconscious c. ​process of role-taking d. ​looking-glass self

d. ​looking-glass self

Psychologist Carol Gilligan concluded that women and men often have divergent views on_____________________ . a. ​social class b. ​education c. ​religion d. ​morality

d. ​morality

The "me" is the __________ element of the self, which is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual's awareness of those demands. a. ​subjective b. ​imaginary c. ​neutral d. ​objective

d. ​objective

Cory is four years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from The Penguin. According to sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, he is in the __________ stage of self-development. a. ​preparatory b. ​game c. ​assimilation d. ​play

d. ​play

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view. a. ​role-exploration b. ​role-assumption c. ​role-searching d. ​role-taking

d. ​role-taking