Sociology Quiz 5

there has been increased births to unmarried women in the US. Among what races are the highest rates of non-marital births in order?

1. natives 2. blacks 3. hispanics

according to the marital decline perspective;

1. personal happiness has become more important than marital commitment and family obligations 2. the decline in life-long marriage and the increase in single-parent families have contributed to a variety of social problems like, poverty, delinquency, substance abuse, violence, and the erosion of neighborhoods and communities

3 types of male perpetrators of intimate partner violence

1. psychopathic abuser 2. hostile/controlling abuser 3. borderline/dependent abuser

what is the leading cause of death in abused children?

head injury

patriarchy

implies that wives and children are the property of husbands and fathers

covenant marriage

permits divorce only under condition of fault (abuse, adultery, or felony conviction) or after two-year separation

what is a less common form of polygamy?

polyandry--the concurrent marriage of one woman to two or more men

what is the most common form of polygamy?

polygyny--one husband having more than one wife

according to Structural-functionalists, women perform what role in family functioning

"expressive" role of managing household tasks and providing emotional care and nurturing to family members

according to Structural-functionalists, men perform what role in family functioning

"instrumental" role of earning income and making major family decisions

economic consequences of divorce

-after divorce, women's income tends to drop dramatically while there's only a slight drop in men's income -divorced individuals have a lower standard of living, have less wealth, and experience greater economic hardship (considerably greater for women than for men)

Feminist theory on family problems (a theory from the conflict theory)

-concerned with how gender inequalities influence and are influenced by marriages and families -critical of the traditional male domination of families (patriarchy) where wives and children receive the man's last name

symbolic interactionist perspective on family problems

-concerned with how labels affect meaning and behavior -point to the effects of interaction on one's self-concept, especially the self-concept of children -this perspective is useful in understanding the dynamics of domestic violence and abuse

strategies to strengthen families during and after divorce

-divorce education programs -divorce mediation

physical and mental health consequences of divorce

-divorced individuals have more health problems and a higher risk of mortality than married individuals -divorced individuals also experience lower levels of psychological well-being, including more unhappiness, depression, anxiety, and poorer self-concepts (women more than men)

what are 2 significant changes in US families and households that have occurred over the past several decades?

-increased singlehood and older age at first marriage -increased heterosexual and same-sex cohabitation

parent abuse

-more violence is directed at mothers than fathers -sons tend to be more violent to parents than daughters

elder abuse

-physical abuse, sexual abuse, financial abuse (such as improper use of the elder person's financial resources), and neglect -most likely perpetrators are adult children

parental alienation (PA)

-refers to the intentional efforts of one parent to turn a child against the other parent and essentially destroy any positive relationship a child has with the other parent -long term effects on children can include low self-esteem, depression, drug and alcohol problems, mistrust, and divorce -the effects on the rejected parent are equally as devastating

effects of divorce on father-child relationships

-some research has found that young adults whose parents are divorced are less likely to report a close relationship with their father -children may also benefit from having more quality time with their fathers after parental divorce -some fathers report that they became more active in the role of father after divorce

sibling abuse

-the most prevalent form of abuse in families

the four patterns of partner violence

1. Common couple violence 2. intimate terrorism 3. violent resistance 4. mutual violent control

social causes of divorce: No-Fault Divorce

a divorce that is granted based on the claim that there are irreconcilable differences within a marriage (as opposed to one spouse being legally at fault for the marital breakup)

neglect

a form of abuse involving the failure to provide adequate attention, supervision, nutrition, hygeine, health care, and a safe and clean living environment for a minor child or a dependent elderly indivdual

polygamy

a form of marriage in which one person may have two or more spouses--is practiced on all continents throughout the world

The U.S. Census Bureau defines family as

a group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption

Sociology defines family as

a kinship system of all relatives living together, or recognized as a social unit, including adopted people

cycle of abuse

a pattern of abuse in which violent or abusive episodes is followed by a makeup period when the abuser expresses sorrow and asks for forgiveness before another instance of abuse occurs

serial monogamy

a succession of marriages in which a person has more than one spouse over a lifetime but it legally married to only one person at a time

effects of divorce on children and young adults

accompanied by a variety of stressors such as: -continuing conflict between parents -a decline in the standard of living -moving and changing schools -separation from the noncustodial parent (usually the father) -parental remarriage

intimate partner violence (IPV)

actual or threatened violent crimes committed against individuals by their current or former spouses, cohabiting partners, boyfriends or girlfriends (women 4x more likely than men)

being married to more than one spouse in the US is a crime called

bigamy

grandfamilies

families in which children reside with and are being raised by grandparents--include multigenerational families where grandparents care for grandchildren so the parents can work or go to school

Conflict theory on family problems

focuses on how capitalism, social class, and power influence marriages and families

marital resiliency perspective

many marriages in the past were troubled, but because divorce was not socially acceptable, these problematic marriages remained intact

monogamy

marriage between two partners

the only legal form of marriage in the US

monogamy

social causes of divorce: Second Shift

the household work and child care that employed parents (usually women) do when they return home from their jobs

corporal punishment

the intentional infliction of pain intended to change or control behavior--is widely accepted as a parenting practice

child abuse

the physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child younger than age 18 by a person who is responsible for their welfare

social causes of divorce: Individualism

the tendency to focus on one's individual self-interests and personal happiness rather than on the interest of one's family and community

Structural-Functionalist Perspective on family problems

views the family as a social institution that performs important functions for society, including producing and socialzing new members, regulating sexual activity and procreation, and providing physical and emotional care for family members

shaken baby syndrome

when a caregiver shakes a baby to the point of causing the child to experience brain or retinal hemorrhage, most often occurs in response to a baby, typically younger than 6 months, who will not stop crying