Sociology Quiz Questions (Ed. 8) Final

(13) A/An _____ is a group that shares ideas of common ancestry, a common cultural identity, and a link with a specific homeland. A. ethnie B. national group C. ethnic group D. ethnic minority

A. ethnie Political and Social Change, p. 384

(17) A _____ is a religious decree or judgment issued by a recognized Islamic legal authority. A. fatwa B. sharia C. jihad D. burka

A. fatwa Globalization and Religion, p. 521

(9) In world-systems theory, a core country is one that _____. A. obtains raw materials from core countries to make finished goods that it sells at a profit B. produces parts that are then shipped to countries of the periphery where they are used in more complex manufacturing activities to produce a finished product C. provides natural resources to advanced industrial countries of the periphery D. is at the top of the global commodity chain, with a monopoly on the most profitable activities such as factory production

A. obtains raw materials from core countries to make finished goods that it sells at a profit Theories of Global Inequality, p. 250. Core countries are the most advanced industrial countries, taking the greatest profits. These include Japan, the United States, and the countries of Western Europe.

(17) What is the fastest growing religion in the world today? A. Buddhism B. Islam C. Protestant evangelicalism D. Hinduism

B. Islam World Religions, p. 505

(17) The highly conservative interpretation of Islam is known as _____. A. Muhammadism B. Wahhabism C. Shariatism D. Muslim

B. Wahhabism Gender and Religion, p. 504

(10) Which feminist perspective focuses primarily on establishing and protecting equal opportunities for women through legislation and other democratic means? A. radical feminism B. liberal feminism C. postmodern feminism D. black feminism

B. liberal feminism *Feminist Theories, p.267

(14) Which category of workers has the highest unionization rates in the United States? A. service-sector workers B. public-sector workers C. automobile workers D. transportation workers

B. public-sector workers The Social Organization of Work, p. 401

(13) Which of the following is a characteristic of a state? A. the existence of three branches of government B. the ability to use force to implement policies C. the provision of some level of social services to citizens D. the existence of at least two branches of government

B. the ability to use force to implement policies The Concept of the State, p. 353

(11) What distinguishes African Americans and Native Americans from many other racial minorities and immigrant groups in the United States? A. Both groups launched nonviolent demonstrations in the 1950s and 1960s to demand their full rights as citizens. B. Both groups experience very high levels of alcoholism. C. Both groups were forcibly subjugated to the rule of whites. D. Both groups have demonstrated a high level of creativity in their response to their oppression.

C. Both groups were forcibly subjugated to the rule of whites. Racial and Ethnic Inequality, p. 321. Native Americans are part of American society as a result of military conquest, while African Americans were transported to the United States in the slave trade.

(14) _____ refers to the emergence of a consolidated network of business leadership, concerned not only with decision making within single firms but also with the development of corporate power beyond them. A. Network capitalism B. Enterprise capitalism C. Institutional capitalism D. Transnational capitalism

C. Institutional capitalism The Modern Economy, p. 407

(11) _____ can be defined as the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity. A. Discrimination B. Racialization C. Segregation D. Apartheid

C. Segregation Ethnic Relations, p. 301

(9) According to Jeffrey Sachs, which of the following regions is technologically disconnected? A. former Eastern Bloc countries B. sub-Saharan Africa C. the mountainous regions of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador D. southern India

C. the mountainous regions of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador Why Global Economic Inequality Matters to You, p. 254

(10) Which of the following statements would most likely be associated with a black feminist? A. There is no single grand theory that can explain the oppression of women. B. Men systematically dominate women. C. It is important for women to have legal recourse to protect their rights. D. All women are not oppressed in the same way.

D. All women are not oppressed in the same way. Analyzing Gender Inequality, p.286. Black feminist theory focuses on the interplay among race, class, and gender concerns, thereby acknowledging that women are oppressed differently depending on the intersection of these social categories.

(9) Dependency theories are closely tied to the ideas developed by _____. A. Enrique Cardoso B. Max Weber C. Immanuel Wallerstein D. Karl Marx

D. Karl Marx Theories of Global Inequality, p. 247

(9) Based on 2010 World Bank data, a country is considered low-income if its per person gross national income is under _____. A. $39,654 B. $8,732 C. $4,885 D. $503

A. $39,654 Global Inequality: Differences Among Countries, p. 235

(14) Which of the following is an example of a portfolio worker? A. After college, Mariah works as an elementary school teacher for about ten years and then shifts to school librarianship; eventually she gets a master's degree in library and information science so that she can design and manage databases, which allows her to work in both the public and private sector as a consultant or a full-time employee. B. Emily spends most of her career working for the same employer, but moves around a great deal within the organization, gaining experience in marketing, project management, human resources, and development. C. Seth is a transportation engineer who works at several different planning firms over the course of his career, taking part in projects ranging from bridges to urban traffic planning to public transportation systems.

A. After college, Mariah works as an elementary school teacher for about ten years and then shifts to school librarianship; eventually she gets a master's degree in library and information science so that she can design and manage databases, which allows her to work in both the public and private sector as a consultant or a full-time employee. The Changing Nature of Work, p. 423. A portfolio worker is a worker who posses a diversity of skills or qualifications and is therefore able to move easily from job to job.

(11) Which of the following is an explanation for the income gap between blacks and whites? A. Blacks experience a higher rate of unemployment than whites. B. A higher proportion of blacks than whites graduate from college. C. The incarceration rate for white males is much higher than for black males. D. Whites have higher poverty rates than blacks.

A. Blacks experience a higher rate of unemployment than whites. Racial and Ethnic Inequality, p. 316. Large gaps between African Americans and whites still exist in terms of unemployment, college degrees, infant mortality, poverty rates, and household income.

(10) Which country was the site of the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women, where thirty-five thousand people, representing 180 governments and seven thousand women's organizations, discussed the problems of women worldwide? A. China B. Sweden C. United States D. Canada

A. China Why Gender Inequality Matters, p.289

(10) _____ is a pay-equity strategy based on the idea that men and women holding different jobs should be similarly compensated if the jobs require comparable skills, training, effort, and responsibility. A. Comparable worth B. Intrinsic value C. Compensation justice D. Sex segregation

A. Comparable worth Forms of Gender Inequality, p.270

(17) What is one generally accepted theory about why conservative Protestant churches have experienced strong growth in recent decades, while moderate and liberal churches have registered significant declines in membership? A. Conservative Protestant churches are very good at mobilizing resources and recruiting new members; their messages and activities seem to inspire deep loyalty and commitment among members. B. Conservative Protestant churches have been able to meld individual faith with broader community concerns in a way that has attracted many new members. C. The increase in membership among conservative Protestant churches is due in large part to their recruitment efforts among new immigrant communities who are eager to assimilate into American society. D. In a world of great uncertainty and constant change, people want to fall back on traditional values and institutions, which are more often embodied by Conservative Protestant churches than liberal or moderate ones.

A. Conservative Protestant churches are very good at mobilizing resources and recruiting new members; their messages and activities seem to inspire deep loyalty and commitment among members. Religion in the United States, p. 512. The conservative denominations inspire deep loyalty and commitment, and they are highly effective in recruiting new members, particularly young people.

(11) _____ refers to cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and set people apart. A. Ethnicity B. Situational ethnicity C. Race D. Symbolic ethnicity

A. Ethnicity Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts, p. 294

(10) Which of the following statements illustrates a functionalist view of gender socialization? A. Gender roles exist and are perpetuated through socialization because they play a very important role in ensuring that society operates smoothly. B. People get mixed messages about gender roles from different socializing agents. C. Fathers are crucial to the primary socialization of children. D. Individuals have agency in creating and modifying gender roles.

A. Gender roles exist and are perpetuated through socialization because they play a very important role in ensuring that society operates smoothly. Gender Differences: Nature vs. Nurture, pp.260-61. According to the functionalist view, socializing agents help maintain the social order by overseeing the smooth gender socialization of new generations.

(20) How does industrial capitalism differ fundamentally from traditional production systems? A. Industrial capitalism involves the constant expansion of production, while traditional production systems focus on meeting the basic needs of a family or kinship group. B. Industrial capitalism involves the use of machines as well as manual labor, while traditional production systems rely only on manual labor. C. Industrial capitalism depends a great deal on specialization, while in traditional production systems there is a lot more overlap between job responsibilities. D. Industrial capitalism relies on a very hierarchical structure with clearly defined sectors and job responsibilities, whereas traditional production systems tend to have a flat structure that is very fluid.

A. Industrial capitalism involves the constant expansion of production, while traditional production systems focus on meeting the basic needs of a family or kinship group. Social Change and Globalization, p. 609

(14) Which of the following are characteristics of the knowledge economy? A. It focuses on design, development, marketing, and sales rather than the physical production of goods. B. Ideas and innovations are typically generated by an elite group of experts and then trickle down to broader segments of society. C. Innovation and economic growth are based on the creation of new types of material goods that will appeal to an increasingly fickle American market. D. The potentials of science and technology are downplayed due to their instability and high-risk nature.

A. It focuses on design, development, marketing, and sales rather than the physical production of goods. An Introduction...

(11) Which social group was the only one to see an improvement in household family income (adjusted for inflation) in the 1990s? A. Latinos B. Whites C. Blacks D. Asians

A. Latinos Inequality, p. 316

(10) As women have almost gained parity with men in terms of their presence in the workforce, what changes have occurred in how responsibility for domestic tasks is divided up between men and women who live together? A. Little has changed—working women spend a significantly greater amount of time on housework per week than their male partners. B. More and more, men are shouldering an equal part of the burden for everyday chores such as doing the laundry, cooking, and cleaning. C. Men and women generally share responsibility for domestic tasks, divvying them up according to personal preference and scheduling issues. D. The notion that men are expected to be providers and women to be caretakers is fading away.

A. Little has changed—working women spend a significantly greater amount of time on housework per week than their male partners. Forms of Gender Inequality, p.273

(17) Why are Christians such a small minority in Asia? A. Many Asian countries were able to resist total colonization by European powers and the accompanying efforts of missionaries to introduce Christianity. B. Asians have overwhelmingly rejected Christian teachings as part of the overall unwanted influence of Western cultural beliefs and practices. C. Christian churches were never able to recruit as many missionaries to work in Asian countries as they were in Africa and South America. D. Religious practices such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism have been well entrenched in Asian countries for centuries and followers have proved staunchly uninterested in the ideas and teachings of Christianity.

A. Many Asian countries were able to resist total colonization by European powers and the accompanying efforts of missionaries to introduce Christianity. World Religions, p. 505. Christianity was spread through conquest and missionary work, but countries such as Japan and China successfully resisted most colonization and therefore, Christianization.

(9) NIE stands for _____. A. Newly Industrializing Economy B. New Industrial Education C. Newly Incorporated Entity D. New International Equality

A. Newly Industrializing Economy Life in Rich and Poor Countries, p. 242

(9) _____ is a measure of a country's yearly output of goods and services per person. A. Per-person gross national income B. Per-person net national income C. Per-person colonialism D. Per-person dependent development

A. Per-person gross national income Global Inequality: Differences Among Countries, p. 234

(17) _____ refers to a process of transformation through which religious creeds, practices, and institutions lose their social significance. A. Secularization B. Liberation theology C. Civil religion D. Disestablishment

A. Secularization Theories of Religion, p. 494

(13) Why is the Internet a democratizing force? A. The Internet facilitates the free exchange of ideas among people from different countries and cultures who otherwise might never have the opportunity to interact. B. People in countries under authoritarian rule frequently use the Internet to learn about how to bring about social and political change—information that would likely be banned in a printed format. C. Many more people have access to the Internet than to other forms of mass communication. D. People who use the Internet are more likely to support the principles of democracy and they can connect with one another to promote their ideals.

A. The Internet facilitates the free exchange of ideas among people from different countries and cultures who otherwise might never have the opportunity to interact. Democracy, pp. 357-359. The Internet transcends national and cultural borders, facilitating the global spread of ideas.

(11) Which of the following statements can be said to be true of the colonization experience in the United States, Canada, South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand? A. The indigenous population was decimated by disease, war, and genocide perpetrated or introduced by Europeans. B. Slaves from Africa, introduced by European colonizers, became the primary source of agricultural labor. C. Initially there was a significant amount of intermarriage with indigenous people, but that changed as colonies became better established and formal laws forbade the practice. D. Most colonizers were merchants seeking to make a fortune in a new land.

A. The indigenous population was decimated by disease, war, and genocide perpetrated or introduced by Europeans. Ethnic Relations, pp. 299-300. These indigenous groups are now impoverished ethnic minorities as a result of the colonization process.

(13) In which of these countries is voter turnout the lowest? A. United States B. South Korea C. Mexico D. Italy

A. United States Democracy, p. 368

(10) According to sociologist Talcott Parsons' ideas about different family members filling different roles, which of the following activities describes the filling of an instrumental role? A. a father working to provide for his family's physical needs—food, clothing, shelter B. a child testing the boundaries of his parents' authority by staying out past his curfew C. a mother helping her son with his homework, listening to her daughter complain about her soccer coach, and making sure everyone in the family gets three healthy meals per day D. a grandmother making sure everyone in the family gets at least one present on Christmas

A. a father working to provide for his family's physical needs—food, clothing, shelter Analyzing Gender Inequality, pp.284-85. According to Parsons, the family operates most efficiently with a clear-cut sexual division of labor: women carry out expressive roles (i.e., providing care and emotional support to children) and men perform an instrumental role (i.e., being the breadwinner).

(14) In addition to creating efficiencies in industrial production, what major change did Taylorism bring to the workplace? A. a shift in control over knowledge of the production process from workers to managers B. the ranking of jobs in the production process according to the level of skill required with commensurate differences in pay C. the institution of regular breaks and limits on overtime—Taylor's studies showed that tired and stressed workers were less efficient D. improvements in working conditions such as adequate light, fresh air, better work space, etc.

A. a shift in control over knowledge of the production process from workers to managers The Social Organization of Work, p. 397. Taylorism, or "scientific management," involved the detailed study of industrial processes to break them down into simple operations that could be precisely timed and organized.

(14) Oligopoly can best be defined as _____. A. a situation in which a small group of large corporations controls production and sales in a particular market B. an international syndicate or trust formed to regulate prices and output in some field of business C. a monopoly involving multiple organizations that rotate taking a leadership role D. a market situation in which a limited number of sellers follow the lead of a single major firm

A. a situation in which a small group of large corporations controls production and sales in a particular market The Modern Economy, p. 406

(20) Which of the following economic policies has contributed to the expansion of transnational corporations? A. free trade B. international regulation of financial markets C. protectionism D. adjustable interest rates

A. free trade Factors Contributing to Globalization, pp. 614-615. Transnational corporations are oriented toward global markets and global profits, making free trade essential to their success and expansion.

(17) Sociologists who study religion are particularly concerned with _____. A. how religion is socially constructed by people B. the personal appeal of religion C. how people reconcile the conflicting messages and values inherent in some religions D. the connection between religious conviction and education levels

A. how religion is socially constructed by people The Sociological Study of Religion, p. 491. Sociologists are not concerned with whether religious beliefs are true or false; sociologists put aside their personal beliefs and address the human rather than the divine aspects of religion.

(9) What type of inequality is masked by comparing the per-person gross national income (GNI) of different countries? A. inequality between people within a given country B. inequality between regions of the world C. inequality between newly industrializing economies and less developed countries D. inequality between lower-middle income and low-income countries

A. inequality between people within a given country Global Inequality: Differences Among Countries, p. 234

(11) Which of the following demographic areas consistently experiences a high level of educational segregation? A. large cities B. suburban areas C. rural areas D. small cities

A. large cities Racial and Ethnic Inequality, p. 317

(11) Pluralism is a model of ethnic relations in which _____. A. numerous ethnic cultures live separately yet participate in the larger society's economic and political life B. numerous ethnic cultures live separately and do not engage with the larger sociocultural framework C. numerous ethnic cultures interact and merge, creating a new culture with characteristics from each of its contributors D. numerous ethnic cultures vie for power and domination within one large sociocultural framework

A. numerous ethnic cultures live separately yet participate in the larger society's economic and political life ?

(20) Some argue that as globalization touches more and more aspects of our lives, it forces us to constantly evaluate and re-create _____. A. our self-identities B. our personal narratives C. our family roles D. our political views

A. our self-identities The Effect of Globalization on Our Lives, p. 618

(20) What are some of the major factors that have produced social change throughout time? A. political organization, culture, physical environment B. economics, the modern state, communications technology C. industrial capitalism, culture, political organization D. physical environment, the Internet, economics

A. political organization, culture, physical environment Social Change and Globalization, p. 606

(11) With regard to migration, the dynamics within a country of origin that force people to emigrate, such as war, famine, or political oppression, are referred to as _____. A. push factors B. micro-level processes C. pull factors D. macro-level patterns

A. push factors Global Migration, p. 304

(14) What job sector has seen the greatest growth in recent decades? A. service sector B. technology sector C. creative sector D. green jobs sector

A. service sector The Social Organization of Work, p. 401

(10) Your friend Meghan overhears you talking about the difference between sex and gender with your classmate Roger. Confused, Meghan chimes in, "Wait a minute! I thought sex and gender were the same thing. They are, aren't they?" You tell her that A. sex refers to the physical differences in the body, whereas gender concerns the psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females. B. sex is what couples do to conceive, whereas gender is an attribute of their baby. C. a culture's understanding of gender determines what types of physical intimacy constitute sex. D. sex concerns the psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females, whereas gender refers to the physical differences in the body.

A. sex refers to the physical differences in the body, whereas gender concerns the psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females. Are Gender Differences Due to Nature, Nurture, or Both?, p. 241. Sex consists of the biological and anatomical differences that distinguish females and males, while gender refers to the socially formed traits of masculinity and femininity.

(10) Sexual harassment can take the form of _____ with the intent of making a person, usually a woman, feel uncomfortable or unsafe, particularly in a work setting. A. sexual jokes B. verbal attacks C. requests for advice or marital counseling D. physical assult

A. sexual jokes Forms of Gender Inequality, p.271

(20) Postmodernism refers to _____. A. the belief that society is highly pluralistic and diverse, and that its development is no longer governed by history or progress B. the belief that cultural differences have become the dominating source of conflict for human beings rather than political or economic differences C. the belief that society is becoming increasingly stratified and that no single grand theory can explain this process or provide a framework for reversing it D. the belief that having general theories of the social world allows people to intervene to shape the social world in a positive way

A. the belief that society is highly pluralistic and diverse, and that its development is no longer governed by history or progress What Comes After Modern Industrial Society?, p. 611

(20) According to your textbook, which of the following has been central to the process of further concentrating income, wealth, and resources within a small core of countries? A. the expansion of global trade B. the population boom in industrialized nations C. the spread of the Internet worldwide D. the movement of the top ten billionaires to the United States and Europe

A. the expansion of global trade Globalization and Inequality, p. 628

(13) Authority can best be defined as _____. A. the legitimate use of power B. the ability to enact policies and decisions through a political apparatus C. the ability of individuals or groups to make their own interests or concerns count, even when others resist D. the undisputed political rule of a state over a given territory

A. the legitimate use of power Introduction, p. 353

(11) Institutional racism can be defined as _____. A. the promotion, by governmental, educational, or corporate institutions, of policies that favor certain groups while discriminating against others B. subtle or overt efforts to prevent minority-owned companies from participating in the marketplace on an equal footing with white-owned companies C. a system of domination operating in social processes and social institutions as well as in individual consciousness D. the process by which large social institutions use understandings of race to classify individuals or groups

A. the promotion, by governmental, educational, or corporate institutions, of policies that favor certain groups while discriminating against others Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts, p. 296

(13) Structural conduciveness, one of six factors identified by Neil Smesler as the basis for collective action, refers to _____. A. the social conditions promoting or inhibiting the formation of social movements B. chance events that may create a favorable atmosphere for the launching of a social movement C. the anticipated ways that authorities may respond in efforts to maintain social control D. the strength of the views and strategies of the people who are likely to take leadership roles in a social movement

A. the social conditions promoting or inhibiting the formation of social movements Political and Social Change, p. 379

(13) Democratic elitism refers to _____. A. the theory that bureaucracy is necessary for the smooth functioning of a large-scale society, but must be counterbalanced by imaginative and effective political leaders, and that the existence of multiple political parties serves as a check on both bureaucrats and politicians B. the theory that competing interests or factions are vital to democracy because they limit both the centralization of power in the hands of government officials and the possibility that one group or class may come to dominate political discourse C. the institutional centralization and overlap that has occurred over the course of the twentieth century both within and among the political, economic, and military spheres D. the resistance of entrenched political leaders and political institutions to the introduction of new ideas and the participation of a much wider variety of people in the political process

A. the theory that bureaucracy is necessary for the smooth functioning of a large-scale society, but must be counterbalanced by imaginative and effective political leaders, and that the existence of multiple political parties serves as a check on both bureaucrats and politicians Democracy, p. 372

(14) According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist society often develop strong feelings of alienation because _____. A. they lack ownership of the products they make B. they have too much input on how their work is done C. they lack the feeling of competition with fellow workers needed to feel compelled to fight for their jobs D. they are smarter than the capitalists, but are forced into a life of indentured servitude

A. they lack ownership of the products they make The Social Organization of Work, p. 398

(10) Human capital theorists explain the gender pay gap by arguing that _____. A. women seek less-demanding jobs that require little personal investment in training or skills acquisition—and therefore that pay less—so they can have more time to devote to domestic responsibilities B. the skills and experience women develop through the unpaid work they do in rearing children and running a household are not counted as a part of their human capital C. women's human capital is valued less in the job marketplace than that of men, and therefore women are steered toward less-demanding, lower-paying jobs D. women are discouraged from developing their human capital so they end up with lower-paying jobs that require fewer skills

A. women seek less-demanding jobs that require little personal investment in training or skills acquisition—and therefore that pay less—so they can have more time to devote to domestic responsibilities Forms of Gender Inequality, p.267

(10) From 1940 through the late 1960s, which group of women joined the labor force in the greatest numbers? A. women who were past their prime child-rearing years B. single women under age thirty C. women with a college education D. women living in urban areas

A. women who were past their prime child-rearing years Forms of Gender Inequality, p.265

(9) Infants are _____ times more likely to die at birth in low-income countries. A. 3 B. 13 C. 30 D. 300

B. 13 Life in Rich and Poor Countries, p. 238

(9) Which of the following is an example of a global commodity chain? A. Oil from wells in Saudi Arabia is refined in the United States and sold to Mexico. B. A car sold in Italy is built in France with parts manufactured in China using Japanese technology. C. A customer who calls the support line for a major U.S. computer company is connected to a call center in India. D. Baby clothes sold in Target and Kmart are designed and manufactured in China with raw materials from that country.

B. A car sold in Italy is built in France with parts manufactured in China using Japanese technology. Theories of Global Inequality, p. 251. Global Commodity Chains are worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product.

(13) What is ironic about the Internet surveillance practiced by some governments? A. Computer hackers love the challenge of figuring out how to circumvent filtering software. B. A great deal of filtering software is provided by companies based in the United States, where freedom of speech is one of the most prized rights. C. The detailed information that Internet service providers are required to report to governments imposing censorship can also be used for marketing purposes. D. Some governments hire computer hackers to alter Webpages and other information on the Internet before streaming it to their citizens.

B. A great deal of filtering software is provided by companies based in the United States, where freedom of speech is one of the most prized rights. Democracy, p. 359. Much of the filtering of the Internet by the Chinese government is facilitated by U.S. companies that provide the software.

(10) Which of the following is an example of "doing gender"? A. A woman reads her children a story at bedtime and then kisses them good night. B. A man riding on the subway offers his seat to a young woman who boards; she smiles, says thank you, and sits down. C. A man emails his wife to ask what she wants to do for dinner; she calls him to suggest that they eat some leftovers. D. A female supervisor sets up a time to talk with one her employees whose job performance is slipping and who has seemed distracted at work lately.

B. A man riding on the subway offers his seat to a young woman who boards; she smiles, says thank you, and sits down. Gender Differences: Nature vs. Nurture, p.261-2; "Doing gender" means acting in ways that we are taught are "appropriate" for men and women—our fashion choices, how we wear our hair, etc. are all examples of the ways we enact our gender in daily interactions with other people.

(11) Which of the following Latino groups has seen two major waves of immigrants, with members of the second wave forming the bulk of the "working class" for members of the first wave? A. Costa Ricans B. Cubans C. Mexican Americans D. Puerto Ricans

B. Cubans Ethnic Relations in the United States, pp. 314-315

(17) Why is it not entirely accurate to say that decreased levels of attendance at religious services or ceremonies indicate that people are less religious today than in the past? A. Statistics on church attendance don't take into account the practices of non-Christian religions, many of which do not involve going to weekly services. B. It may not be that people are less religious, but that they have found ways to express or experience their religious beliefs that don't involve regular involvement with a church. C. While attendance at religious services and ceremonies has decreased significantly, there has been an increase in participation in other activities offered by churches such as bible studies, workshops, youth events, and music and art groups. D. Statistics on church attendance may not account for the many informal church gatherings that occur in many communities, particularly for new churches or new religious sects, which are drawing large numbers.

B. It may not be that people are less religious, but that they have found ways to express or experience their religious beliefs that don't involve regular involvement with a church. Theories of Religion, p. 495. Some argue that Americans are in fact more religious today on the whole than they were in colonial times— largely because there are more religions to choose from.

(13) What is a major difference between a traditional state and a nation-state? A. In a nation-state, a person can obtain citizenship even if he or she was not born there, but traditional states only conferred citizenship on natives. B. Nation-states exercise a high level of control over a clearly defined territory, whereas traditional states often had weak control over poorly defined territories. C. Nation-states allow for the peaceful coexistence of varied ethnic groups, while traditional states tended to develop around a single, dominant ethnic group. D. Nation-states tend to be democratic, while traditional states were often autocratic.

B. Nation-states exercise a high level of control over a clearly defined territory, whereas traditional states often had weak control over poorly defined territories. The Concept of the State, p. 353

(13) Which of the following best represents the condition or status of the nation-state in today's globalizing world? A. We are witnessing the end of the nation-state. B. Nation-states remain important in the world today. C. Nation-states are only beginning to be an important force in the world today. D. We are witnessing the end of globalization today, and the increased importance in the nation-state as a result.

B. Nation-states remain important in the world today. The Nation-State, National Identity, and Globalization, p. 386. Nation-states both remain an important force in the world today, for example forming economic and military alliances with one another, and are being challenged by globalizing forces that show little regard for national borders.

(20) How has global competition changed business practices for many corporations? A. Companies are even more protective of proprietary knowledge and less willing to partner with competitors. B. Production practices and organizational patterns have become more flexible. C. Companies have to invest more in training employees to become knowledgeable workers. D. Companies are increasingly focusing on core business rather than trying to diversify too much.

B. Production practices and organizational patterns have become more flexible. Factors Contributing to Globalization, p. 613. Global competition has caused many corporations to make production practices and organizational patterns more flexible, partnering arrangements with other firms commonplace, and participation in worldwide distribution networks essential.

(14) _____ refers to the detailed study of industrial processes in order to develop a system of production designed to maximize output. A. Total quality management B. Taylorism C. Lean manufacturing D. Fordism

B. Taylorism The Social Organization of Work, p. 397

(10) Which of the following statements about gender and education is true? A. Female students interact more with their teachers than male students do. B. Teachers are more likely to engage male students in the problem-solving process. C. Male students are more likely to be reprimanded for talking out of turn in class than female students. D. Teachers are more likely to try to draw out quiet female students than quiet male students.

B. Teachers are more likely to engage male students in the problem-solving process. Forms of Gender Inequality, pp.273-74

(20) Which of the following is a criticism leveled against the World Trade Organization (WTO)? A. The WTO has not been vigilant about protecting intellectual property rights. B. The WTO is not accountable to citizens who are affected by its decisions. C. The WTO has been too severe in its punishment of countries that maintain high barriers to agricultural imports. D. The activities of the WTO are unduly influenced by developing nations.

B. The WTO is not accountable to citizens who are affected by its decisions. Globalization and Inequality, p. 631

(10) _____ refers to a phenomenon whereby men working in female-dominated professions are promoted to top administrative jobs in disproportionately high numbers. A. Gender typing B. The glass escalator C. Comparable worth theory D. The glass ceiling

B. The glass escalator Forms of Gender Inequality, p.271

(17) Which of the following is a phase in the development of a religious movement? A. Members of an oppressed group develop a belief system that sustains their spirit and serves as a source of strength and inspiration in their efforts to overcome their marginalized existence. B. The movement creates formalized rules and procedures in order to organize its followers and their various activities. C. A power struggle within the movement serves to strengthen its core beliefs and attract only the most devoted members. D. Formal rules and procedures become more fluid and relaxed once a movement has become an established church.

B. The movement creates formalized rules and procedures in order to organize its followers and their various activities. Types of Religious Organizations, pp. 498-499

(9) Why has the gap between rich and poor countries widened over the past forty years while at the same time the overall standard of living in the world has improved? A. The amount of financial aid given to poor countries has consistently declined over the past forty years even though there have been improvements in standard-of-living factors such as infant mortality rates, access to health care, and malnutrition. B. The standard of living has improved mostly in high- and middle-income countries, while in low-income countries it has actually declined, so while the worldwide average in per-person gross national income is higher, the gap between rich and poor is greater. C. Comparisons of wealth from one country to another are based on per-person gross national income, which has increased more in rich countries than poor countries, whereas the standard of living incorporates a wider range of factors such as life expectancy, literacy, and fertility rates, which have improved throughout the world. D. Even though standards of living have improved across the board, the improvements in high- and middle-income countries have been greater, in relative terms, so the gap continues to widen.

B. The standard of living has improved mostly in high- and middle-income countries, while in low-income countries it has actually declined, so while the worldwide average in per-person gross national income is higher, the gap between rich and poor is greater. Global Inequality: Differences Among Countries, p. 237. High- and middle-income countries have become more prosperous and made many gains, while lower-income countries have seen a decline in living standards during this same time period.

(13) What is the primary way that interest groups and PACs impact elections in the United States? A. They are heavily involved in get-out-the-vote efforts. B. They contribute enormous amounts of money to political campaigns. C. They conduct surveys and educate voters on policy issues. D. They recruit candidates for political office.

B. They contribute enormous amounts of money to political campaigns. Democracy, p. 370

(14) How does welfare capitalism differ from the welfare state? A. Welfare capitalism provides certain benefits and services to people who are working; while the welfare state looks out for people who are out of work or cannot support themselves with their work. B. Welfare capitalism has to do with corporate practices, while the welfare state relates to government practices. C. Welfare capitalism is focused on moving people from welfare to work, while the welfare state is more concerned with those who can work only a little or not at all, such as the elderly or disabled. D. Welfare capitalism was a set of practices introduced by corporations in the late nineteenth century that were later adapted by the federal government during the Great Depression to create a safety net for all citizens.

B. Welfare capitalism has to do with corporate practices, while the welfare state relates to government practices. The Modern Economy, p. 407. Welfare capitalism refers to a practice that sought to make the corporation-rather than the state or trade unions-the primary shelter from the uncertainties of the market in modern industrial life.

(20) What is one of the most commonly expressed views on how globalization is affecting culture? A. Culture is becoming more and more commercialized as culture brokers seek broader markets for their "products." B. World culture is becoming homogenized through the domination of Western influences. C. Globalization is leading to greater homogenization in cultural traditions and norms as people shun the wide array of cultural sources available today. D. Globalization does not really have any influence on culture.

B. World culture is becoming homogenized through the domination of Western influences. The Effect of Globalization on Our Lives, p. 618

(17) The argument that religion often has ideological implications and is used to perpetuate inequalities is associated with which theoretical approach to religion? A. a functionalist approach B. a Marxist approach C. the secular approach D. the social change approach

B. a Marxist approach Theories of Religion, p. 492

(11) Which of the following people is most likely to be found at the bottom of the economic ladder in the United States? A. a White American woman B. a Mexican American woman C. an African American man D. a Mexican American man

B. a Mexican American woman Racial and Ethnic Inequality, p. 318. The status of minority women in the United States is especially plagued by inequalities; gender and race discrimination combined make it particularly difficult for minority women to escape poverty.

(9) Jeffrey Sachs defines a technology innovator as _____. A. a company that proves adept at thinking of new and innovative ways to apply already existing technology B. a region that provides most of the world's technological inventions C. an entity that applies new technologies to highly complex manufacturing processes D. a country that is a leader in developing and implementing new technologies

B. a region that provides most of the world's technological inventions Why Global Economic Inequality Matters to You, p. 254

(17) In the context of religion, disestablishment refers to _____. A. the rejection of the notion of civil religion by a government or state B. a weakening of the political influence of an established religion or religions C. the splintering of a major church into multiple sects or denominations D. a decline in public support for and participation in a particular religion

B. a weakening of the political influence of an established religion or religions Religion in the United States, p. 515

(17) The Unification Church (UC) uses a technique called "love bombing" to gain potential members' total adherence to the group, overwhelming them with attention and constant displays of affection in order to emotionally draw them into the group. The UC is also demands that members withdraw from activity in the outside world, follow strict rules, and identify with the group rather than as an individual. The UC is an example of which of the following? A. a world-affirming movement B. a world-rejecting movement C. a world-accommodating movement D. a secular movement

B. a world-rejecting movement Types of Religious Organizations, p. 501

(14) A technological determinist would argue that information technology changes the workplace by _____. A. diminishing human agency and leaving more and more "decisions" to computer programs B. allowing workers to move beyond time-consuming, repetitive tasks and devote more of their time to creative thinking and problem-solving C. cutting down on face-to-face interactions and blocking channels of accountability D. making workers feel more comfortable communicating with managers whether to make a suggestion, ask a question, or share a concern

B. allowing workers to move beyond time-consuming, repetitive tasks and devote more of their time to creative thinking and problem-solving The Changing Nature of Work, p. 416. Advocates of technological advances are sometimes referred to as "technological determinists," because they believe in the power of technology to determine the nature and shape of work itself.

(9) The role of _____ in creating hunger and famine has increased dramatically over the past twenty years. A. crop diseases B. armed conflict C. drought D. infectious diseases

B. armed conflict Life in Rich and Poor Countries, p. 239

(11) Yelena's family moved to the United States from Russia when she was a small child. Her parents only permitted her to speak English at home and they quickly embraced American holidays such as Halloween and Thanksgiving, and American pastimes such as baseball and miniature golf. This example describes which model of ethnic integration? A. multiculturalism B. assimilation C. the melting pot D. pluralism

B. assimilation Ethnic Relations, p. 302. Assimilation is the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture.

(11) As it has become unacceptable in American society to openly express racist views, some scholars claim that a "new racism" is on the rise, which focuses on _____ between groups rather than _____. A. religious differences; intellectual ones B. cultural differences; biological ones C. behavioral differences; physical ones D. learned differences; innate ones

B. cultural differences; biological ones Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts, p. 297

(9) Education is key to reducing global poverty because _____. A. it makes people feel good about themselves B. educated people tend to have fewer children, which can help slow population growth and the strains it puts on a country's resources C. an educated population helps attract wealthy men who are looking to marry educated, beautiful women abroad D. it provides people with a sense of national pride

B. educated people tend to have fewer children, which can help slow population growth and the strains it puts on a country's resources Life in Rich and Poor Countries, p. 242. Education contributes to economic growth by providing a skilled workforce necessary for high-wage industries, and offers the only hope for escaping the cycle of harsh working conditions and poverty that low-wage, unskilled jobs produce. Also, because educated people have fewer children, education indirectly slows the global population explosion that contributes to global poverty.

(9) Neoliberalism refers to a set of economic policies grounded in the notion that _____. A. the world is divided into three unequal economic zones, with the wealthier zones exploiting the poorer ones B. free-market forces, protected by eliminating government regulation, provide the only path to economic growth C. some government regulation of business is necessary to promote stable economic growth D. military, political, and economic power all play key roles in the development of a strong system of free-market capitalism

B. free-market forces, protected by eliminating government regulation, provide the only path to economic growth Theories of Global Inequality, p. 247

(10) The process of internalizing the social norms and expectations that correspond to one's sex through social agents such as the family, peers, and the media is called _____. A. the social construction of gender B. gender socialization C. gender reductionism D. gender typing

B. gender socialization Gender Differences: Nature vs. Nurture, p.260

(13) The theory of state overload argues that _____. A. governments have grown so large and unwieldy that people no longer feel connected to the people or policies at the national level and they look more to local leaders for solutions to their problems B. governments have taken on more responsibilities than they can realistically pay for and manage, and as a result voters are skeptical of claims made by governments and political parties about future programs and projects C. due to globalization, national governments are not able to unilaterally address many problems facing their countries but must work through international governmental organizations D. modern governments lack the legitimacy to carry out tasks they are required to undertake

B. governments have taken on more responsibilities than they can realistically pay for and manage, and as a result voters are skeptical of claims made by governments and political parties about future programs and projects Democracy, p. 375

(14) A/An _____ is one in which workers are permitted to control the pace and even the content of their work, within overall guidelines. A. decentralized system B. high-trust system C. shared accountability system D. employee-focused system

B. high-trust system The Social Organization of Work, p. 398

(9) What have been some of the costs of the rapid economic growth in the East Asian region? A. repression of civil rights, increased class conflict, poor working conditions B. human rights abuses, exploitation of immigrant workers, and environmental damage C. exploitation of women, lower wages, repression of labor unions D. poor working conditions, increase in heart and respiratory diseases, exploitation of child laborers

B. human rights abuses, exploitation of immigrant workers, and environmental damage Can Poor Countries Become Rich?, p. 242

(20) Which school of thought related to globalization emphasizes the role of regionalization in the world economy? A. transformationalists B. skeptics C. hyperglobalizers D. postindustrialists

B. skeptics The Globalization Debate, pp. 615-616

(13) The size of a local park is going to be significantly reduced, because the city government has decided to sell most of the land to a developer. Citizens begin complaining and then come together more formally to protest the decision and attempt to reverse it. Faced with such strong opposition, the city agrees to review the decision, but argues that the revenue from the sale is needed to provide other services. The citizens' group continues pushing to stop the sale and asks the city to look at other ways of generating the revenue needed to close the projected budget gaps. Ultimately, the city decides to sell a smaller portion of the park, a consultant is hired to identify inefficiencies in city agencies that could save money if eliminated, and the citizens' group agrees to the introduction of a ballot measure to raise the cap on property taxes in the community. The evolution of this scenario is an example of how _____. A. low levels of structural conduciveness can force a social movement to change tactics B. social movements are shaped by a process of interaction with established institutions C. governing authorities often try to shift the terms of the debate midcourse D. social movements are more likely to occur when people experience relative deprivation

B. social movements are shaped by a process of interaction with established institutions Political and Social Change, p. 380. Alain Touraine argued that social movements develop in deliberate antagonism with established organizations and sometimes with rival social movements.

(13) Which of the following is an example of a nation without a state? A. Brahmins in India B. the Basque people in Spain C. the Sunni in Iraq D. the Indonesians in China

B. the Basque people in Spain Political and Social Change, p. 385. Nations without states are instances in which members of a nation lack political sovereignty over the area they claim as their own.

(20) According to Jared Diamond, what is the primary economic factor that contributes to a society's collapse? A. the inability to react relatively quickly to changes in supply and demand B. the absence or ruin of trading partners for essential goods C. a lack of specialization in work-related tasks D. the inability to transition from a barter to a currency system

B. the absence or ruin of trading partners for essential goods Social Change and Globalization, p. 606. Diamond identifies five factors contributing to a society's collapse: the presence of hostile neighbors, the absence (or collapse) of trading partners for essential goods, climate change, environmental problems, and an adequate response to environmental problems.

(20) According to sociologist Ulrich Beck, who coined the term "global risk society," as technological change progresses, new forms of risk emerge, including: A. the increasing influence of powerful political and business leaders B. the democratization of education C. higher crime rates D. the erosion of traditional family patterns

B. the democratization of education *should also be D... The Effect of Globalization on Our Lives, pp. 623-626 Beck argued that as technological change progresses, new types of risk emerge. These risks include: heightened job insecurity, the declining influence of tradition and custom on self-identity, the erosion of traditional family patterns, and the democratization of personal relationships.

(11) Racialization can be defined as _____. A. a system of domination operating in social processes and social institutions as well as in individual consciousness B. the process by which people use understandings of race to classify individuals or groups C. the process by which societal institutions promote policies that favor certain groups while discriminating against others D. the exclusion or restriction of members of certain racial or ethnic groups from opportunities that are available to other groups

B. the process by which people use understandings of race to classify individuals or groups Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts, p. 294

(20) Nanotechnology is _____. A. a branch of biomedical engineering that seeks to develop new treatments of disease involving autonomous micro robots B. the science and technology of building devices or creating materials by manipulating the structure of matter at the atomic level C. the branch of engineering that deals with the manipulation of individual molecules D. the science and technology of creating greater efficiency in computer data storage and processing by working at the nano scale

B. the science and technology of building devices or creating materials by manipulating the structure of matter at the atomic level Social Change and Globalization, p. 609

(11) Which of the following is an example of a micro-level factor that can influence migration? A. the immigration policies of the country where a potential migrant is thinking of moving B. the specific information a potential migrant has about job and housing opportunities in the country where he is thinking of moving C. the economic situation in the potential migrant's country of origin D. increased violence in the region surrounding the potential migrant's country of origin

B. the specific information a potential migrant has about job and housing opportunities in the country where he is thinking of moving Global Migration, p. 304. Micro-level factors are concerned with the resources, knowledge, and understandings that the migrant populations possess.

(10) With regard to work, "gender typing" refers to _____. A. the use of discriminatory hiring practices B. the way certain jobs and even fields come to be seen as either masculine or feminine, and then become dominated by one gender or the other C. how certain management techniques get labeled as "male" or "female" D. how men and women are not rewarded equally for similar workplace achievements

B. the way certain jobs and even fields come to be seen as either masculine or feminine, and then become dominated by one gender or the other Forms of Gender Inequality, p. 265

(10) The 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women created a clear action platform that argued that when cultural traditions conflict with women's rights, _____ should take precedence. A. cultural traditions B. women's rights C. political laws D. international statutes

B. women's rights Forms of Gender Inequality, p. ?

(14) An occupation can be defined as _____. A. work that requires specialized knowledge or training B. work that is done in exchange for a regular wage C. some type of skilled manual or mechanical work D. an output of effort or exertion to produce or accomplish something

B. work that is done in exchange for a regular wage Introduction, p. 394

(9) High-income countries have less than _____ percent of the world's population while they are responsible for over _____ percent of the world's wealth. A. 30; 75 B. 40; 80 C. 20; 75 D. 10; 80

C. 20; 75 Global Inequality: Differences Among Countries, p. 236

(17) What is contradictory about labeling some religious practices or movements cults? A. The term "cult" can have positive connotations in some cultures. B. Cult members are not permitted to question the authority of the cult leader. C. A group that is considered a cult today may in the future become an established church. D. Some cults exert almost total control over the daily lives of their members.

C. A group that is considered a cult today may in the future become an established church. Types of Religious Organizations, p. 498. A cult in one country may be an established religious practice in another. Also, all the approximately one hundred thousand religions that humans have devised were once new; most were initially despised cults from the standpoint of respectable religious belief of the times.

(14) Which of the following is an example of work or a transaction in the informal economy? A. A man who has worked as a magazine editor for many years decides to quit his regular job and work from home as a freelancer. B. A teenage girl volunteers twice each month for a children's reading program at the local library. C. A woman watches her friend's children for an afternoon in exchange for help with her tax forms. D. A bus driver allows a man who doesn't have the right change for the fare to ride the bus anyway.

C. A woman watches her friend's children for an afternoon in exchange for help with her tax forms. The Social Significance of Work, p. 396. The informal economy refers to transactions outside the sphere of regular paid employment.

(11) Which of the following is an example of symbolic ethnicity? A. A Muslim woman born in the United States to Iranian parents wears a head scarf when she visits family in Iran, but does not generally wear one in the United States. B. A family from the Ukraine moves to the United States and lives in a close-knit Ukrainian community in New Jersey where they can speak Ukrainian most of the time, can purchase many Ukrainian food products, and can see Ukrainian films and musical performances. C. A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. D. A Guatemalan immigrant who came to the United States with his parents when he was quite young speaks Spanish at home but English in almost every other social context.

C. A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts, p. 295. Symbolic ethnicity is an ethnic identity that is retained only for symbolic importance.

(17) Liberation theology is affiliated with which major religion? A. Judaism B. Islam C. Catholicism D. Evangelical Protestanism

C. Catholicism Globalization and Religion, p. 519 Liberation theology refers to forms of local or contextual theology that proposes that knowledge of God based on revelation leads necessarily to a praxis that opposes unjust social and political structures.

(9) How is Confucianism said to have contributed to the economic success of Japan and other East Asian NIEs? A. Confucianism emphasizes individual accomplishments and success, which has helped instill a spirit of entrepreneurship among Asian business owners that has been a boon to the economy. B. Confucianism teaches people to be submissive and not question authority, which has made it easier for Asian companies to discourage labor activity, keep wages low, and offer few benefits. C. Confucianism emphasizes the importance of education, respect for elders and superiors, hard work, and sacrifice—values that are very helpful to growing a business and strengthening a society. D. Confucianism emphasizes abstinence from earthly pleasures since all rewards come in the afterlife, thus people tend to save a lot of money and will often invest it in business activities rather than buying goods and services.

C. Confucianism emphasizes the importance of education, respect for elders and superiors, hard work, and sacrifice—values that are very helpful to growing a business and strengthening a society. Can Poor Countries Become Rich?, p. 243. Confucian values make Asian workers and managers highly loyal to their companies, submissive to authority, hardworking, and success oriented. Workers and capitalists alike are said to be frugal and likely to reinvest their wealth in further economic growth.

(17) What was the main thesis of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's series of commentaries on the Scripture, titled The Woman's Bible? A. The Bible was originally written by women, but this fact was covered up by the Church of England. B. Women were completely absent from the Bible until 1870 when the Queen of England decreed that women be included. C. God created women and men as beings of equal value, and the Bible should fully reflect this fact. D. The Bible portrays women as wise and gentle, and men as mysterious, polluting, and evil.

C. God created women and men as beings of equal value, and the Bible should fully reflect this fact. Gender and Religion, p. 503

(17) How have sociologists explained the popularity of new religious movements? A. The active marketing and recruitment efforts of new religious movements are having success in attracting and maintaining new members. B. Younger generations often reject the religious practices of their elders, and in seeking new ways to express their spirituality and religiosity, they often turn away from traditional religions. C. In an era of rapid social change, people search for explanations and reassurance, and may find greater appeal in movements that emphasize a more personal spirituality. D. Many new religious movements have a social justice facet that is very appealing to people who are looking to impact their communities as well as practice their faith.

C. In an era of rapid social change, people search for explanations and reassurance, and may find greater appeal in movements that emphasize a more personal spirituality. Types of Religious Organizations, pp. 498-499. Some theories to explain the popularity of new religious movements are that they reflect liberalization and secularization within society and within traditional churches, they are an outcome of rapid social change, and they may appeal to people who feel alienated from mainstream society.

(20) Why do some scholars and theorists think that the new postindustrial order will be dominated by professionals such as scientists, economists, and engineers, rather than by industrialists and entrepreneurs? A. Technology, rather than market domination, is now more important to success in the world economy. B. Education and training is becoming more highly valued than experience. C. Information is becoming the driving force behind production systems, not machine power. D. Innovation that cuts across different markets is now valued more highly than innovation that changes just one manufacturing process or affects just one industry.

C. Information is becoming the driving force behind production systems, not machine power. What Comes After Modern Industrial Society?, p. 610. People working in higher-level white-collar occupations specialize in the production of information and knowledge, and the production and control of "codified knowledge" is society's main productive resource in the post-industrial era.

(17) Which of the following religions is theistic? A. Atheism B. Buddism C. Islam D. Nontheist Quaker

C. Islam The Sociological Study of Religion, p. 490. Theism is a belief in one or more supernatural deities.

(14) How has the introduction of computer technology in the workplace affected workers' skills? A. It has led to an overall decrease in all workers' skills. B. It has created a large group of workers who have decreased their skills and are therefore relegated to low-paying clerical, service, and production jobs. C. It has created a small group of highly skilled, well-paid professionals with a great degree of autonomy and flexibility in their work. D. It has created a "skill-less society."

C. It has created a small group of highly skilled, well-paid professionals with a great degree of autonomy and flexibility in their work. The Changing Nature of Work, p. 413

(13) How has nationalism been experienced in many developing countries? A. Leaders in many developing countries rely on nationalist arguments to defend policies that contradict recommendations of international aid organizations. B. Many developing countries are so overwhelmed by the challenges they face in terms of meeting the basic needs of their citizens that they have little time to devote to strengthening nationalist feelings among the population. C. Many developing countries had their borders established by colonial powers who ignored existing divisions among different cultural and ethnic groups; when these colonies gained independence, it was very difficult to forge a real national identity from such a diverse population. D. In many developing countries, efforts to develop a strong national identity have proven effective in reducing ethnic conflict and giving antagonistic or simply indifferent groups a reason to come together.

C. Many developing countries had their borders established by colonial powers who ignored existing divisions among different cultural and ethnic groups; when these colonies gained independence, it was very difficult to forge a real national identity from such a diverse population. Political and Social Change, p. 385

(10) Why are many women reluctant to report sexual harassment? A. Sexual harassment is not an actionable offense in many states. B. Many women think sexual harassment is not a big deal. C. Many women fear they will be subject to some kind of retaliation. D. Many companies do not make their sexual harassment policies clear.

C. Many women fear they will be subject to some kind of retaliation. Forms of Gender Inequality, p.271

(10) What is one explanation for the differing perceptions men and women have of what constitutes consensual sex? A. Men are taught that women often resist initial sexual advances as a way of protecting their reputation and honor, even when what they really want is for a man to continue to insist so that they can give in. B. Men are taught that having sex is a physical need that must be met and that women don't have the same kind of need so sometimes women aren't as "into it" but will have sex anyway. C. Men are socialized to think that women exist for their pleasure, an attitude that may encourage men to seek many sexual encounters and may limit their sensitivity to women's feelings and desires about what happens in such encounters. D. Men are more likely than women to be drunk during a sexual encounter, which can greatly affect their ability to assess what is going on and what a woman wants or doesn't want.

C. Men are socialized to think that women exist for their pleasure, an attitude that may encourage men to seek many sexual encounters and may limit their sensitivity to women's feelings and desires about what happens in such encounters. Forms of Gender Inequality, p.276. Some radical feminists argue the existence of a "rape culture" that promotes male domination and male sexual entitlement and normalizes rape.

(9) According to W. W. Rostow's modernization theory, how do traditional cultural values and social institutions affect economic development in low-income societies? A. Modernization theorists point to the low value placed on a formal education in many low-income societies as an impediment to their chances for economic development. B. Many low-income societies value respect for elders and submission to authority, which can be an important tool for creating a loyal and hardworking labor force. C. Modernization theorists claim that many low-income societies limit their chances of success because people generally feel that hardship and suffering are inevitable and they don't believe that hard work can make a difference in economic outcomes. D. Many low-income societies emphasize the good of the community over individual wants and needs—an attitude that helps communities focus on large-scale goals and avoid petty politics and infighting as they seek to modernize.

C. Modernization theorists claim that many low-income societies limit their chances of success because people generally feel that hardship and suffering are inevitable and they don't believe that hard work can make a difference in economic outcomes. Theories of Global Inequality, pp. 246-247

(13) _____ can best be defined as a set of symbols and beliefs providing a sense of membership in a single political community. A. Nativism B. Patriotism C. Nationalism D. Chauvinism

C. Nationalism The Concept of the State, p. 354

(11) Which of the following statements characterizes how new immigrant groups arriving in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were treated by those immigrants who were more firmly established? A. More established immigrant groups traditionally tried to help ease the transition for new immigrant groups. B. As a way of protecting their livelihoods, more established immigrant groups discouraged members of new immigrant groups from settling in the already crowded cities of the East Coast and pushed them to seek cheap land in the West. C. New immigrant groups often experienced significant discrimination from more established immigrant groups. D. More established immigrant groups were willing to hire people from a new immigrant group if they had useful skills and experience, but they refused to live with or near them; housing remained very segregated.

C. New immigrant groups often experienced significant discrimination from more established immigrant groups. Ethnic Relations in the United States, p. 306. Each successive immigrant group that entered the United States encountered considerable discrimination from people previously established in the country.

(13) What is a critical factor in the low percentage of women elected to the U.S. Congress? A. Many voters—both men and women—are uncomfortable electing a woman to such a high political office. B. Voter turnout—studies show that women candidates have a better chance of winning when voter turnout is high. C. Political parties have not recruited as many women as men to run for office. D. Many women who would make qualified candidates simply are not interested in pursuing political office.

C. Political parties have not recruited as many women as men to run for office. Democracy, p. 371

(11) What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? A. Prejudice involves individuals while discrimination affects entire groups. B. Prejudice is linked with the psychological mechanism of displacement while discrimination is grounded in stereotyping. C. Prejudice refers to opinions or attitudes, while discrimination refers to behavior. D. Prejudice is innate while discrimination is learned.

C. Prejudice refers to opinions or attitudes, while discrimination refers to behavior. Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts, p. 297

(17) Which of the following statements comes from a functionalist perspective? A. Religion teaches people a kind of fatalism—that they cannot change the conditions of their earthly life and must wait for the afterlife to find true happiness. B. Religion is diminishing in power and importance in the world. C. Religion promotes social cohesion by encouraging people to commit to a set of values and beliefs that bind them together and strengthen their collective conscience. D. Religious movements often produce powerful social transformations.

C. Religion promotes social cohesion by encouraging people to commit to a set of values and beliefs that bind them together and strengthen their collective conscience. Theories of Religion, p. 492. To analyze the function of a social behavior or social institution like religion is to study its contribution to the continuation of a group, community, or society.

(10) How does the gender typing of jobs create a catch-22 situation for women as a group? A. When women are successful in male-dominated jobs, people question their ability in the domestic realm. B. As the number of women in a male-dominated occupation increases, the women who have been there longest feel threatened and make it harder rather than easier for those following in their footsteps. C. The fact that many female-dominated occupations are low-paying, require few skills, and offer few prospects for advancement serves to reinforce the notion that women are only suitable for lower-level jobs. D. When women achieve success in female-dominated jobs, it is attributed to the fact that they are women, not to specific skills or talents that they possess and develop.

C. The fact that many female-dominated occupations are low-paying, require few skills, and offer few prospects for advancement serves to reinforce the notion that women are only suitable for lower-level jobs. Forms of Gender Inequality, pp.265-66. Once an occupation has become gender typed, inertia sets in: it is expected that men will occupy prestigious, high-paying jobs, while women will occupy low-prestige, poorly paying jobs, and men and women come to internalize these expectations.

(14) How has Fordism been turned on its head in the current era of capitalist economic production? A. There has been a shift from using large, expensive manufacturing plants to contracting out to small "mom-and-pop" production facilities that can switch more easily between making different products. B. Today the typical manufacturing plant worker has more variety in his tasks as well as more input in to and control over what he does. C. There has been a shift from standardization to customization; companies now must be more flexible and provide consumers with greater variety and choice while still producing things quickly, efficiently, and cost-effectively. D. Companies are more beholden to consumer wants and needs than in the past, when they were often in the position of dictating to consumers what they should buy.

C. There has been a shift from standardization to customization; companies now must be more flexible and provide consumers with greater variety and choice while still producing things quickly, efficiently, and cost-effectively. The Changing Nature of Work, pp. 416-417

(13) Why do elections based on the principle of proportional representation allow for more direct expression of wide-ranging interests and positions on issues? A. Proportional representation establishes that each election district in a country is accorded a number of legislators based on its population. B. The proportional representation system mandates that each political party that gains a minimum number of votes in a national election must be accorded at least one cabinet-level position in a coalition government. C. Under proportional representation, even parties that win only a small percentage of votes—perhaps because they have very radical ideas or focus on just one or two issues—gain seats in the national assembly. D. Under proportional representation, a national assembly is committed to considering at least five legislative proposals from every political party that receives votes in an election.

C. Under proportional representation, even parties that win only a small percentage of votes—perhaps because they have very radical ideas or focus on just one or two issues—gain seats in the national assembly. Democracy, p. 362. When elections are based on proportional representation, no single party is likely to have a majority, making some of the parties form coalitions with one another to form a government.

(20) Which of the following is an example of an external risk? A. an accident at a nuclear power plant B. a bridge that collapses C. a parasite that attacks wheat crops D. surging oil prices that affect domestic car sales

C. a parasite that attacks wheat crops The Effect of Globalization on Our Lives, p. 622. External risks are dangers that spring from the natural world and are unrelated to the actions of humans, such as droughts, famines, earthquakes, and storms.

(14) While many people complain about their jobs, work provides a number of things, besides a paycheck, that are important to people's lives, such as _____. A. something to discuss with your neighbors B. a way to get out of family obligations C. a sense of self-worth D. a sense of what it means to feel tired

C. a sense of self-worth The Social Significance of Work, pp. 395-396. Some of the most important characteristics of work are money, activity level, variety, structuring one's time, social contacts, and personal identity.

(14) Henry Ford was among the first to realize that being able to mass produce standardized commodities is not of much use without _____. A. a transportation network to distribute the commodities quickly and efficiently B. an accompanying marketing effort to make consumers aware of the products C. a sufficiently large consumer base able to buy the commodities D. allowing for some flexibility in order to meet changing customer needs

C. a sufficiently large consumer base able to buy the commodities The Social Organization of Work, p. 397

(13) A welfare state can be defined as _____. A. the bureaucracy that surrounds all the social services a government provides to its citizens B. a system in which most or all the needs of the population are provided through nonmarket methods of distribution C. a system in which government organizations provide material benefits for those who cannot support themselves adequately through paid employment D. a situation that results when people's reliance on government subsidies generates a sense of helplessness and dependency and makes it difficult for them to move from welfare to work

C. a system in which government organizations provide material benefits for those who cannot support themselves adequately through paid employment The Concept of the State, p. 355

(17) According to the religious economy approach to the sociology of religion, _____ is/are of great importance to ensuring religious vitality in a society. A. the existence of a few large religious groups B. a less strict interpretation of traditional religious texts C. competition among numerous religions D. charismatic religious leaders

C. competition among numerous religions Theories of Religion, p. 496

(10) _____ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females. A. sex B. sexuality C. gender D. gender socialization

C. gender Gender Differences: Nature vs. Nurture, p. 259

(14) Worker dissatisfaction and absenteeism tend to be high, and worker conflict is more common, in organizations where _____. A. many workers have part-time positions without benefits B. union organizing is prohibited C. many workers are closely monitored and are not allowed to make decisions on their own D. wages are tied to production outcomes

C. many workers are closely monitored and are not allowed to make decisions on their own The Social Organization of Work, p. 398

(20) According to hyperglobalizers, the power of national governments is being challenged by _____. A. global trade disagreements B. cultural conflicts between different civilizations C. new regional and international institutions D. divisive relationships between members of opposing political parties

C. new regional and international institutions The Globalization Debate, pp. 616-617

(13) According to sociologist James Davies, social protest is more likely to occur when _____. A. people experience absolute deprivation B. a critical mass of people mobilizes around a single issue C. people experience relative deprivation D. irresolvable tensions in society reach a breaking point

C. people experience relative deprivation Political and Social Change, p. 378

(13) What was the primary goal of the first phase of feminist movements in the United States? A. having equal access to educational opportunities B. ending discriminatory hiring practices C. securing the right to vote D. having equal rights in divorce proceedings

C. securing the right to vote Political and Social Change, p. 381

(10) What does the existence of the "two-spirit" in certain Native American cultures help teach us about gender? A. that indigenous cultures more easily embrace nonstandard notions of gender B. that Western notions of gender have been imposed on non-Western cultures C. that gender roles are socially constructed and can vary from one context to another D. that with few exceptions, gender differences are very similar across cultures

C. that gender roles are socially constructed and can vary from one context to another Gender Differences: Nature vs. Nurture, pp.263-64. Gender is not natural or biological, but rather learned through socialization and interaction with others; we can see this clearly when looking at how gender is played out differently across cultures.

(20) Which of the following political factors has been a driving force behind contemporary globalization? A. the emergence of the nation-state as the predominant form of governance worldwide B. the establishment of the International Criminal Court C. the collapse of Soviet-style communism D. the spread of representative democracy to the vast majority of countries in the world

C. the collapse of Soviet-style communism Factors Contributing to Globalization, p. 613

(20) What is the most important political factor that has promoted change in the modern era? A. the extension of voting rights to the majority of citizens B. the development of multi-party election systems C. the emergence of the modern state D. the establishment of representative democracy

C. the emergence of the modern state Social Change and Globalization, p. 607

(10) Radical feminists identify _____ as one of the primary sources of women's oppression. A. the capitalist system B. idealized images of female beauty C. the family D. the media

C. the family Analyzing Gender Inequality, pp.285-86

(9) Dependent development refers to _____. A. efforts by low-income countries to band together to help each other develop economically without relying solely on wealthier countries B. the way economic development in periphery countries is constrained by rules created for the benefit of core countries C. the idea that poor countries can develop economically under certain circumstances, but only in ways shaped by their reliance on wealthier countries D. the idea that the most advanced industrial countries take the lion's share of profits in the world's economic system

C. the idea that poor countries can develop economically under certain circumstances, but only in ways shaped by their reliance on wealthier countries Theories of Global Inequality, p. 250

(14) What is the primary reason for the significant decline in union membership in the United States over the past three decades? A. the rise of the service sector, which has traditionally had low unionization rates B. ineffectual oversight by the National Labor Relations Board C. the loss of once-unionized manufacturing jobs to low-wage countries D. actions by businesses to stifle employees' efforts to establish unions

C. the loss of once-unionized manufacturing jobs to low-wage countries The Social Organization of Work, p. 401. Manufacturing jobs (which used to be unionized) have been moving to low-wage countries around the world, particularly in East Asia and most notably in China, and this job loss has greatly weakened the bargaining power of unions in the manufacturing sector, which thereby lowers their appeal to workers.

(9) Which of the following factors has contributed to the high rates of HIV/AIDS infection in many African countries? A. high illiteracy rates, which means that written information about preventing and treating the disease cannot be understood by many people B. high fertility rates, which means that more people have the potential to be exposed to the virus through sexual relations or during birth C. the overall physical weakness and poor health of many people living in these countries D. the mass exodus of people from rural to urban areas where many, especially women, lose all sense of community and stability and often turn to the drug and sex trade to survive

C. the overall physical weakness and poor health of many people living in these countries Life in Rich and Poor Countries, p. 240. The HIV/AIDS epidemic can be devastating to nutrition, food security, and agricultural production.

(9) Which theory or set of theories argues that the world capitalist economic system of countries engaging in diplomatic and economic relations with one another must be understood as a single unit? A. market-oriented theories B. dependency theory C. world-systems theory D. state-centered theories

C. world-systems theory Theories of Global Inequality, p. 246

(9) The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization defines hunger as a diet of _____. A. 2500 or fewer calories per day B. 2000 or fewer calories per day C. 1400 or fewer calories per day D. 1800 or fewer calories per day

D. 1800 or fewer calories per day Life in Rich and Poor Countries, p. 239

(17) _____ can be defined as a set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality. A. State-sponsored religion B. Civic religion C. Communitarian religion D. Civil religion

D. Civil religion Religion in the United States, p. 509

(20) Which of the following is an example of transnational governance? A. Kyoto Protocol B. International Monetary Fund C. International Criminal Court D. European Union

D. European Union Factors Contributing to Globalization, p. 613. The European Union (EU) is an international organization that brings together nation-states into a common political forum and requires those member states to relinquish some national sovereignty, thus making it a form of transnational governance.

(10) _____ can be defined as the differences in status, power, and prestige of women and men in groups, collectives, and societies. A. Sexism B. Comparable worth C. Patriarchy D. Gender inequality

D. Gender inequality Forms of Gender Inequality, p.264

(20) Which of the following statements reflects the transformationalist perspective on globalization? A. Regional trade blocs are a response to the vast growth of transnational corporations. B. Globalization is a process that primarily affects economies. C. Globalization is mostly unidirectional; information, technology, and culture tend to flow from industrialized countries to developing countries. D. Globalization is a dynamic and self-aware process that is constantly evolving.

D. Globalization is a dynamic and self-aware process that is constantly evolving. The Globalization Debate, p. 617. Transformationalists take more of a middle position, arguing that the global order is both being transformed, but many of the old patterns are staying in place. Globalization, in their eyes, is the central force behind a broad spectrum of change.

(11) According to law professor Amy Chua, why does the introduction of democracy to countries that have been ruled or dominated by an ethnic minority sometimes lead to more rather than less ethnic conflict? A. Once the formerly oppressed majority is no longer bound together through its opposition to the dominant minority group, factions begin to develop among its members and differences between communities or regions, which had previously been ignored, become more problematic. B. When an ethnic minority sees the end to its dominance on the horizon, it often tries to find a scapegoat—usually yet another ethnic minority, but one that has had little or no power—and turn the attention and anger of the country's ethnic majority toward this new group. C. Stripped of most of its political and economic power, a formerly dominant ethnic minority often turns to violence to safeguard what little wealth and property it still possesses. D. In such situations there is often a severe backlash against the dominant ethnic minority by the ethnic majority who are eager to claim all the country's political and economic power for themselves and punish their former oppressors.

D. In such situations there is often a severe backlash against the dominant ethnic minority by the ethnic majority who are eager to claim all the country's political and economic power for themselves and punish their former oppressors. Ethnic Relations, p. 302. Chua argues that by introducing democracy to countries with "market dominant minorities," political leaders will emerge who scapegoat the resented minority and encourage the ethnic majority to reclaim the country's wealth for the "true" owners of the nation.

(10) Why has legislation such as the 1963 Equal Pay Act failed to make much of an impact on the gender pay gap? A. The legislation set out many guidelines but did not include any strong measures for enforcing the guidelines. B. It doesn't acknowledge all the unpaid work done by women in the home. C. It focuses much more on white-collar positions, which are dominated by men, than on lower-level jobs, which are dominated by women. D. It doesn't address pay discrepancies between male-dominated and female-dominated professions.

D. It doesn't address pay discrepancies between male-dominated and female-dominated professions. Forms of Gender Inequality, p.267. The Equal Pay Act, established in 1963, requires employers to provide equal pay to workers in the same job. But it has done little to eradicate pay differences attributable to gender because men and women rarely work at the same jobs.

(9) Which of the following is an example of a technologically disconnected region, according to Sachs? A. areas of the former Soviet Union closest to European and Asian markets, which are cut off from the technologies of those regions due to embargo issues B. California's Silicon Valley, which lacks the ability to "speak" to neighboring (poorer) cities, like Oakland, California C. Northern Mexico, which is in a constant struggle over border issues with the southern United States D. Laos and Cambodia, which lack access to markets or major ocean trading routes

D. Laos and Cambodia, which lack access to markets or major ocean trading routes Why Global Economic Inequality Matters to You, pp. 254-255

(9) How have East Asian countries benefited from economic slowdowns in the United States and Europe? A. During periods of slow economic growth in the United States and Europe, East Asian businesses were able to acquire, at reduced rates, technology that helped improve their productivity and lower their costs. B. During economic slowdowns in the United States and Europe, East Asian companies were able to fill gaps in manufacturing output by U.S. and European companies and thus expand their client base, which continued to serve them even after the economy rebounded. C. During economic slowdowns in the United States and Europe, investors from East Asian countries were in a better position to buy stock in U.S. companies, which they then sold for a profit when the economy rebounded and invested in further development of industry in their own countries. D. Looking for ways to cut costs during economic slowdowns, many businesses in the United States and Europe chose to relocate factories to East Asian countries, which had a positive impact on economic growth in those countries.

D. Looking for ways to cut costs during economic slowdowns, many businesses in the United States and Europe chose to relocate factories to East Asian countries, which had a positive impact on economic growth in those countries. Can Poor Countries Become Rich?, p. 242

(17) According to Max Weber, how did Eastern religions limit the development of industrial capitalism? A. Most Eastern religions encourage a fatalistic attitude among their followers, which does not allow for a positive view of progress, change, and individual success—all key elements to the development of industrial capitalism. B. Most Eastern religions promote equality and solidarity among people and discourage strict social hierarchies, all of which runs counter to the inequalities and competition inherent in industrial capitalism. C. Most Eastern religions place great value on conformity to tradition and respect for elders, so there is little support in society for innovation and new ideas, which are cornerstones of industrial capitalism. D. Most Eastern religions emphasize individual spiritual concerns and harmony with the world, ideas that were not conducive to the radical social changes needed for the development of industrial capitalism.

D. Most Eastern religions emphasize individual spiritual concerns and harmony with the world, ideas that were not conducive to the radical social changes needed for the development of industrial capitalism. Theories of Religion, pp. 493-494

(13) How do old-style and new-style terrorism differ? A. New-style terrorist groups have a very centralized structure with most decisions being made by a central leadership group. B. Old-style terrorist groups sometimes work with states to achieve their goals, whereas new-style terrorist groups shun any contact or collaboration with states. C. New-style terrorism depends much less on conventional weapons and war tactics than old-style terrorism does. D. Old-style terrorism usually has as its goal the establishment of states for nations without states, whereas new-style terrorism has a much wider scope.

D. Old-style terrorism usually has as its goal the establishment of states for nations without states, whereas new-style terrorism has a much wider scope. Terrorism, pp. 387-388

(9) Which of the following countries is categorized as middle-income by the World Bank? A. Nicaragua B. India C. Ukraine D. Russia

D. Russia Global Inequality: Differences Among Countries, pp. 236-237

(13) According to Charles Tilly, why do social movements develop? A. They develop when a government lacks full control over the areas it is supposed to administer, leading to deprivation and frustration on the part of citizens. B. They sometimes develop accidentally—as an unintended consequence of trying to achieve some other goal. C. They develop when a precipitating factor triggers a response in a group of people who share generalized beliefs about a source of structural strain in society. D. They develop as a way of mobilizing group resources when people have no institutional means of expressing their concerns, or when governmental authorities repress their needs.

D. They develop as a way of mobilizing group resources when people have no institutional means of expressing their concerns, or when governmental authorities repress their needs. Political and Social Change, p. 378

(13) Which of the following is a characteristic of new social movements? A. They view protest as a means to an end, not an end in itself. B. They are based on single-issue objectives related to the distribution of power in society. C. Participation in new social movements is considered to be part of a calculated effort to achieve a specific goal. D. They seek to solidify collective identities based around entire lifestyles.

D. They seek to solidify collective identities based around entire lifestyles. Political and Social Change, p. 383

(17) Which of the following categories encompasses new religious movements that aim to transform followers by unlocking their human potential so they can achieve complete self-realization and lead a successful and meaningful life? A. New Age movements B. World-accommodating movements C. Total institution movements D. World-affirming movements

D. World-affirming movements Types of Religious Organizations, p. 499

(13) During elections in the United States, people supporting and opposing all sorts of issues and candidates make their views known through newspaper articles, informal conversations, television ads, fliers, bumper stickers, etc. The fact that they can do this at all is an example of what kind of right? A. a citizenship right B. a political right C. a social right D. a civil right

D. a civil right The Concept of the State, p. 354. Civil rights are legal rights held by all citizens in a given national community.

(20) A manufactured risk is _____. A. a risk that can be calculated and for which one can prepare B. a danger that springs from the natural world but may be influenced by humans C. a risk, the effects of which cannot be precisely calculated but are accepted as part of the cost of doing something D. a danger created by the impact of human knowledge and technology on the natural world

D. a danger created by the impact of human knowledge and technology on the natural world The Effect of Globalization on Our Lives, p. 622

(14) A strike can best be defined as _____. A. a temporary stoppage of work by an individual or a group in order to express dissatisfaction with wages or working conditions B. a decision by a group of employees to stop working altogether, institute "slowdown" practices, or establish an overtime ban in order pressure management to meet a demand C. a partial stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to decrease output and thus pressure management to review employee grievances D. a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees to express a grievance or enforce a demand

D. a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees to express a grievance or enforce a demand The Social Organization of Work, p. 398

(17) In July 2010, the Vatican characterized the scandals involving priests who had sexually abused children as "grave crimes." Which of the following was also included on this list of "grave crimes"? A. any priest who failed to make the sign of the cross before eating B. any priest who allowed gays and lesbians to physically enter the church C. any priest who drank wine D. any priest who ordained a woman

D. any priest who ordained a woman Gender and Religion, pp. 503-504

(11) The sociologist William Julius Wilson has argued that discrimination and disadvantages based on _____ are now just as important as those based on _____ in explaining the persistently high rates of poverty in black communities. A. class; lack of education B. race; class C. lack of education; race D. class; race

D. class; race Racial and Ethnic Inequality, pp. 321-322

(9) According to Jeffrey Sachs, which of the following activities could help the world address the growing technology gap between rich and poor countries? A. creating more opportunities for bright young people from poor countries to pursue post-secondary education in wealthy countries B. increased philanthropic efforts from the private sector in wealthy countries to raise money for scientific and technological development in poor countries C. the donations of thousands and thousands of computers to poor countries by wealthy countries D. collaboration between universities in wealthy nations and those in poor countries on research projects conducted in and for the benefit of poor countries

D. collaboration between universities in wealthy nations and those in poor countries on research projects conducted in and for the benefit of poor countries Why Global Economic Inequality Matters to You, p. 254

(14) The rapid rise of transnational corporations over the past thirty years has been facilitated in particular by technological advances in _____. A. financial transactions and distribution processes B. shipping and energy production C. data processing and manufacturing processes D. communications and transport

D. communications and transport The Modern Economy, p. 406. Technological advances, among other factors, have lowered global transportation and communications costs, thereby allowing for the rapid rise of transnational corporations.

(14) Who has benefited most from the development of flexible production systems? A. American workers B. financial institutions C. workers in low-wage countries D. consumers

D. consumers The Changing Nature of Work, p. 419

(11) From a sociologist's perspective, which of the following constitutes a minority group in the United States? A. veterans of the armed forces B. Irish Americans C. retired persons D. hearing-impaired people

D. hearing-impaired people Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts, p. 298. A minority group consists of a group of people in a minority in a given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality within that society.

(11) Economist George Borjas has argued that since the 1980s more immigrants to the United States are reliant on government assistance because _____. A. they are experiencing higher levels of discrimination in the job market and therefore only find very low-paying jobs or no jobs at all B. they find they are better off taking government assistance than working a low-paying job C. government assistance programs have become much more generous and they don't discriminate against illegal immigrants D. many have low education levels and few marketable job skills, which makes it difficult for them to find gainful employment

D. many have low education levels and few marketable job skills, which makes it difficult for them to find gainful employment Ethnic Relations in the United States, p. 308

(14) In a wide-ranging study conducted by Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers, it was found that what workers want most in their jobs is _____. A. less oversight B. better pay C. more flexibility in their schedules D. more influence

D. more influence The Social Organization of Work, p. 402

(13) The development of the military-industrial complex is a good example of concerns raised by which theory of democracy? A. pluralist theories B. democratic elitism C. competing interests theory D. power elite

D. power elite Democracy, p. 373. Mills argued that the military plays a central role in the power elite.

(17) A/An _____, which usually develops as a protest against a mainstream church viewed as corrupt and lost, often tries to follow the "true way" and change the surrounding society. A. cult B. secular group C. denomination D. sect

D. sect Types of Religious Organizations, p. 497

(11) A woman who was born in India but raised in the United States defers to her parents at home, wearing traditional clothing and helping prepare meals for her father and brothers, while at her job she wears Western clothes and is an assertive leader for a team of ten men and women. This scenario is an example of _____. A. ethnic literacy B. symbolic ethnicity C. multiculturalism D. situational ethnicity

D. situational ethnicity Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts, p. 295. Situational ethnicity is an ethnic identity that is chosen for the moment based on the social setting or situation.

(17) The increased strength and reach of Islamic fundamentalism can be traced in part to _____. A. a sharp decline over the past fifty years in Christian missionary efforts B. increased rates of poverty in many developing countries C. the election of Islamic nationalist leaders in numerous countries D. the increased influence of Western culture

D. the increased influence of Western culture Globalization and Religion, p. 521

(20) In the context of social change, the compression of time and space refers to _____. A. the way modern society forces people to do more and go more places in less time B. the way people can learn about events around the world almost instantaneously C. the speed with which people integrate new advances in computing, entertainment, and telecommunications into their everyday lives D. the way modern communications systems, specifically the Internet, have practically negated time and distance as factors that restrain a wide range of personal interactions

D. the way modern communications systems, specifically the Internet, have practically negated time and distance as factors that restrain a wide range of personal interactions Social Change and Globalization, p. 608. Changes in our personal relationships, our forms of recreation, the ways in which we learn and work, and the nature of politics and social movements have been completely altered by the Internet.

(10) The United Nations' gender empowerment measure is _____. A. used to assess the factors that enable women across the globe to achieve some level of economic independence and power in their local community B. a scale used to explore the level of access women in different countries have to factors such as education, paid work, and birth control C. a benchmark used to compare different countries' attitudes toward women's role in society D. used to compare the position of women in different countries based on factors such as national legislature seats held by women, the percentage of women in managerial and administrative positions, and the ratio of women's to men's earned income

D. used to compare the position of women in different countries based on factors such as national legislature seats held by women, the percentage of women in managerial and administrative positions, and the ratio of women's to men's earned income Gender Inequality in Global Perspective, pp.281-82